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Module 5 Compounds and Their Bonds. 4.5 Polyatomic Ions 4.6 Covalent Compounds 4.7 Bond Polarity. Covalent Bonds. Formed between two nonmetals in 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A Nonmetals have high electronegativity values Electrons are shared single bond shares one pair electrons - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Module 5Module 5
Compounds and Their BondsCompounds and Their Bonds
4.5 Polyatomic Ions 4.5 Polyatomic Ions
4.6 Covalent Compounds4.6 Covalent Compounds
4.7 Bond Polarity4.7 Bond Polarity
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Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds
Formed between two nonmetals in 4A, 5A, Formed between two nonmetals in 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A6A, and 7A
Nonmetals have high electronegativity Nonmetals have high electronegativity valuesvalues
Electrons are sharedElectrons are shared
single bondsingle bond shares one pair electrons shares one pair electrons
double bonddouble bond shares two pairs shares two pairs electronselectrons
triple bondtriple bond shares three pairs shares three pairs electronselectrons
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Learning CheckLearning Check
Indicate whether a bond between the Indicate whether a bond between the following would be following would be 1) Ionic1) Ionic 2) covalent 2) covalent
________ A. sodium and oxygenA. sodium and oxygen
________ B. nitrogen and oxygenB. nitrogen and oxygen
________ C. phosphorus and chlorineC. phosphorus and chlorine
________ D. calcium and sulfurD. calcium and sulfur
________ E. chlorine and bromineE. chlorine and bromine
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Solution Solution
Indicate whether a bond between the Indicate whether a bond between the following would be following would be 1) Ionic1) Ionic 2) covalent 2) covalent
11 A. sodium and oxygenA. sodium and oxygen
22 B. nitrogen and oxygenB. nitrogen and oxygen
22 C. phosphorus and chlorineC. phosphorus and chlorine
11 D. calcium and sulfurD. calcium and sulfur
22 E. chlorine and bromineE. chlorine and bromine
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Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds
Two nonmetal atoms form a covalent bond Two nonmetal atoms form a covalent bond because they have less energy after they because they have less energy after they bondedbonded
HH ++ HH H H : : H = HH = HH = HH = H22
hydrogen moleculehydrogen molecule
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Diatomic MoleculesDiatomic Molecules
Gases that exist as diatomic moleculesGases that exist as diatomic molecules
are Hare H22, F, F22, N, N22, O, O22, Cl, Cl22, Br, Br22, I, I22
octetsoctets
N N + +
N N N N::::::NN
triple bondtriple bond
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Learning Check Learning Check
Use the name of the element to Use the name of the element to
name the following diatomic name the following diatomic
molecules.molecules.
HH22 hydrogenhydrogen
NN22 nitrogennitrogen
ClCl22 ______________________________
OO22 ______________________________
II22 ______________________________
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Solution Solution
Use the name of the element to Use the name of the element to
name the following diatomic name the following diatomic
molecules.molecules.
HH22 hydrogenhydrogen
NN22 nitrogennitrogen
ClCl22 chlorinechlorine
OO22 oxygenoxygen
II22 iodineiodine
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Covalent Bonds in NHCovalent Bonds in NH33
Bonding pairsBonding pairs
HH
HH :: N N : : H H
Lone pair of electronsLone pair of electrons
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Naming Binary Covalent Naming Binary Covalent CompoundsCompounds
Two nonmetalsTwo nonmetalsName each element Name each element End the last element in -ideEnd the last element in -ideAdd prefixes to show more than 1 atomAdd prefixes to show more than 1 atom
PrefixesPrefixesmonmon 1 1 pentapenta 55didi 22 hexahexa 66tritri 33tetratetra 44
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Learning Check Learning Check
Fill in the blanks to complete the Fill in the blanks to complete the following names of covalent following names of covalent compounds.compounds.
CO CO carbon ______oxidecarbon ______oxide
COCO22 carbon _______________carbon _______________
PClPCl33 phosphorus _______chloridephosphorus _______chloride
CClCCl44 carbon ________chloridecarbon ________chloride
NN22OO _____nitrogen _____oxide_____nitrogen _____oxide
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Solution Solution
CO CO carbon carbon monmonoxideoxide
COCO22 carbon carbon didioxideoxide
PClPCl33 phosphorus phosphorus tritrichloridechloride
CClCCl44 carbon carbon tetratetrachloridechloride
NN22OO didinitrogen monnitrogen monoxideoxide
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Learning Check Learning Check
A.A. PP22OO55 1) phosphorus 1) phosphorus oxideoxide
2) phosphorus pentoxide2) phosphorus pentoxide3) diphosphorus pentoxide3) diphosphorus pentoxide
B.B. ClCl22OO77 1) dichlorine 1) dichlorine heptoxideheptoxide
2) dichlorine oxide2) dichlorine oxide3) chlorine heptoxide 3) chlorine heptoxide
C. C. ClCl22 1) chlorine1) chlorine2) dichlorine2) dichlorine3) dichloride3) dichloride
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Solution Solution
A.A. PP22OO55 3) diphosphorus 3) diphosphorus
pentoxidepentoxide
B.B. ClCl22OO77 1) 1)
dichlorine heptoxidedichlorine heptoxide
C. C. ClCl22 1) chlorine1) chlorine
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ElectronegativityElectronegativity
The attraction of an atom for The attraction of an atom for electrons is called its electrons is called its electronegativity.electronegativity.
Fluorine has the greatest Fluorine has the greatest electronegativity.electronegativity.
The metals have low The metals have low electronegativities.electronegativities.
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Bond Polarity: NonpolarBond Polarity: Nonpolar
Nonpolar covalent bond Nonpolar covalent bond Electrons are shared between Electrons are shared between
atoms with the same atoms with the same electronegativity values.electronegativity values.
Difference = 0Difference = 0 Examples: Examples:
NN2 2 BrBr22
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Bond Polarity: PolarBond Polarity: Polar
Polar covalent bondPolar covalent bond Electrons are shared between Electrons are shared between
different nonmetal atoms different nonmetal atoms Examples:Examples:O-Cl O-Cl O-SO-S N-ClN-Cl
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Bond Polarity: IonicBond Polarity: Ionic
Ionic bondIonic bond Electrons are transferred between Electrons are transferred between
metal and nonmetal atoms metal and nonmetal atoms NaClNaCl KFKF
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Learning Check Learning Check
Identify the type of bond between the Identify the type of bond between the following atoms following atoms A. K-NA. K-N
1) nonpolar1) nonpolar 2) polar2) polar 3) 3) ionicionicB. N-OB. N-O
1) nonpolar1) nonpolar 2) polar2) polar 3) ionic3) ionicC. Cl-ClC. Cl-Cl
1) nonpolar1) nonpolar 2) polar2) polar 3) ionic3) ionic
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Solution Solution
A. K-NA. K-N 3) ionic3) ionic
B. N-OB. N-O 2) polar2) polar
C. Cl-ClC. Cl-Cl 1) nonpolar1) nonpolar
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Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions
A group of atoms with an overall charge.A group of atoms with an overall charge.
NHNH44++ ammoniumammonium OHOH-- hydroxide hydroxide
NONO33-- nitrnitrateate NONO22
-- nitr nitriteite
COCO332-2- ____________________________
HCOHCO33-- hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
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More Polyatomic IonsMore Polyatomic Ions
SulfurSulfur
SOSO442-2- sulfsulfateate SOSO33
2-2- sulf sulfiteite
HHSOSO44-- hydrogenhydrogen sulf sulfateate
HHSOSO33-- hydrogenhydrogen sulf sulfiteite
PhosphatePhosphate
POPO443-3- phosphatephosphate POPO33
3- 3-
________________________
HPOHPO442-2- ______________________________________________________________
HH22POPO44-- dihydrogen phosphatedihydrogen phosphate
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Naming Ternary CompoundsNaming Ternary Compounds Contain at least 3 elementsContain at least 3 elements Name the nonmetals as a Name the nonmetals as a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion Examples:Examples:
NaNaNONO33 Sodium Sodium nitratenitrate
KK22SOSO44 Potassium Potassium sulfatesulfate
AlAl(HCO(HCO33))33 AluminumAluminum bicarbonatebicarbonate
oror
AluminumAluminum hydrogen carbonatehydrogen carbonate
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Learning Check Learning Check
Match each set with the correct name:Match each set with the correct name:
A.A. NaNa22COCO33 1) magnesium sulfite1) magnesium sulfite
MgSOMgSO33 2) magnesium sulfate2) magnesium sulfate
MgSOMgSO44 3) sodium carbonate 3) sodium carbonate
B.B. Ca(HCOCa(HCO33))22 1) calcium 1) calcium carbonatecarbonate
CaCOCaCO33 2) calcium phosphate2) calcium phosphate
CaCa33(PO(PO44))2 2 3) calcium 3) calcium bicarbonatebicarbonate
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Solution Solution
A.A. NaNa22COCO33 3) sodium carbonate 3) sodium carbonate
MgSOMgSO33 1) magnesium sulfite1) magnesium sulfite
MgSOMgSO44 2) magnesium sulfate2) magnesium sulfate
B.B. Ca(HCOCa(HCO33))22 3) calcium 3) calcium
bicarbonatebicarbonate
CaCOCaCO33 1) calcium carbonate1) calcium carbonate
CaCa33(PO(PO44))2 2 2) calcium 2) calcium phosphatephosphate
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Learning Check Learning Check
A. aluminum nitrate A. aluminum nitrate
1) AlNO1) AlNO3 3 2) Al(NO)2) Al(NO)33 3) Al(NO3) Al(NO33))33
B. copper(II) nitrateB. copper(II) nitrate
1) CuNO1) CuNO33 2) Cu(NO2) Cu(NO33))22 3) Cu3) Cu22(NO(NO33))
C. Iron (III) hydroxideC. Iron (III) hydroxide
1) FeOH1) FeOH 2) Fe2) Fe33OHOH 3) Fe(OH)3) Fe(OH)33
D. Tin(IV) hydroxideD. Tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)1) Sn(OH)44 2) Sn(OH)2) Sn(OH)22 3) 3)
SnSn44(OH)(OH)
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Solution Solution
A. aluminum nitrate A. aluminum nitrate
3) Al(NO3) Al(NO33))33
B. copper(II) nitrateB. copper(II) nitrate
2) Cu(NO2) Cu(NO33))22
C. Iron (III) hydroxideC. Iron (III) hydroxide
3) Fe(OH)3) Fe(OH)33
D. Tin(IV) hydroxideD. Tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)1) Sn(OH)44
