Emotional DevelopmentModule ObjectivesChapter 9Why do people have emotions?At what ages do children begin to eperience and epress di!erent emotions?What is attachment?When do children begin to understand other people"s emotions?Andriea was so ecited to meet her #$month$old nephew Colin% &he rushed up to him while he was playing on the 'oor with his truc( and swept him up in a big hug% A)ter a brie)* con)used loo(* Colin burst into angry tears* as i) to say +who are you? ,ut me down right now- .hin( on your own/0denti)y some o) the emotions Colin may have )elt% Also* what emotions could Andreia have )elt?Epressing EmotionsWhen reviewing the situation with Colin and Andreia joy* anger and surprise all appeared% .hese are considered +basic emotionsEmotion is the language o) a person1s mental state o) being* they are tied to the person1s internal 2physical3 and eternal 2social3 sensory )eeling% Why do people )eel emotions?Modern research suggests that emotions are use)ul because they help people adapt to their environment 204ard 5 Ac(erman* 67773%8or eample* you"re wal(ing down a dar( street late one night% 9ou become )rightened/how does this a!ect your behavior?.he )ear is adaptive because it allows you to organi4e your behavior around an important goal$ avoiding danger%:asic Emotions;oy* anger* surprise* interest* disgust* distress* sadness and )ear are all classioren4* 677?3%:asic emotions are eperienced by people worldwide and each consists o) three elements@AA subjective )eelingAA physiological changeAAn overt behavior8or eample$ you wa(e to the sound o) a thunderstorm and then discover your roommate too( your umbrella%&ubjectively you might be angry* physiologically your heart might be beating )aster and overtly you might be scowlingBow can we determine emotions in in)ants?8acial epressions provide important clues about which emotion the child is eperiencing/but they are only one component o) emotion0denti)y the Correct Emotion-8earDisgustAnger&adness0nterest;oyBow did you do?FEAR DISGUST INTERESTANGER SADNESS JOY8acial EpressionsDo )acial epressions accurately re'ect an in)ant"s emotional state?9E&- Cesearch has shown that in)ants 2and adults3 worldwide epress basic emotions in the same way%Bumans have universal emotional epression* which suggests that we are biologically programmed to epress emotions in a speciove Eperiments=Barlow1s mon(ey studies demonstrated that the need )or afection created a stronger bond between mother and in)ant than did physical needs 2)ood3% +Mon(ey >ove Eperiments=Barlow"s wor( suggested that the development o) a child"s love )or their caregiver was emotional rather than physiologicalAttachment was closely associated with critical periods in early li)e* a)ter which it was diQcult or impossible to compensate )or the loss o) initial emotional security% What happened to these mon(eys?Mon(eys raised without their mothers or other mon(eys were socially maladjusted the rest o) their lives%AWhen con)ronted with )ear* they displayed autistic and institutionali4ed behaviors$throwing themselves on the 'oor* clutched themselves* roc(ed bac( and )orth* and screamed in terror%.hey were incapable o) having seual relations and they were also unable to parent their o!spring* either abusing or neglecting them% What does this mean )or humans?Barlow showed that the development o) attachment was closely associated with critical periods in early li)e* a)ter which it was diQcult or impossible to compensate )or the loss o) initial emotional security8urther eperiments in which abusive conditions were created showed that no matter how abusive the mothers were* the baby mon(eys always came bac( and displayed a!ection towards them%AEven in the )ace o) abuse* the need )or love was overwhelming Do we all need attachment and physical contact?9es* according the theories o) ;ohn :owlby 2?9D9* ?99?3* that children who )orm an attachment to an adult are more li(ely to survive%Attachment not only deepens the parent$child relationship* but may have contributed to human survival%:owlby"s Attachment .heoryAccording to :owlby* the development o) attachment ta(es place in )our phases@A,reattachmentAAttachment$in$the$Ma(ingAClear$cut 2or .rue3 AttachmentACeciprocal Celationships,reattachment:irth to D wee(s.he in)ant produces innate signals 2crying* clinging* smiling* or suc(ing3 that bring others to hisJher side and the in)ant is com)orted by these interactions%.he in)ant"s behaviors and the response they evo(e )rom adults create an interactive system that is the