pgdkilkaribihar.org/pdf/jan2018/Chahak Module.pdf · viuh ckr fcgkj ljdkj ... fopkj tkuk rks yxk fd lp esa cnyko dh 'kq: ... from 11.4% in 2006 to 2.1 % in 2014-15 (Source: UDISE

pgdpgdpgd

f’k{kd ekxZnf’kZdk

fcgkj cky Hkou

fcgkj f’k{kk ifj;kstuk ifj"kn~] fcgkj

jkT; f’k{kk 'kks/k ,oa çf’k{k.k ifj"kn~] fcgkj

^fdydkjh* fcgkj cky Hkou] iVuk

;qfulsQ] fcgkj

pgdpgdpgdoxZ çFkeekg çFke

(fo|ky; rRijrk gsrq xfrfof/;k¡)

ifjdYiuk§ MkW- Mh- ,l- xaxokj] iz/kku lfpo] f'k{kk foHkkx] fcgkj ljdkj

ekWM~;wy fuekZ.k^fdydkjh* fcgkj cky Hkou] iVuk§ T;ksfr ifjgkj] funs'kd§ jktho jatu JhokLro§ mes'k dqekj 'kekZ& fMtkbZu§ lq/khj dqekj § ftrsUnz dqekj& dEiksftax§ euh"k dqekj& xzkfQDl

lg;ksxfcgkj f'k{kk ifj;kstuk ifj"kn~] iVuk] fcgkj § lat; flag] jkT; ifj;kstuk funs'kd

jkT; f'k{kk 'kks| ,oa izf'k{kd ifjlj] iVuk] fcgkj § lathou flUgk] funs'kd§ vkHkk jkuh§ eks- bfEr;kt vkye§ rst ukjk;.k izlkn

;wfulsQ] iVuk] fcgkj § izfeyk euksgju§ vkj- ,l- flag§ ,- ds- ik.Ms;k§ jktJh Hkêkpk;Z

mís’;

Ÿ u;s cPpksa dks fo|ky; ds izfr lgt cukukA

Ÿ fo|ky; dk cPpksa] f’k{kdksa ,oa leqnk; ls tqM+ko cuk;s j[kukA

Ÿ Hkk"kk vkSj vad dks le>us gsrq cPpksa esa vko’;d dkS’ky dk fodklA

viuh ckr fcgkj ljdkj

fcgkj esa i<+us ds vkSj vkxs c<+us ds volj cPpksa dks fey jgs gSaA ljdkj f'k{kk dks loZ f'k{kk esa cnyus ds fy, xgjkbZ ls dke dj jgh gSA vc yxHkx nks djksM+ ls vf/kd cPps fo|ky;ksa esa ukekafdr gSaA gj ?kj dh igq¡p fo|ky;ksa rd gSA vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk] f'k{kdksa dh miyC/krk esa fLFkfr vPNh gqbZ gSA cgqr cM+h la[;k esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ ds cPps] vYila[;d oxZ ds cPps ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa vk jgs gSaA ;g c<+rs fcgkj ds fy, 'kqHk lwpd gSA

bu fnuksa iwjs ns'k esa xq.koŸkkiw.kZ f'k{kk ij cgl gks jgh gSA vlj dh fjiksVZ ,oa us'kuy ,fpHkesaV losZ ls Li"V gqvk gS fd iwjs ns'k esa vkSj fcgkj esa Hkh cPpksa ds lh[kus ds Lrj esa fxjkoV vk;h gSA d{kk&5 ds vk/ks ls vf/kd cPps d{kk&2 dh fdrkc ugha i<+ ikrs vkSj tksM+&?kVko Hkh ugha dj ikrs gSaA cM+h la[;k esa cPps fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa vlQy gks tkrs gSaA ;{k iz'u gS fd gekjs cPps vlQy D;ksa gksrs gaS\ lp rks ;g gS fd cPps vlQy gksrs gh ugha gaSA ;fn vlQy gksrk gS] rks og gekjk fo|ky; vkSj gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkkA

iVuk 'kgj ds efyu ofLr;ksa ds 20 fo|ky;ksa ds cPpksa dh miyfC/k dh tk¡p dh xbZA rF;ksa ,oa vkadM+ksa ls Li"V gqvk fd tSls&tSls cPps vkxs dh d{kk esa c<+rs x;s mudk lh[kuk de gksrk x;kA tc ,d&,d cPps dh miyfC/k dk foLr`r fo'kys"k.k fd;k x;k] rks ik;k x;k fd gekjs fo|ky;] gekjs f'k{kd] gekjh fdrkcsa vkSj fo|ky; esa i<+kus ds rjhds bu cPpksa dh i`"BHkwfe ds lkFk esy ugha [kkrsA xjhch ds dkj.k oafpr oxZ ds cPpksa dks fo|ky; iwoZ f'k{kk dk volj ugha feyrk gS vkSj viuh i`"BHkwfe ,oa fo|ky; dh oŸkZeku f'k{k.k iz.kkyh ds dkj.k os fo|ky; esa vkus ds ckotwn lh[k ugha ikrs gSaA tc rd xjhch ds lcky dks] cafprksa ds thou vkSj txr dh dfBukbZ dks /;ku esa j[kdj ge f'k{k.k iz.kkyh ugha fodflr djsaxs] rc rd gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk lcksa dks lqf'kf{kr ugha dj ik;sxhA

lh[kus ds fy, rS;kj cPps vkSj fl[kkus dks rRij fo|ky;

¼MkW- /kesZUæ flag xaxokj½ç/kku lfpo

f’k{kk foHkkx] fcgkj ljdkj

cPpksa dh i`"BHkwfe ds vuqlkj lh[kus ds okrkoj.k fuekZ.k ds fy, iVuk uxj ds 20 ljdkjh izkjafHkd fo|ky;ksa esa geus lh[kus&fl[kkus dk ,d ikW;yV izkstsDV vkjaHk fd;kA igys cPpksa dh euksHkwfe dks rS;kj djuk t:jh le>k vkSj blfy, chl fnuksa dk ̂pgd* uke ls ,d Ldwy jsfMus'k dk dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa dh lgk;rk ls pyk;k x;kA pkj fnuksa ds izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku f'k{kdksa us vius vkidks rS;kj fd;k vkSj fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa ds lkFk d{kk esa dke djus yxsA fo|ky; dk ekgkSy cnyk] f'k{kdksa ds O;ogkj cnys vkSj cPps vius fo|ky;ksa ls tqM+us yxsA tc cPpksa ds lkFk ckrphr gqbZ] vfHkHkkodksa dk fopkj tkuk rks yxk fd lp esa cnyko dh 'kq:vkr blh rjg gksxhA pgd uke ls pyk;k x;k Ldwy jsfMus'k dk dk;ZØe vc f'k{kd vkSj cPpksa ds chp viukiu dk] xkus dk] g¡lus dk] [ksyus dk vkSj i<+kbZ ds fy, rS;kj djus dk dk;ZØe gSA cPpksa us ,d lkFk rkfy;k¡ ctk;h] Bgkds yxk;s vkSj tc f'k{kdksa us iwNk dh ̂pgd* dSlk yxk jsa] rks lcksa us dgk& pgd vPNk yxk] vPNk yxk] vPNk yxk jsA

;g NksVk lk iz;ksx gekjs fy;s ifjoŸkZu dh cM+h laHkkouk dks tUe ns jgk gSA D;k bls ge vius lk<+s pkj yk[k f'k{kdksa ¼yxHkx½ ds ek/;e ls cgŸkj gtkj fo|ky;ksa ¼yxHkx½ esa nks djksM+ ls vf/kd cPpksa ds chp ys tk ldrs gSa\ vkb;s ge lc feydj i<+us&fy[kus dh ,slh nqfu;k cuk;sa] ftlesa gj cPpk lh[kus ds fy, rS;kj gks vkSj gj fo|ky; fl[kkus ds fy, rRijA ^pgd* dk;ZØe ds fuekZ.k ,oa bl iz;ksx esa 'kkfey lHkh lg;ksfx;ksa ds izfr eSa g`n; ls /kU;okn Kkfir djrk gw¡A

NksVh mez ds cPps uktqd 'kh'ks dh rjg gksrs gSa ftUgsa /;ku ls laHkkyuk cgqr t:jh gksrk gSA ?kj vkSj ekrk&firk ls nwj tkuk cM+s cPpksa ds fy, Hkh dfBu gSA ,sls esa LokHkkfod gS fd NksVs cPpksa dks ?kj ds ckn vpkud yxkrkj ?kaVksa fo|ky; esa cSBs jguk vlgt yxrk gSA blds fy, vko';d gS fd fo|ky; dk ekgkSy] i<+kus dk rjhdk lc dqN cPpksa ds vuqlkj gksA ^^cPpksa dks ge D;k i<+k jgs gSa bldh rqyuk esa fd ge dSls i<+k jgs gSa]** ;g ges’kk T;knk egÙoiw.kZ gSA bu lkjh ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Ldwy jsfMus'k dk;ZØe ds rgr ̂pgd* ekWM~~;wy dks rS;kj fd;k x;k gS ftldk mÌs'; gS] cPpksa dks ekufld :i ls fo|ky; ds fy, rS;kj djuk vkSj fo|ky; ds ekgkSy dks cPpksa ds fy, mi;qDr cukuk gSA ;g izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy 24 fnuksa ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gS ftls izFke oxZ ds uo&ukekafdr cPpksa ds lkFk muds izFke ekg esa vH;kl fd;k tk,xkA blds lHkh l= dks bl rjg ls cuk;k x;k gS] ftlls cPps [ksy&[ksy esa fo|ky; vkSj f'k{kdksa ds lkFk lgt gks tk,¡xs vkSj blh ds lkFk muesa dbZ egÙoiw.kZ xq.kksa dk fodkl Hkh gksxkA ̂pgd* ekWM~;wy vxj lgh ek;uksa esa lHkh izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa ykxw gks tk, rks ;g fcgkj ds izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dh fn'kk vkSj n'kk cnyus esa lgk;d gksxkA

nks ’kCn

lat; flagjkT; ifj;kstuk funs'kd

fcgkj f'k{kk ifj;kstuk ifj"kn~iVuk ¼fcgkj½

izkFkfed d{kkvksa dh orZeku 'kSf{kd pqukSfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lh[kus&fl[kkus esa vkuan dh vuqHkwfr ds mís’; ls ̂pgd* ekWM~;wy dks fodflr fd;k x;k gSA cPpksa dh oS;fDrd fHkUurkvksa dk /;ku j[krs gq, muds lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k dks ljy] lgt ,oa euksjatd cukuk f’k{kdksa dk eq[; nkf;Ro ,oa dÙkZO; gSA bl dk;Z gsrq cPpksa dh i`"BHkwfe] ifjos’k] #fp ,oa {kerkvksa dh tkudkjh f’k{kd&f’kf{kdkvksa dks gksuh pkfg,] ftlds vk/kkj ij os vyx&vyx cPpksa ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh j.kuhfr;ksa rFkk rjhdksa dk iz;ksx dj ldsaA bUgha ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bl ekWM~;wy dk fodkl f’k{kdksa dks muds dk;ksZa esa lg;ksx djus ,oa cPpksa dks fl[kkus ds fy, rS;kj djus gsrq egÙoiw.kZ gSA vk’kk gS fd bl ekWM~;wy ls gekjs izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa v/;kiu djus okys f’k{kdksa dks cgqr enn feysxhA

MkW- lathou flUgkfuns'kd

jkT; f’k{kk 'kks/k ,oa izf’k{k.k ifj"kn~] fcgkjiVuk& 800006

vius f’k{kdksa ls---

eu dgrk gS---

T;ksfr ifjgkjfuns’kd

^fdydkjh* fcgkj cky Hkou] iVuk ¼fcgkj½

dqN ,sls gksaesjs xq#ojtks u jgsa

iqLrd ij fuHkZj,d dejs esa can djds

jÍk u yxok;sa[kksy nsa lkjs njoktsikS/kksa ls gesa i<+k;safeÍh ls fl[kyk;sa

,sls gh os [ksy&[ksy esa u;h nqfu;k x<+ tk,¡

lwjt dSls ?kwerk tkrk

?kqe&?kqe le>k;safQj muds lax ge Hkh ?kwesaxIis ekjsa

lax&lax >wesacksyrs oDr eSatc Hkh vVdw¡ihB FkiFkik;sa

,sls gh gekjs xq#ojgkSlyk c<+k;sa

esjk psgjk i<+uk tkusaesjh eqf'dy dks igpkusadfBukbZ ls

D;ksa Hk; [kk;saBksdj gh

QkSykn cuk;saeq>dks esjs tSlk ghcuuk tks fl[kyk;sa,sls gksa gekjs xq#ojvkRefo'okl txk;sa

ikB esa ihNs jg tk;sa] ij,d vPNk

balku cusa geihNs tks NwVs lkFkh rks

mBsa] c<+s vkSj enn djsa ge

vius laxh&lkFkh lsçseHkko fn[kyk;sa

,sls gksa gekjs xq#ojgjne tks eqLdk;sa

Bihar has witnessed several positive change in the sphere of elementary education over the past one decade.

This is reected in the near universal enrolments in primary education and the steady decrease in numbers of out-of-

school children - achievements for which Bihar should be proud of .Average Annual Dropout Rates have declined

from 11.4% in 2006 to 2.1 % in 2014-15 (Source: UDISE 2014-15) NER at primary level has registered an increase from

86% in 2007 to 93.8 % in 2015, in case of upper primary it has increased from as low as 32.7% to 87.6%. While in 2004-5,

there was 1 teacher for 78 students , now there is 1 teacher for 50 students .(UDISE:2014-15)

While improvements are being registered on access related indicators , efforts have also been made by the government to stregthen focus on quality issues. Launch of Samjhe -Seekhen initiative . "Mission Gunvatta",

introduction of CCE formats in school aiong with "Learning Facilitation Manuals" for teacher are some of the

examples of initiatives that aim at bringing in quality. Moreover, Education Department recently launched a system of

assessment which focusses on class based monthly assessment of children focusing on main competencies covered during a given month.Key education ofcials from across the 38 districts have been oriented on this system.

In continuation of these efforts , a package on school readiness is also being introduced by Department of Education titled 'Chahak'. It is increasingly being realized that children coming from marginalized sections begin with certain

disadvantages when they come to school. Their parents may be non-literate or just literate, they may not have received

required psycholocial support from their families during rst ve or six years of their life. Most of them may not have

had the privilege of being enrolled in an early childhood education programme. Moreover, school may be an alien

place for them full of words they don't understand and text they can't read. Teachers may also nd it difcult to make

them adapt to the school routine.

In response to these issues 'Chahak' tries to bring in essential components of school readiness which may make school a warm, welcoming and fear-free space for children who are stepping in school for the rst time. The

module comprises of series of activities that teacher may facilitate during the rst few months of schooling . However ,

some of these activities may continue well beyond the initial month. These activities include interactive discussions,

storytelling sessions, games and sports - all designed in a manner that children and teachers may develop a bond which

is the very precondition for learning. The module also tries to bridge gap between schools and communities by

including activities which involve parents in the learning process.

Bihar Education Project Council(BEPC), State Council of Education Research and Training (SCERT). Bal Bhawan

Kilkari and UNICEF have together developed this comprehnsive readiness package Pratham Education Foundation and Nidan have also contributed to this package by bringing in perspectives from the eld . I am grateful to all experts,

teachers and eld practitioners who have enriched this package. I sincerely hope that 'Chahak' will be a useful tool for

teachers geared towards making a difference in the life of children they teach.

Preface

Yameen MazumderChief of Field Ofce

UNICEF, Bihar

cPps vkSj cpiu dh vo/kkj.kk dh le>

cPpksa esa tUe ls gh lgt {kerk,¡ gksrh gSaA efLr"d laca/kh 'kks/k ls ;g ckr Li"V gS fd efLr"d dk fodkl cPps ds tUe ds igys ls ysdj N% o"kZ dh voLFkk rd lokZf/kd gksrk gSA blh rjg] Hkk"kk] laosx ¼Emo�on½] laosnh vocks/ku ¼Sensory

Percep�on½ vkfn dk fodkl Hkh bUgha egÙoiw.kZ o"kksZa esa rsth ls gksrk gSA tc cPpk igyh ckj fo|ky; vkrk gS] rks mldh cksypky dh Hkk"kk dk fodkl igys gh gks x;k gksrk gS vkSj f'k{kd dks ̂Kkr ls vKkr* rFkk ̂ LFkwy ls lw{e* dh vksj c<+us ds fl)kar dk mi;ksx djrs gq, bUgha {kerkvksa dks lqn`<+ djuk pkfg,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa] f'k{kdksa dks okD; ls gh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dk dk;Z izkjaHk djuk pkfg, vkSj rc mls 'kCnksa rFkk o.kkZsa esa [kf.Mr djuk pkfg,A cPpk tc fo|ky; vkrk gS] rc u rks mls o.kZekyk dk Kku gksrk gS vkSj u gh ys[ku dkS'ky dk] fQj Hkh ge muls fy[kuk izkjaHk djus dh mEehn djrs gSaA 04&06 o"kZ dk cPpk tc Ldwy vkrk gS rks mldh v¡xqfy;ksa dh dksey ekalisf'k;k¡ Bhd rjg ls fodflr ugha gksrh gSaA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd bl mez ds cPpksa dks dksey ekalisf'k;ksa dks etcwr cukus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa tSls& feV~Vh ds dk;Z] /kkxk esa eksrh fijksuk] ?klhVk ys[ku] fp=kadu vkfn v¡xqfy;ksa dh xfr ls lacaf/kr dk;Z fn;s tk,¡A vkSipkfjd ys[ku izkjaHk djus ds igys dksey ekalisf'k;ksa dks etcwrh iznku djus okyh fofHkUu izdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk Lora= vH;kl djus dh vuqefr cPpksa dks feyuh pkfg,A� vkjafHkd o"kksZa esa lokZf/kd fodkl ds ckotwn cPpksa dh viuh lhek,¡ ¼Limitations½ gksrh gSaA ̂ LFkwy vkSj Kkr* dh rqyuk esa ^vewrZ vkSj vKkr* dks ;kn j[kuk muds fy, cgqr gh dfBu gSA blds vykos] cPpksa dk /;ku&dky ¼Attention span½ rFkk fdlh dk;Z ¼Task½ ij /;ku yxkus dh {kerk lhfer gksrh gS vkSj blh rjg fdlh fn;s gq, dk;Z ds fy, fdlh ,d LFkku ij cSBus dh {kerk Hkh cgqr de gksrh gSA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha gS fd tgk¡ 40 feuV dh ,d ?kaVh ¼dk;kZof/k½ gksrh gS] ogk¡ cPps cspSu gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd muls lEiw.kZ dk;kZof/k ¼Period½ rd fuf"Ø; Jksrk ¼Passive

listener½ cus jgus dh mEehn dh tkrh gSA vr% ,d f'k{kd gksus ds ukrs] gesa 'kq:&'kq: fo|ky; vkus okys cPpksa dh bu lhekvksa ¼Limitations½ dks igpkuus vkSj fy[kus ds fy, mUgsa vPNh rjg ls rS;kj djus dh vko';drk gSA fy[kus ds dk;Z nsus ds igys f'k{kd dks cPpksa ds izfr lgu'khy gksus] xeZtks'kh ls laokn djus rFkk fy[kus ds iwoZ ds dkS'ky tSls fp=kadu] ?klhVk ys[ku] jax Hkjus rFkk dkxt ds VqdM+ksa dks fpidkdj fdlh vkd`fr dks iwjk djus vkfn xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djokuk pkfg,A

cPpksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj fodklksfpr fØ;kdyki� tSls&tSls cPps cM+s gksrs gSa] mudh fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa LoHkko esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA NksVs vkSj cM+s cPpksa esa vUrj gksrs vkSj tSls&tSls os c<+rs vkSj fodkl djrs gSa] muesa vyx&vyx {kerk,¡ fodflr gksrh tkrh gSaA tks dk;Z 06 o"kZ dk cPpk dj ldrk gS] ogh dk;Z 03 o"kZ dk cPpk ugha dj ldrk gS( blh rjg 03 o"kZ ds cPps }kjk fd;s x,s dk;Z dks 01 o"kZ dk cPpk ugha dj ldrk gSA f'k{kd gksus ds ukrs gesa cPpksa ds fodkl dh bl LoHkkfod izfØ;k rFkk mudh ifjoÙkZu'khy fo'ks"krkvksa dks le>us dh t:jr gS rkfd ge mUgsa lh[kus ds fy, leqfpr vuqHko iznku dj ldsaA

� tc f'k{kd fodkl dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dks le>us vkSj muesa vUrj djus esa leFkZ gksrk gS vkSj cPpksa ds fodkl ds pj.kksa dks igpkuus rFkk lacksf/kr djus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa] ;Fkk& [ksy] laokn vkfn dk rn~uqlkj vk;kstu djrk gS] rks mls fodklksfpr fØ;kdyki ¼Developmentally appropriate practice½ dgk tkrk gSA

thou ds 'kq:vkrh o"kZ ekuo&thou ds fy, vR;ar uktqd gksrs gSaA bu o"kksZa esa fodkl ds nj fodkl ds fdlh Hkh pj.k ls vf/kd rhoz gksrs gSaA raf=dk foKku ¼Neuro science½ ds 'kks/k cPpksa ds thou ds izkjafHkd o"kksZa ds egÙo dks laiq"V djrs gSa] [kkldj ;g fd N% o"kZ dh voLFkk rd efLr"d dk 90% fodkl gks tkrk gSA 'kks/k bl ckr dh vksj Hkh ladsr djrs gSa fd efLr"d dk fodkl dsoy LokLF;] iks"k.k vkSj ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk ls gh izHkkfor ugha gksrk] vfirq ml ij izkjafHkd o"kksZa esa feyus okyh euks&lkeftd okrkoj.k dk Hkh izHkko iM+rk gSA

oSKkfud vuqla/kku ;g ladsr nsrs gSa fd cpiu ds vkjafHkd o"kksaZ esa dqN laKkukRed] Hkk"kk;h] lkekftd euksxR;kRed n{krkvksa ds fodkl ds fy, ^laosnu'khy ¼Sensitive period½ ,oa ^ûktqd voLFkk** (Critical period) gksrh gSA la[;k vkSj Hkk"kk lh[kus dh laosnu'khyrk 2 vkSj 3 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa f'k[kj ij gksrh gSA ;g 7 o"kZ dh mez rd mPp Lrj ij gh jgrh gS tcfd lquus] ns[kus vkSj HkkoukRed fu;a=.k dh {kerk,¡ 1 o"kZ dh mez rd lokZf/kd gksrh gSa vkSj 4 o"kZ dh voLFkk rd ;s rsth ls fxjus yxrh gSaA bldk eryc ;g gS fd ;s {kerk,¡ 4 o"kZ dh mez rd iw.kZ :i ls vftZr dj yh tkrh gSaA vr% cPpksa dks fl[kkus vkSj fodkl dh :ijs[kk dh ;kstuk cukus esa bl ckr dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, A nwljs cPpksa dh rqyuk esa] vfHkoafpr i``"BHkwfe ds cPpksa dks Hkk"kk;h vkSj lkekftd var% fØ;k ds i;kZIr volj izkIr ugha gksrs gSaA ;g vUrj mez ds lkFk&lkFk c<+rk gh pyk tkrk gSA bu cPpksa dh fLFkfr esa Ldwy ds vkjafHkd o"kksZa esa bu vUrjksa dks ikVus gsrq lksp&fopkj dj i;kZIr volj iznku djus dh vko';drk gSA ̂ûktqd voLFkk*^ (Critical period) ds nkSjku bu cPpksa ds fodkl dh xfr cuk;s j[kus esa enn djus ds fy, lq/kkjkRed dne (corrective action) mBkuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA ,d vPNk 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe (learning programme) vkjafHkd ckY;koLFkk esa lokZaxh.k fodkl vkSj f'k{k.k ds fy, mi;qDr volj lqfuf'pr djus esa enn djrk gSA vr% cPpksa ds ?kjsyw okrkoj.k ds vUrj dks lekIr djus esa enn djus ds fy, ,d vPNs iwoZ&fo|ky;h vkSj fo|ky;h dk;ZØe (pre-schooling and schooling programme) dh vko';drk gSA gj ,d cPpk vn~Hkqr gksrk gS vkSj muesa dkS'ky rFkk {kerk,¡ gksrh gSa] ftUgsa vkxs c<+k;k ;k fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS A ,d csgrj vkjafHkd 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe lHkh cPpksa ds fodkl dh vyx&vyx xfr;ksa dk vknj djrk gS vkSj mudh lEiw.kZ {kerk ds vuqlkj 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] HkkoukRed] uSfrd vkSj ckSf}d fodkl lqfuf'pr djrk gSA bl

izdkj] vkjafHkd o"kksZa esa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk iznku djus dk eq[; mís'; cPps dk iw.kZ ekuo ds :i esa fodflr gksus esa l{ke cukuk rFkk fodkl ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa mudh iw.kZ {kerk dks Lohdkj djuk gSA {kerk c<+kus okyk vkSj mRlkgiw.kZ 'kS{kf.kd okrkoj.k xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk dh igyh 'kÙkZ gS ftls lko/kkuh ls cPpksa dh #fp dks /;ku esa j[kdj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA cPpksa ds fodkl dks N% eq[; {ks=ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gSA ikB~;Øe dks thou&dkS'ky ds fodkl ij tksj nsus okys lesfdr vkSj [ksy&vk/kkfjr rjhdksa ds }kjk lexz fodkl ds fuEufyf[kr vUrZlacaf/kr {ks=ksa dks lacksf/kr djuk pkfg,&

rhu ls N% o"kZ ds cPpksa esa&1. 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ,oa xR;kRed fodkl&

Ÿ o`gn~ xR;kRed ekalisf'k;ksa ¼large motor muscles) ds lkeatL; vkSj fu;a=.k dk fodklA

Ÿ y?kq xR;kRed ekalisf'k;ksa ¼small motor muscles) dh etcwrh ,oa lkeatL; dk fodklA

Ÿ LFkku ,oa fn'kk ds leqfpr Kku ds lkFk 'kjhj ds mi;ksx dk izn'kZuAŸ fuiq.krk ds lkFk dksey eka’kisf'k;ksa dk lkeatL;] vk¡[k vkSj gkFk dk lkaetL;AŸ larqyu vkSj 'kkjhfjd lkeatL; ds Kku dk fodklAŸ fofo/k izdkj ds Hkkstu dh igpku ,oa Hkkstu dh LoLFk vknrksa dk izn'kZuAŸ LoLFk vknrksa] O;fDrxr /;ku ,oa LoPNrk dk izn'kZuA

2. Hkk"kk&fodkl&Ÿ lquus vkSj le>us ds dkS'kyksa dk fodklAŸ xzg.k'khy ¼recaptive) vkSj vfHkO;fDrijd ¼expressive) lEizs"k.k&dkS'ky dk mi;ksxA

Ÿ izHkkodkjh] 'kkfCnd] okfpd ¼verbal), lkadsfrd ¼non -verbal) vkSj lkadsfrd laizs"k.k dkS'ky dk fodklA

Ÿ 'kCnkoyh dk fodkl vkSj fofo/k mís';ksa ds fy, Hkk"kk dk iz;ksxAŸ izkjafHkd lk{kjrk dkS'kyksa dk izn'kZu vkSj i<+us dh #fpA

cPpksa dks i<+us vkSj fy[kus ds fy, rS;kj djuk tSlss& /ofu;ksa dh igpku vkSj muesa vUrj djuk] /ofu tkx:drk] Nih gqbZ lkexzh ds izfr tkx:drk ¼print awareness) vkSj vo/kkj.kk,¡] o.kksZa dh igpku] o.kZ&/ofu

lg&laca/k] fo[k.Mhdj.k] 'kCn ,oa okD; fuekZ.k vkSj izkjafHkdk ys[ku AŸ fy[kus esa #fp vkSj {kerk dk izn'kZuAŸ d{kk& fofu;eu dh Hkk"kk vkSj vaxzsth ¼;fn t:jr gks½ dh vkjfEHkd n{krk izkIr djrs le; ekr``Hkk"kk ¼home

language) dh n{krk dk fodklA

fodkl ds pj.k

Hkk"kk&fodkllaKkukRed fodkl

'kkjhfjd LokLF; ,oa xR;kRed fodkl

lkekftd ,oa HkkoukRed fodkl

laosnh ,oa xzg.k’khyrk dk fodkl

3. laKkukRed fodkl&Ÿ la[;k&iwoZ ,oa la[;k dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk lafØ;kvksa lfgr fof/k vo/kkj.kkvksa dk fodkl ¼rqyuk] oxhZdj.k] Js.kh

dh le> rFkk LFkku] ek=k] yEckbZ] vk;ru] ,d&,d dh laxr] x.kuk vkfn ls lacaf/kr Kku ,oa dkS'ky½AŸ iSVuZ dk vuqeku ,oa eki dk vkdyu] vk¡dM+s dh le>AŸ Øfed fparu (sequential thinking) foospukRed fparu (critical thinking) voyksdu] rdZ ,oa leL;k

lek/kku ¼problem solving) ls lacaf/kr dkS'kyksa dk fodklAŸ phtksa dks myV&iyV dj] iz'u iwNdj] vuqeku yxkdj rFkk lkekU;hdj.k djds HkkSfrd] lkekftd vkSj

izkd`frd okrkoj.k dk vUos"k.kAŸ Hkwr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa esa vUrj djukAŸ O;fDr] LFkku ,oa {ks= ds chp laca/k dk Kku fodflr djukA

4. oS;fDrd] lkekftd ,oa HkkoukRed fodkl&Ÿ vkRe&cks/k] Lo&fu;a=.k] thou dkS'ky@Lo&lgk;rk dkS'ky dk fodklAŸ u;s vuqHko ,oa vf/kxe ds izfr mRlqdrk ,oa igy djus dh n{krk dk fodklAŸ Lora=rk ,oa Lok;Ùkrk ¼autonomy) ds Hkko dk fodklAŸ {kerkvksa vkSj izkFkfedrkvksa ds izfr tkx:drk] yksxksa esa lekurk ,oa fofHkUurk dh le> rFkk O;ogkj ,oa dk;Z

ds izfr tkx:drk dk izn'kZuAŸ izklafxd ,oa ;Fkksfpr vknr&fuekZ.k dk izn'kZu] /;ku&dky esa o`f} rFkk nSfud xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXurk ,oa

n`<+rkAŸ led{kksa] ifjokj] f'k{kd ,oa leqnk; ds izfr vknj Hkko ds lkFk vUroSZ;fDrd dkS'kyksa dk fodklAŸ lg;ksx dh Hkkouk] n;k] lkekftd laca/k] lewg esa var%fØ;k] nwljksa dh lgk;rk dh Hkkouk] Hkkoukvksa dh

vfHkO;fDr ,oa nwljss dh Hkkoukvksa ds izfr vknjHkko dk izn'kZuAŸ vuqdwyu ,oa Hkkoukvksa ij fu;a=.k dh {kerk dk fodklA

5. laosnh ,oa xzg.k'khyrk dk fodkl&Ÿ xfr dks funsZf'kr djus ,oa phtksa dks igpkuus ds fy, fofHkUu KkusfUnz;ksa ¼ns[kuk] lquuk] eglwl djuk] Lokn

ysuk] lw¡?kuk½ ds mi;ksx dk izn'kZuAŸ LFkku] fn'kk] nwjh] ek=k vkfn ds izfr tkx:drkA

6. jpukRedrk ,oa lkSUn;Z&cks/k dk fodkl&Ÿ fp=kadu] feV~~~Vh ds dk;Z rFkk dyk ds nwljs :iksa esa oLrqvksa] ?kVukvksa ,oa fopkjksa dk fp=.kAŸ laxhr rFkk xfr ds fy, izo`fÙk] vkuUn vkSj vfHkO;fDr dk izn'kZuA cPpksa dh vyx&vyx vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj fodkl ds lHkh vk;keksa dks lesVrs gq, vUrZlacaf/kr xfrfof/k;ksa ds vk;kstu ds fy, lexz fodkl dk n``f"Vdks.k vfr vko';d gS A

lkHkkj% jk"Vªh; bZ-lh-lh-bzZ- ikB~~;Øe dh :ijs[kk ¼2014½] efgyk ,oa cky fodkl ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA

3 ls 6 o"kZ ds cPpksa dh dqN lkekU; fodklkRed fo'ks"krk,¡&

3&4 o"kZ ds cPps 4&5 o"kZ ds cPps 5&6 o"kZ ds cPps

o``gr~ vkSj dksey ekalisf'k;ks a [kkldj v¡xqfy;ksa dh ekalisf'k;ksa ij vi;kZIr fu;a=.kA

diM+s iguus] lkQ&lQkbZ] twrs ds Qhrs ck¡/kus vkfn ds fy, nwljksa ij vkfJrA

o;Ldksa ls vf/kd lEidZ vkSj O;fDrxr /;ku dh pkgA

vklkuh ls nwljksa dh udy ,oa vuqlj.k djus ds fy, izo``Ùk gksukA

vdsys ;k nwljs cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyuk ilUn] vklkuh ls lg;ksx djus dk Kku ugha

lfØ; fdUrq vkØked ugha

NksVs&NksVs ljy okD;ksa dh le> vkSj ,d le; ,d ;k nks funsZ'kksaZ dk ikyu] lhfer 'kCnkoyhA

yxHkx 5&7 feuV dk NksVk /;ku&dkyA

'kkjhfjd xfrfof/k ij csgrj fu;a=.kA

vf/kd vkRe&fo'oklA

nksLrksa ds lkFk vf/kd feyuk&tqyuk] o;Ld ls vf/kd ckrphr djrs jgus dh izo``fÙkA

FkksM+k vf/kd O;fDrijd ,oa gB/kehZ gksus dh izo``fÙkA

lg;ksx esa vkuUn] nwljs cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyuk vkSj lk>k djus ,oa enn djus esa l{ke fQj Hkh izfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk dh le> ugha

mRlkg] lfØ;rk vkSj ÅtkZ ls Hkjk gqvk vf/kd vkØked O;ogkj dk izn'kZuA

tfVy okD;ksa dh vf/kd le> vkSj ,d ckj esa nks ;k rhu funsZ'kksZa dk ikyu] vf/kd izHkkodkjh <ax ls vfHkO;fDr esa l{keA

#fp ds dk;ksZa esa rqyukRed :i ls FkksM+k yEck yxHkx 10&15 feuV dk /;ku&dkyA

ekalisf'k;ksa ij vPNk fu;a=.k] xfr ds fy, vf/kd Lora=] vusd xR;kRed dkS'kyksa esa l{keA

vf/kd vkRefo'okl vkSj viuh vko';drkvksa ij /;ku j[kus esa l{keA

nksLrksa dh laxfr dh bPNk rFkk o;Ldk s a d s /;ku dh de vko';drkA

vkSj vf/kd Lora= jgus dh izo``fÙk rFkk O;ogkj esa gB/kfeZrkA

fu;e ds lkFk vklkuh ls lewg esa [ksyuk vkSj le>uk] izfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk ls izsfjrA

yxkrkj lfØ;] ÅtkZoku vkSj vkØked jgukA

tfVy funsZ'kksaZ dk ikyu] vf/kd 'kCnkoyh] fopkjksa dh n{krkiwoZd vfHkO;fDrA

FkksM+s vf/kd yEcs le; ds fy, fdlh xfrfof/k ds fy, cSBukA

lkHkkj% fofurk dkSy] vyhZ pkbYMgqM ,M~;wds'ku izksxzke

vuqØef.kdk

1 fo|ky; esa igyk fnu� 1- Lokxr xku & 17� 2- cPpksa dk ifjp; & 17� 3- lEcks/ku & 17 2 gekjk fo|ky;� 1- Hkze.k& cPpksa ds lkFk fo|ky; dk Hkze.k & 18 2- dgkuh& uhyw vkSj fpfM+;k & 18 3- gLrf’kYi& f?kjuh cukuk & 19 4- [ksy& pwgk&fcYyh & 20 3 esjs u;s nksLr� 1- [ksy& ikflax n ckWy & 21 2- fp=dyk& gFksyh ds lgkjs fp= cukuk & 21 � � � 3- gekjk ifjokj & 22 4 dkSu gw¡ eS\� 1- vfHku;& dkSu gw¡ eSa\ & 23 � � � 2- dfork& esjk xk¡o & 23� � � 3- u`R;& rd f/kuk f/ku & 24 5 xi&'ki� 1- f’k{kd&Nk= laokn & 25 2- [ksy& js[kk ij pyuk & 26 3- [ksy& ukeksa dh jsyxkM+h & 27 6 gekjk dke� 1- dfork& gk¡ th! gk¡ th! gk¡ & 28 2- f’k{kd&Nk= laokn& lkQ&lQkbZ & 28 3- [ksy& ’kjhj ds izfr tkx:drk & 29 7 f/kud&f/kud f/ku /kk&/kk 1- u`R;& f/kud&f/kud f/ku /kk&/kk & 30 2- dfork& jktw dh lQkbZ & 31 3- [ksy& :eky pksj & 32 8 tks dqN eSaus ns[kk� 1- [ksy& tks dqN eSus ns[kk & 33 2- fp=dkjh& oLrq ls fp= cuk;sa & 34 3- xhr& jsyxkM+h & 35 9- pyks vfHku; djsa� 1- dqvk¡ ls ikuh fudkyuk & 36 2- larqyu dk [ksy & 37 3- dgkuh& fdlku] Hkkyw vkSj vkyw & 3710 ifÙk;ksa dh igpku� 1- ifÙk;ksa dh igpku & 38 2- dfork& igkM+h dk isM+ & 38 3- [ksy& nkSM+uk vkSj dwnuk & 3911 f’k{kd&Nk= okÙkkZ 1- f’k{kd&Nk= okRkkZ & 40 2- dgkuh& nksLr gks rks ,slk! & 40 3- [ksy& vkokt dh igpku & 41

fnu fo"k; l= i`"B

Cont....

12- 1- [ksy& vuktksa dh igpku & 42vuktksa dh igpku 2- dfork& puk dSls cks;k\ & 42 3- ewfrZdyk& feV~Vh dk f[kykSuk & 4313 pdbZ ds pd/kqe 1- u`R;& pdbZ ds pd/kqe & 44 2- dfork& mtyh fcYyh & 44 3- [ksy& pky cny & 45 4- [ksy& gkFk ls xsan idM+uk & 4614 1- [ksy& ?kks?kks jkuh fdruk ikuh & 47?kks?kks jkuh fdruk ikuh 2- fp=dyk& pyks dqN cuk,¡a & 47 3- xhr& uko pyh] uko pyh & 4815 1- [ksy& eNyh tky esa & 49eNyh tky esa 2- fp=kadu& pyks fp= cuk;sa & 50 3- gLrdyk& dkxt dk [kjxks'k cuk;sa & 5116 pyks ?kweus pysa 1- ifjHkze.k& pyks ?kweus pysa & 52 2- [ksy& y{; dh vksj xsan yq<+dkuk & 53 3- ckyxhr& fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk & 5417 1- [ksy& isM+&isM+ fdrus vke\ & 55isM+&isM+ fdrus vke 2- ckyxhr& esjh fxurh & 55 3- [ksy& funsZ'k vkSj ladsr dk [ksy & 5618 1- dgkuh& uanw dh Hkwy & 57dgkuh lquuk&lqukuk 2- cky nyksa ls ckrphr & 57 3- ewfrZdyk& feêh dk dke & 5819 1- u`R;& ce fpd ce&ce & 59ce fpd ce&ce 2- dfork& esjh fdrkc & 60 3- fdrkc esjh nksLr & 60 4- vfHku;& vkbZus ds lkeus & 61 20 1- v{kj dh igpku & 62v{kj dh igpku 2- [ksy& dwnuk ,oa mNyuk & 63 3- dgkuh& xksyw cu x;k tsUVyeSu & 64 21 1- fp=kadu& js[kk fp= & 65 js[kk fp= 2- dfork& D;k gS xksy&cksy\ & 65 3- lkQ jgsa] lQkbZ j[ksa! & 6622 1- la[;k xhr& jktk dh csVh & 67la[;k xhr 2- dgkuh& lksuh dks feyh lh[k & 68 3- jaxks dk [ksy & 6923 1- ckfj'k rkyh ctkb;s & 70ckfj'k rkyh ctkb, 2- dfork& ckfj'k vk;h & 70 3- fp= nsf[k, vkSj cukb;s & 71 4- gLrf’kYi& pyks Vksih cuk;sa & 7224 1- f'k{kd&vfHkHkkod laokn & 73f'k{kd&vfHkHkkod laokn

fnu fo"k; l= i`"B

mís';fnu&01 l=k&01 vof/&03 ?kaVs

fo|ky; esa igyk fnufØ;kdyki

fodYi

fo'ks"k

Ÿ u;s cPpksa dk fo|ky; esa Lokxr djukAŸ cPpksa dk fo|ky; esa lEekfur eglwl djukAŸ vfHkHkkodksa dk fo|ky; ds izfr fo'okl rFkk yxko c<+kukA

1- cPpksa ds cSBus dh O;OkLFkk fp= ds vuqlkj 2- Lokxr xku3- cPpksa dk ifjp; ¼vfHkHkkodksa ds lkFk½4- lacks/ku% iz/kkuk/;kid] f'k{kd] okMZ ik"kZn] eqf[k;k]

fo|ky; f’k{kk lfefr ds v/;{kA

Ÿ d{kk ds LkHkh ukekafdr cPps ,oa ftudk ukekadu gksuk gS muds lkFk fo|ky; ifjlj ds [kqys lkQ&lqFkjs eSnku ;k cjkens esa dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xkA

Ÿ dk;ZØe esa cPpksa ds ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkodksa dh lgHkkfxrk gksxhA

Ÿ Ldwy dh lkt&lTtk] dqlhZ] Vscqy] njh] is;ty vkfn dh O;oLFkkA

Ÿ d{kk 8 ikl djus okys cPpksa dk bl dk;ZØe esa Qs;josy fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ d{kk 8 ds cPpksa ds }kjk mudh izxfr esa fo|ky; ds ;ksxnku ls tqM+s ;knxkj iyksa dks lquk tk ldrk gSA

lkexzh

Ÿ dk;ZØe dh lekfIr ds ckn d{kk ,d ds oxZ&f’k{kd viuh d{kk esa vfHkHkkodksa ,oa cPpksa ds lkFk cSBsaxsA vfHkHkkod vius cPps dh fof’k"Vrk ,oa dfe;ksa ds ckjs esa vkSj mlds izfr cjrus okyh lko/kkfu;ksa dks oxZ&f’k{kd dks crk;saxsA

çfØ;kcPpksa dk Lokxr lekjksg

çfriQyŸ u;s cPps fo|ky; esa lEekfur eglwl djsaxsAŸ cPps nwljksa dh ckrksa dks le>dj viuh ckr dgus dh dksf’k’k djsaxsA Ÿ fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k esa cPps lgt eglwl djsaxsAŸ vfHkHkkodksa dk fo|ky; ds izfr fo'okl rFkk yxko c<+sxkA

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ p;fur dgkuh ûhyw vkSj fpfM+;k* dks gko&Hkko rFkk vkokt esa

mrkj&p<+ko ds lkFk jkspd <ax ls lqukus dk vH;klA Ÿ nwljs fnu dh d{kk ds fy, vko’;d lkexzh] tSls& iqjkuk v[kckj]

lknk ;k jaxhu dkxtA17

gekjk fo|ky;Ÿ cPpksa dk fo|ky; ls ifjp;AŸ fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k ds izfr lgtrkAŸ cPpksa dk fo|ky; dh fnup;kZ ,oa O;oLFkk ls ifjp;A

1- Hkze.k& cPpksa ds lkFk fo|ky; dk Hkze.k2- dgkuh& uhyw vkSj fpfM+;k3- gLrf’kYi& f?kjuh cukuk4- [ksy& pwgk&fcYyh [ksy

1- Hkze.k& oxZ&f'k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk fo|ky;&ifjlj dk Hkze.k dj mlds egÙo dh ppkZ djsaxsA

Ÿ os Hkze.k ds nkSjku iz/kkuk/;kid&d{k] oxZ&d{k] [kqyk&eSnku] psruk&l= dk LFkku] ckxokuh] vf/kxe dksuk] Hkkstu cukus ,oa Hkkstu djus dk LFkku] is;ty] 'kkSpky; ,oa dwMs+nku ds mi;ksx ds ckjs esa crk,¡xsA

Ÿ Hkze.k ds mijkar cPpksa ds lkFk oxZ&d{k esa cSBdj og ;g ppkZ djsaxs fd cPpksa us fo|ky; esa D;k&D;k ns[kk\ D;k vPNk yxk\ D;k vPNk ugha yxk\ fo|ky; vkdj dSlk yxk\ ?kj vkSj fo|ky; esa D;k varj gS\ vkfnA

Ÿ f'k{kd fo|ky; dh le;&lkj.kh] [ksy&lkexzh] egkiq#"kksa dh rLohj] psruk&l=] vU; l=ksa ,oa fo|ky; ds egÙoiw.kZ vk;kstuksa ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh nsaxsA

2- dgkuh& f’k{kd dgkuh dgus ds igys dgkuh lquus&lqukus dk ekgkSy cuk,¡xsA og cPpksa ls ;g iwN ldrs gSa fd fdlus dgkuh lquh gS\ dgkuh fdlus lquk;h dgkuh fdlds ckjs esa Fkh\ vkfnA

Ÿ blds ckn f’k{kd cPpksa dks ̂uhyw vkSj fpfM+;k* dgkuh lquk;saxsA os dgkuh esa vk;s ik=ksa ds ckjs esa cPpksa ls iwNsaxsA mudh vkokt] jax] pky&<ky vkfn ds ckjs esa cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxsA os cPpksa ls iwNsaxs fd D;k bl rjg dh dksbZ nwljh dgkuh fdlh cPps us lquh gS\ cPps pkgsaxs rks lquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ lquk ldrs gSaA

çfØ;k

fnu&02 l=k&01 vof/&01 ?kaVk 30 feuV

uhyw vkSj fpfM+;kdgkuh

uhyw vk¡xu esa [ksy jgh FkhA ,d fpfM+;k mM+rh&mM+rh vk;h vkSj Qwy dh Mkyh ij cSB xbZA uhyw us nkSM+dj fpfM+;k dks idM+ fy;kA ^^pha&pha&pha---** fpfM+;k 'kksj epkus yxhA ia[k QM+QM+kus yxhA uhyw us fpfM+;k dks NksM+k ughaA mls [kwc tksj ls idM+ fy;kA fpfM+;k ds dqN ia[k Hkh >M+ x;sA mls cq[kkj vk x;kA og FkjFkj dk¡ius yxh] csgks'k gks xbZA uhyw ?kcjk xbZaaA og fpfM+;k dks dejs esa ys xbZA fpfM+;k dks iyax ij fyVk fn;kA ,d dqlhZ [khapdj mlds ikl cSB xbZA fpfM+;k cq[kkj esa dk¡Ik jgh FkhA uhyw mnkl cSBh FkhA ^^D;k gqvk] uhyw\** eEeh us dejs esa vkdj iwNkA uhyw cksyh] ̂eEeh] ns[kks u! fpfM+;k dks cq[kkj vk x;k gSA vc eSa blds lkFk dSls [ksy¡w\ tYnh ls MkWDVj cqyk nks eEehA** eEeh us eksckby ls ckr dj MkWDVj dks cqyk fy;kA MkWDVj us ns[kk] fpfM+;k cq[kkj ls dk¡Ik jgh FkhA MkWDVj us iwNk] ^ûhyw] rqeus fpfM+;k dks ekjk\** uhyw cksyh] ^ûgha&ugha] MkWDVj lkgc] eSaus fpfM+;k dks ekjk ugha] cl [ksyus ds fy, idM+ fy;k FkkA** MkWDVj us dgk] ^^vPNk] rHkh fpfM+;k dks pksV yx xbZA bls rks cgqr rst cq[kkj gSA** eEeh us dgk] ̂^vc ;g vius ?kj dSls tk,xh\ cspkjh bldh eEeh jksrh gksxhA** uhyw cksyh] ̂ ^MkWDVj lkgc] tYnh ls bls Bhd dj nhft,A vc eSa dHkh fpfM+;k dks ugha idMw¡xhA** MkWDVj us fpfM+;k dks nok fiyk nhA nok ihus ds dqN le; ckn gh fpfM+;k dk cq[kkj Bhd gks x;kA fpfM+;k pgd dj mM+ xbZA uhyw fpfM+;k dks mM+rh ns[kdj cgqr [kq'k gqbZA

fØ;kdyki

Ÿ cPps fo|ky; ds ifjos’k esa fnypLih fn[kk;saxsA Ÿ cPps dgh tk jgh ckrksa dks è;ku ls lquus dh dksf'k'k djsaxs rFkk viuh izfrfØ;k nsaxsAŸ cPps dgkuh dks lqudj ,oa le>dj ml ij viuh izfrfØ;k nsus dh dksf’k’k djsaxsA

mís';

çfriQy

18

f?kjuh cukuk Ÿ vk¡[k ,oa v¡xqfy;ksa dk leUo;AŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk dk fodklA

çfØ;k

fnu&02 l=k&02 vof/&30 feuV

3- gLrf’kYi& f?kjuh cukukA

Ÿ ,d fcÙkk yEck vkSj nks v¡xqyh pkSM+k ,d dkxt dk VqdM+k ysaxsA mls yEckbZ esa chpksa&chp eksM+ ysaxsA

Ÿ vc Åij ls pkj v¡xqyh yEckbZ rd dkxt dks uhps dh vksj eksM+ ysaxsA eksM+ ls dkxt ds [kqys Hkkx dks FkksM+k QkM+ ysasxsA

Ÿ vc dkxt dks [kksysaxsA dkxt ds yEcs fgLls dks nksuksa rjQ ls dVs gq, Hkkx dks chp okys ykbu rd eksM+ ysaxsA

Ÿ dkxt ds NksVs fgLls dks yEckbZ esa chpksa&chp eksM+ ij ls dVs fgLls rd QkM+ ysaxsA

Ÿ bl izdkj f?kjuh rS;kj gks tk,xhA f?kjuh dks Åij mBkdj NksM+saxsA f?kjuh ukprs gq, uhps fxjsxhA

Ÿ iqjkuk v[kckj] lknk ;k jaxhu dkxtAlkexzh

fØ;kdyki

Ÿ cPps dgh tk jgh ckrksa dks /;ku ls lqudj] ns[kdj vkSj vkdkj dks le>dj cukus dh dksf’k’k djsaxsA

Ÿ lw{e ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodkl gksxkA

mís';

çfriQy

1 2 3

4

5 6 7

19

4- [ksy& pwgk&fcYyh [ksyA

Ÿ cPps lewg esa bl [ksy dks [ksysaxsAŸ os ,d&nwljs dk gkFk idM+ xksy ?ksjk cuk;saxsAŸ ,d cPpk xksy ?ksjs ds vanj gksxk vkSj ,d cPpk

ckgjAŸ vanj okys cPps dk uke pwgk vkSj ckgj okys cPps dk

uke fcYyh gksxkAŸ ?ksjs ds lHkh cPps ,d lkFk cksysaxs& ̂pwgk Hkkx] fcYyh

vk;h*AŸ vkokt lqudj pwgk dHkh ?ksjs ls ckgj dHkh ?ksjs ds

vanj Hkkxsxk vkSj fcYyh mls idM+us ds fy, nkSM+sxhAŸ ?ksjs ds cPps pwgs dks Hkkxus esa enn djsaxs rFkk fcYyh

dks jksdsaxsAŸ ?ksjs dks rksM+dj ;fn fcYyh pwgs dks Nw ysxh rks pwgk

cuk cPpk xksy ?ksjs esa 'kkfey gks tk,xkA iqu% ?ksjs dk dksbZ Hkh cPpk fcYyh cusxk vkSj fcYyh cuk cPpk pwgk cu tk,xkA bl izdkj lHkh cPpksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls pwgk&fcYyh cuus dk volj fn;k tk,xkA

Ÿ bl [ksy esa fcYyh dh txg 'ksj vkSj pwgs dh txg ij fgj.k uke j[kk tk ldrk gS] tSls& ̂ fgj.k Hkkx] 'ksj vk;k*A

Ÿ [ksy lery eSnku esa [ksyk tk,xkAŸ lHkh cPpksa dks pwgk&fcYyh cuus dk volj fn;k

tk,xkA

çfØ;k

fodYi

pwgk&fcYyh [ksyfnu&02 l=k&03 vof/&01 ?kaVk

Ÿ vkilh leUo; ,oa ’kkjhfjd {kerk dk fodklAŸ ny&Hkkouk ,oa fu.kZ;&{kerk dk fodklA

lko/kuh

fØ;kdyki

Ÿ cPps viuh Hkkouk dks fu;af=r dj ik;saxsAŸ cPps ,dkxzrk ls lqusaxs] voyksdu djsaxs rFkk viuh ckr cksy ldsaxsA Ÿ LFkwy ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodkl gksxkA

mís';

çfriQyŸ [ksy&lkexzh& eksckby Qksu] Ldwy dh ?kaVh] IysV&pEep]

jn~nh v[kckj dh xsan] IykfLVd dh xsan A Ÿ fp=dyk&lkexzh& pkWd] isafly] isu] LysV vkSj dkxtA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

20

esjs u;s nksLrŸ cPpksa dk vkilh ifjp;AŸ lquus] cksyus ,oa fy[kus ds dkS’ky dk fodklA

1- [ksy& ̂ikflax n ckWy* [ksy ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dk ifjp;2- fp=dyk& gFksyh ds lgkjs fp= cukuk3- gekjk ifjokj

1- [ksy& lHkh cPps xksykdkj esa cSBsaxsAŸ xfrfof/k dh 'kq#vkr f'k{kd ds }kjk eksckby Qksu] ?kaVh ;k

fdlh vU; /kqu ls dh tk,xhA Ÿ /kqu ctrk jgsxk rFkk ,d cPpk nwljs cPps ds gkFk esa nwljk

rhljs vkSj rhljk pkSFks cPps ds gkFk esa xsan nsrk tk,xkA Ÿ /kqu #dus ij ftl cPps ds gkFk esa xsan gksxk] og viuk

uke] firk dk uke] ekrk dk uke] eqgYyk ,oa viuh ilan&ukilan ¼Hkkstu] diM+s] nksLr vkfn½ ds ckjs esa crk;sxkA

Ÿ ifjp; nsus ds ckn og cPpk cxy okys cPps dks xsan nsdj ?ksjs ls ckgj cSB tk,xk vkSj nwljs cPpksa dk ifjp; lqusxkA

Ÿ bl rjg lHkh cPpksa dks viuk ifjp; nsus dk volj fn;k tk,xkA

2- fp=dyk& cPps viuh ck;ha gFksyh dks dkxt] LysV ;k CySd cksMZ ij j[kdj nk;ha gkFk ls gFksyh ds ckgjh fgLls ij ydhj [khapsaxsA iqu% nk,¡ gFksyh ds lkFk ;gh dk;Z djsaxsA

Ÿ cPpksa us dkxt] LysV ;k CySd cksMZ ds ftl LFkku ij viuh gFksyh dk vkdkj [khapk gS f’k{kd mlds uhps ml cPps dk uke fy[k nsaxsA vkdkj ;fn dkxt ij cuk;k x;k gS rks f’k{kd mls nhokj ij iznf’kZr dj nsaxsA

Ÿ cPps gFksyh ds fp= ij fy[ks gq, vius uke dks ns[kdj igpkuus dk iz;kl djsaxsA

Ÿ var esa lHkh cPps ,d&nwljs ds }kjk cuk;s x;s fp=ksa dks ?kwe&?kwedj ns[kus dk vkuan mBk,¡xsA

Ÿ f’k{kd pkgsa rks cPpksa ls ,d ls ysdj ik¡pksa v¡xqfy;ksa ds vyx&vyx fp= Hkh cuok ldrs gSaA

1- eksckby Qksu] Ldwy dh ?kaVh] IysV&pEep] jn~nh v[kckj dh xsan] IykfLVd dh xsan A

2- pkWd] isafly] isu] LysV vkSj dkxtA

fnu&03 l=k&01 vof/&02 ?kaVs

çfØ;k

fodYi

1- [ksy& ikflax n ckWy

2- gFksyh ds lgkjs fp=k

lkexzh

fØ;kdyki

Ÿ cPps viuh d{kk ds cPpksa dk ifjp; tkusaxsAŸ cPpksa esa lquus ,oa cksyus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkAŸ v¡xqfy;ksa dh lw{e ekalisf'k;ksa dk fodkl gksxkA

mís';

çfriQy

21

gekjk ifjokjŸ d{kk ds cPpksa ds ifjokj ds ckjs esa tkuuk rFkk muds

lkFk utnhdh c<+kukAŸ cPpksa ds cksyus ds dkS'ky dk fodklA

3- gekjk ifjokj

Ÿ oxZ&f'k{kd lcls igys viuk ifjp; nsrs gq, vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds ckjs esa cPpksa dks crk,¡xsA tSls& muds ifjokj esa dkSu&dkSu gSa\ dgk¡ jgrs gSa\ D;k djrs gSa\ vkfnA

Ÿ f'k{kd ckjh&ckjh ls cPpksa ls muds ifjokj ds ckjs esa iwNsaxsA

Ÿ de cksy ikus okys cPpksa dks f’k{kd izksRlkfgr dj mUgsa cksyus dk ekSdk nsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls muds nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh dk uke iwN ldrs gSaA

fnu&03 l=k&02 vof/&01 ?kaVk

çfØ;k

fodYi

fØ;kdyki

Ÿ cPps ,d&nwljs ds ifjokj ds ckjs esa tkusaxsAŸ cPpksa esa nwljksa dh ckr le>dj vius 'kCnksa esa dgus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkAŸ f’k{kd cPpksa dh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe dks tkusaxs] cPpksa ds lkFk mudk utnhdh

laca/k cusxk ftldk mi;ksx os cPpksa dks csgrj fl[kkus esa dj ik;saxsA

mís';

çfriQyŸ dfork ̂esjk xk¡o* dks y; ,oa gko&Hkko ds lkFk vxys fnu

izLrqr djus dh rS;kjhA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

22

dkSu gw¡ eSa\1- vfHku;& dkSu gw¡ eSa\2- dfork& esjk xk¡o3- u`R;& rd f/kuk&f/ku

1- vfHku;& f’k{kd cPpksa ds rhu lewg cuk;saxsA izR;sd lewg dks ,d&,d fo"k; nsaxsA tSls&

« lewg ,d& ikyrw Ik'kq dh vkokt fudkyuk o mlh ds tSlk pyukA

« lewg nks& i{kh dh vkokt fudkyuk o mlh ds tSlk pyuk@mM+uk@nkuk pqxukA

« lewg rhu& taxyh Ik'kq dh vkokt fudkyuk o mlh ds tSlk pyukA

Ÿ rhuksa lewgksa ds cPps vius&vius lewgksa esa fn;s x;s dk;Z dh fey&tqydj rS;kjh djsaxsA

Ÿ lewg ds lHkh cPps ckjh&ckjh ls chp esa i’kq ;k i{kh dh pky esa pyrs gq, vkdj mlh i’kq ;k i{kh dh vkokt fudkysaxsA

Ÿ ’ks"k cPps mldh eqnzk] pky] gko&Hkko ,oa vkokt ls ml i’kq ;k i{kh dh igpku djsaxsA

Ÿ lewg&fuekZ.k gsrq funsZ’k& lHkh cPps ?ksjs esa ckjh&ckjh ls Øe’k% viuk uke& dkSvk] xkSjS;k] rksrk crk;saxs ,oa viuk ;g u;k uke ;kn j[ksaxsA

Ÿ vc rhuksa if{k;ksa ds ukeksa okys cPps rhu lewg esa c¡V tk,¡xs ;kuh lkjs ̂dkSvk* uke okys cPps ,d lewg] xkSjS;k okys nwljs lewg rFkk rksrk okys rhljk lewg cuk;saxsA

2- dfork& f’k{kd gko&Hkko ,oa y; ds lkFk êsjk xk¡o* dfork cPpksa dks xkdj lquk;saxs ,oa cPps mls nqgjk;saxsA

Ÿ izLrqfr ns[kus okyk dksbZ Hkh cPpk pkgs rks ml i’kq&i{kh ds vfHku; dks vkSj csgrj rjhds ls fn[kk ldrk gSA

Ÿ cPps okgu dh vkoktsaa] izd`fr ls fudyus okyh vkoktsaa ;k vU; izdkj dh vkoktksa dks Hkh fudky ldrs gSaA


çfØ;k

fodYi

dkSvk djrk dk¡o&dk¡o] eq>dks I;kjk esjk xk¡oAeqxkZ djrk dwdM+w¡&dw¡] lwjt bruk xqLlk D;w¡\fpfM+;k pw¡&pw¡&pw¡ djrh gS] NqV~Vh I;kjh yxrh gSAE;kÅ¡&E;kÅ¡ djrh gS fcYyh] 'kgj cgqr cM+k gS fnYyhAHkkSa&HkkSa lqudj dqÙks dh] D;ksa gksrs gks xqLlk th\

esjk xk¡o

fØ;kdyki

Ÿ vius ifjos'k dh fofo/krkvksa ls ifjp;AŸ lgikfB;ksa dh vfHku;&{kerk ls ifjp;A Ÿ 'kkjhfjd vH;klA vkoktksa dh fofo/krk ls ifjp;A

Ÿ cPpksa dh vfHku;&{kerk dh tkudkjh gksxhAŸ cPpksa esa dfork dks è;ku ls lquus rFkk gko&Hkko ds lkFk cksyus ds dkS’ky dk

fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dh LFkwy ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodkl gksxkA

mís';

çfriQy

23

Ÿ [ksy&lkexzh& pwuk ikmMj] jLlh] bZaV] pkWd] dkWih] fdrkc] MLVj vkfn dh O;oLFkkA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

rd f/uk&f/ufØ;kdyki

Ÿ 'kkjhfjd vH;kl] /ofu dk vH;klAŸ ,dkxzrk] voyksduA

fnu&04 l=k&02 vof/& 01 ?kaVk

çfØ;k

fodYi

3- u`R;& rd f/kuk&f/ku

Ÿ cPps xksykdkj esa [kM+s gksaxsAŸ f'k{kd ̂rd&f/kuk f/ku* ,d y; esa xk;saxsA cPps Hkh

muds lkFk mls xk;saxsAŸ cPps bl /kqu ij rkyh] pqVdh] lhVh vkfn ctk;saxsAŸ bl /kqu ij f’k{kd fdlh rjg dh 'kkjhfjd xfr

vFkkZr~ u`R; djsaxsA lHkh cPps mudh udy djsaxsAŸ gj cPpk ckjh&ckjh ls vius eu ls fdlh Hkh rjg dk

u`R; dj ldrk gS ckdh cPps mldh udy djsaxs lkFk gh lHkh cPps ̂rd f/kuk&f/ku* xkrs Hkh jgsaxsA

Ÿ /kqu& ^rd f/kuk&f/ku* dh txg ^pdbZ ds pd/kqe* ;k ^pd /kwe&/kwe* vkfn Hkh j[kk tk ldrk gS ;k eksckby esa viyksM fdlh ,d /kqu dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ cPpksa dh LFkwy ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa vkilh leUo; fodflr gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa /ofu] y;] rky ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd vH;kl dh {kerk fodflr gksxhA

mís';

çfriQy

24

xi&'kifØ;kdyki

Ÿ f>>d dks nwj djukAŸ lquus&cksyus dh {kerk dk fodklAŸ vkRefo'okl dk fodklA


çfØ;k

fodYi

fo'ks"k

1- f’k{kd&Nk= laokn&xi&’ki2- [ksy& js[kk ij pyuk3- [ksy& ukeksa dh jsyxkM+h

1- f'k{kd mifLFkfr ysus ds ckn cPpksa ds lkFk ml fnu ds vius vuqHko dks crk;saxs] tSls&

Ÿ eSaaus vius ?kj ls Ldwy vkus ds Øe esa D;k&D;k ns[kk] lh[kk] D;k [kk;k&ih;k] ilan dh phtsa] ukilan dh phtsa---

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls muds vuqHkoksa dks tkuus ds fy, vyx&vyx rjg dh ckrsa dj ldrs gSaA

Ÿ vkidks D;k&D;k vPNk yxrk gS\ vkSj D;ksa\Ÿ vki dgk¡&dgk¡ ?kweus x, gSa\ lcls vPNk dgk¡

yxk\ vkSj D;ksa---

Ÿ f’k{kd izR;sd cPps dk vuqHko lqusaxsa vkSj mls cksyus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaxsA

Ÿ cPps ;fn viuh cksyh esa dksbZ ckr dguk pkgrs gSa ;k fQj cksyrs le; dqN [kkl rjg dh eqnzk,¡ cukrs gSa rks f’k{kd mUgsa Vksdsaxs ughaA

Ÿ cPpksa dh cksyh esa ;fn rqrykgV] gdykgV gks rks f’k{kd mudk etkd ugha cuus nsaxsA

Ÿ cPpksa esa nwljksa dh ckrksa dks /;kuiwoZd lquus rFkk vius Hkkoksa dks cksydj O;Dr djus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkA

Ÿ cPpksa dk vkRefo’okl c<+sxkA

mís';

çfriQy

25

js[kk ij pyukfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

fodYi

2- [ksy& js[kk ij pyuk

f’k{kd [ksy ds fy, LFkku dk p;u dj pwuk ikmMj ;k pkWd ls Q’kZ ij ljy js[kk] oxkZdkj] f=Hkqtkdkj] xksykdkj vkfn uhps fn;s x;s funsZ’kksa ds vuqlkj vxy&vyx vkd`fr;k¡ cuk;saxsA mlds ckn cPpksa ls uhps nh xbZ xfrfof/k;k¡ djk;saxs % Ÿ fofHkUu izdkj ds jkLrksa ij pyuk% ljy js[kk] xksys]

f=Hkqtkdkj rFkk oxkZdkj jkLrksa ijAŸ dkWih] fdrkc] MLVj vkfn dks flj ij j[kdj

larqyu cukrs gq, mi;ZqDr jkLrksa ij pyukAŸ vk¡[ksa e¡wndj mu jkLrksa ij iSjksa dh v¡xqfy;ksa ds lgkjs

pyukAŸ vk¡[ks e¡wndj mu jkLrksa ij ,fM+;ksa ds lgkjs pyukAŸ fpfUg~r jkLrs ds vUnj&ckgj] Vs<+s& es<+s pyukAŸ ?kM+h dh lwbZ dh fn'kk esa o bldh foijhr fn'kk esa

pyukAŸ fn'kk&ifjorZu djuk] /khjs&/khjs pyuk] rsth ls

pyuk] nk,¡&ck,¡ pyukA

Ÿ mYVs pyuk] mYVs o lh/ks feykdj pyuk] pky dks rst djuk] vkns'k ij pyuk o #duk] csap ij pyuk] xksykdkj esa pyuk ,oa pkSdksj esa pyukA

Ÿ pwuk ikmMj] jLlh] bZaV] pkWd] dkWih] fdrkc] MLVj vkfnA

lkexzh

Ÿ ’kkjhfjd larqyu dk vH;klAŸ fn;s x;s funsZ’kksa dks le>uk rFkk muds vuq:i dk;Z

djukA

Ÿ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk ,oa voyksdu&{kerk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa 'kkjhfjd larqyu dh {kerk fodflr gksxhA

mís';

çfriQy

26

ukeksa dh jsyxkM+hfØ;kdyki

Ÿ lkfFk;ksa ds uke tkuukAŸ lewg&Hkkouk dk fodklA

3- [ksy& ukeksa dh jsyxkM+h

Ÿ f'k{kd jsy dk batu cusaxs vkSj xksykdkj esa pyrs gq, gko&Hkko ls xk;saxs& ^^jsy pyh HkbZ jsy pyh] ge cPpksa dh jsy pyh] /kqd&/kqd] /kd&/kd] /kqd&/kqd] /kd&/kd] jkt/kkuh esy pyh] ge cPpksa dh jsy pyhA**

Ÿ f’k{kd xksykdkj dk ,d pDdj yxkus ds ckn fdlh cPps ds ikl igq¡pdj lcls igys viuk uke crk,¡xsA mlds ckn ml cPps ls dgsaxs& D;k vki gekjh jsy dk fMCck cusaxs\ igys viuk uke crkb, vkSj fQj gekjs lkFk tqM+ tkb,A bl rjg ls gj ckj ,d cPpk fMCck ds :i esa tqM+rk pyk tk,xkA cPps ,d&nwljs ds da/ks idM+dj pysaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd ml cPps ds lkFk fQj xhr xkrs gq, xksykdkj dk ,d pDdj yxk;saxs vkSj fdlh Hkh cPps ds lkeus [kM+s gksdj ogh ckr iwNsaxsA og cPpk Hkh viuk uke crkdj jsy dk fMCck cu tk,xkA ;g Øe var rd pyrk jgsxkA f’k{kd bl [ksy ls vyx gksdj batu dk dke vius ckn okys cPps dks lkSai nsaxsA lHkh cPps xhr xkrs jgsaxs vkSj chp&chp esa lhVh dh vkokt fudkyrs jgsaxsA

Ÿ cPps viuh jsy dks Vs<+k&es<+k] vkxs&ihNs] Åij&uhps Hkh ys tk ldrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh fdlh jsyos LVs’ku dk uke ysdj #d Hkh ldrs gSaA dqN cPpksa ds gkFkksa esa vyx&vyx rjg dh lkefxz;k¡ gks ldrh gSaA


çfØ;k

fodYi

Ÿ cPps vius lkfFk;ksa ds uke tkusaxsA Ÿ cPpksa dh ,dkxzrk rFkk Lej.k&'kfDr dk fodkl gksukA

mís';

çfriQyŸ dfork ^cksyks gk¡ th! gk¡ th gk¡* dks gko&Hkko rFkk vkokt ds mfpr

mrkj&p<+ko ls izn’kZu dh rS;kjhA Ÿ lQkbZ&lkexzh& dwM+snku] Vksdjh] >kMw+] lkcqu vkfnAŸ [ksy&lkexzh& pwuk ikmMj] njh] Vscqy] dqlhZ] csap vkfnA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

27

gekjk dke

fØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

fodYi

1- dfork& gk¡ th! gk¡ th! gk¡!2- f’k{kd&Nk= laokn& lkQ&lQkbZ3 [ksy& 'kjhj ds izfr tkx:drk

1- dfork& f’k{kd cPpksa dks ̂gk¡ th! gk¡ th! gk¡!* dfork xkdj lquk;saxs vkSj cPps mls nqgjk;saxsA dfork dh iafDr;ksa ls lacaf/kr f’k{kd cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxsA

2- f’k{kd&Nk= laokn& f’k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk ;g ckr djsaxs fd vius fo|ky; dks dSls lkQ ,oa lqanj cuk;s j[kk tk ldrk gSA bl loky ij ppkZ djsaxsa fd fo|ky; esa xanxh dSls QSyrh gS\ ikuh dSls cckZn gksrk gS\ vkfnA os cPpksa ds lkFk ckrphr dj fuEu fcUnqvksa ij mudh Li"V le> cukus dk iz;kl djsaxs&1- uy ds mi;ksx ds ckn mls can djukA2- csdkj lkexzh rFkk dpjs dks dwM+snku esa MkyukA3- 'kkSpky; esa 'kkSp ds iwoZ ,oa i’pkr~ ikuh MkyukA4- 'kkSp ds ckn rFkk Hkkstu ds iwoZ nksuksa gFksfy;ksa ,oa v¡xqfy;ksa dks lkcqu ls vPNh rjg lkQ djukA5- ckyksa] psgjs ,oa diM+kas dks lkQ j[kukA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks lQkbZ esa dke vkus okyh lkekU; lkexzh& >kM+w] dwMs+nku] Vksdjh] lkcqu vkfn fn[kkdj muls ifjfpr djk;saxsA

Ÿ dqN Hkh [kkus ds ckn nk¡rksa dh lQkbZ ds fy, lkQ ikuh ls dqYyk djuk rFkk lqcg ,oa jkr esa nk¡rksa dh lQkbZ nkrqu ;k cz’k ls djus dh vko’;drk ls cPpksa dks voxr djkukA

Ÿ O;fDrxr ,oa ifjos’k dh LoPNrk ds izfr tkx:drkAŸ ^vius dke* Lo;a djus dh le> dk fodklA

D;k rqe [kkuk [kkrs gks\gk¡ th! gk¡ th! gk¡¡]D;k rqe [kkuk idkrs gks\uk th] uk th] uk][kkus esa gk¡] idkus esa uk],sls dSls pysxk dke\&2

D;k rqe xank djrs gks\gk¡ th! gk¡ th! gk¡]D;k rqe lQkbZ djrs gks\uk th] uk th] uk]xank esa gk¡] lQkbZ esa uk],sls dSls pysxk dke\& 2

D;k rqe diM+s igurs gks\gk¡ th! gk¡ th! gk¡]D;k rqe diM+s /kksrs gks\uk th] uk th] uk]iguus esa gk¡] /kksus esa uk],sls dSls pysxk dke\&2

cksyks gk¡ th! gk¡ th! gk¡!

Ÿ cPpksa esa O;fDrxr ,oa ifjos’k dh LoPNrk ds izfr tkx:drk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa vius dke Lo;a djus gsrq bPNk&’kfDr fodflr gksxhA

mís';

çfriQy

28

'kjhj ds çfr tkx:drkfØ;kdyki

Ÿ 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dk fgyuk&MqyukA

çfØ;k

fodYi

;fn rqe [kq’k gks rFkk ;g tkurs gks] rks gkFkksa ls rkyh ctkvks

lko/kuh

lkexzh

3- [ksy& 'kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa] fo’ks"k :i ls gkFk ,oa iSj dk mi;ksx dj 'kjhj dk larqyu cuk;s j[kukA

f’k{kd cPpksa dks fuEu fØ;kdyki djus ds fy, dgsaxs&Ÿ isV dks tehu dh vksj djds gkFk&iSj ds cy ij pyukAŸ ihB dks tehu dh vksj djds gkFk&iSj ds cy ij pyukAŸ nksuksa gkFkksa rFkk ,d iSj dk mi;ksx dj pyukAŸ ,d gkFk o nksuksa iSjksa dk mi;ksx dj pyukA xfrfof/k

djus esa f’k{kd mudks lg;ksx djsaxsA

Ÿ fdlh dqlhZ] Vscqy dk bLrseky djrs gq, mlds Åij ;k uhps pydj [ksy dks vkSj jksekapd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA iSj iVduk] ?kqVus ctkuk] ge gSa ;gk¡&ge gSa ;gk¡ fpYykukA

Ÿ bZaV@pkWd dk mi;ksx dj Vs<+h&es<+h ixMafM;k¡ cukukA cPps bZaVksa ds vklikl rFkk muds chp ls ckgj&Hkhrj pysaxsA

Ÿ fØ;k&'kCnksa o fØ;kvksa ij cy nsuk tSls dwnuk] rkyh ctkuk] mNyuk vkfn fØ;k,¡ djkukA

Ÿ ;fn Q’kZ [kqjnjh gks rks f’k{kd njh dk mi;ksx djsaxsA

Ÿ pwuk ikmMj] pkWd] bZaV] njh] Vscqy] dqlhZ] csap vkfnA

fnu&06 l=k&02 vof/& 01 ?kaVk

Ÿ cPpksa dk ’kkjhfjd vH;kl gksxkA Ÿ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk ,oa 'kkjhfjd larqyu dk fodkl gksxkA

mís';

çfriQyŸ dfork ̂jktw dh lQkbZ* dks gko&Hkko ls vH;kl djkus dh

rS;kjhAŸ :eky] IykfLVd] jcj ;k dkxt dk xsan vkfnA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

29

f/ud&f/ud f/u] /k&/k&/kfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

fodYi

Ÿ ’kkjhfjd lQkbZ ,oa LoPNrk ds izfr tkx:drkA

1- u`R;& f/kud&f/kud f/ku] /kk&/kk&/kk2- dfork& jktw dh lQkbZ3- [ksy& :eky pksj

1- lHkh cPps f’k{kd ds lkFk f=Hkqtkdkj esa [kM+s gksxsaAŸ f’k{kd ̂f/kud&f/kud f/ku] /kk&/kk&/kk* xk;saxsA cPps

Hkh lqj esa lqj feyk;saxsAŸ bl /kqu dh y; ij cPps rkyh ;k pqVdh ctk;saxsAŸ bl /kqu ij cPpksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls chp esa cqyk;k

tk,xkA og cPpk dksbZ ,d xfrfof/k tSls& flj fgykuk] gkFk fgykuk] dej fgykuk] m¡xyh fgykuk] vk¡[k dh iqryh ?kqekuk vkfn fØ;k,¡ djsxkA

Ÿ vc f’k{kd blh /kqu ij cPpksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls O;fDrxr lQkbZ ls lacaf/kr ,d fØ;k djus dks dgsaxs] tSls& Luku djrs le; lHkh vaxksa dh lQkbZ] lkcqu eyuk] cz’k djuk] dqYyk djuk] vk¡[kksa ij ikuh Mkyuk] uk[kwu dkVuk] cky >kM+uk] 'kkSp ds ckn gkFk /kksuk vkSj Hkkstu ds ckn gkFk /kksuk] dqYyk djuk vkfnA

Ÿ [ksy ds ckn vkjke ls cSBdj f’k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd lQkbZ ,oa LoPNrk ls lacaf/kr ckrphr Hkh djasxsA

Ÿ blh /kqu ij cPps diM+k iguuk] twrk&ekstk iguuk] pIiy iguuk] da?kh djuk vkfn fØ;kvksa dk vfHku; dj ldrs gSaA

Ÿ cPpksa esa ’kkjhfjd lQkbZ ,oa LoPNrk ds izfr tkx:drk mRiUu gksxhA

mís';

çfriQy

30

jktw dh liQkbZfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

Ÿ gkoHkko ds lkFk dfork lqukukAŸ dfork ds vk/kkj ij fnup;kZ dk ikyuA

2- dfork& jktw dh lQkbZ

Ÿ lHkh cPps f’k{kd ds lkFk xksykdkj esa [kM+s gksaxsA f’k{kd cPpksa ds xksy ?ksjs ds vanj [kM+s gksdj bl xhr dks gko&Hkko ds lkFk xk;saxsA

Ÿ cPps Hkh bl xhr dks nqgjkrs gq, ml ij vfHku; djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls jktw dh fnup;kZ ls vius fnup;kZ dks feykus dh ckr dgsaxsA

Ÿ lkFk gh os ;g Hkh iwNsaxs fd jktw dh rjg gesa vkSj D;k&D;k djuk pkfg,A

Ÿ f’k{kd N% N% cPpksa dk vyx&vyx ny cukdj mUgsa bl xhr dks vius rjhds ls rS;kj djus dks dgsa] ftlesa cPps y; ds lkFk xk;sa ,oa vfHku; Hkh djsaA

Ÿ vc ckjh&ckjh ls lHkh nyksa dks viuh rS;kjh dks izLrqr djus ds fy, dgsaA

Ÿ f’k{kd CySd cksMZ ij cz’k] lkcqu] xeNk] Ldwy cSx] yap ckWDl] diM+k vkfn dk fp= cukdj izLrqfr ds nkSjku cPpksa dks fn[kk ldrs gSaA

lqcg&lcsjs mBrk jktw]cM+ksa dks 'kh'k uokrk gSA'kkSp ls vkdj gkFk gS eyrk]nk¡r lkQ fQj djrk gSAeq¡g esa ikuh Hkj&Hkjdj]vk¡[kksa ij ikuh NhaVrk gSAnsg ij lkcqu jxM+&jxM+dj]ey&ey [kwc ugkrk gSAeksVs xeNs ls ihB jxM+dj]

xank eSy NqM+krk gSAlqanjrk ls ;ksxklu dj]bZ'oj dk /;ku yxkrk gSAgkFk /kksdj uk’rk djrk]cLrk jkst ltkrk gSAlkQ&lqFkjs diM+s igudj]jkst Ldwy tkrk gSA[ksy&[ksy esa gksrh i<+kbZ][kwc etk fQj vkrk gSA

jktw dh liQkbZ

Ÿ cPpksa esa gkoHkko ds lkFk dfork lqukus dk dkS’ky fodflr gksxkAŸ dfork ds vk/kkj ij cPps viuh fnup;kZ dk ikyu djsaxsA

mís';

çfriQy

fodYi

31

:eky pksj ([ksy)fØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

3- [ksy& :eky pksj

Ÿ lHkh cPps f’k{kd ds lkFk xksykdkj esa cSBasxsAŸ f’k{kd :eky ysdj xksykbZ esa ?kwesaxs vkSj cksysaxs&

ûkuh ?kj ls fpV~Bh vkbZ] jkLrs esa fxj xbZ] dksbZ ns[kk gS* lHkh cPps cksysaxs& ̂u · · gha*A

Ÿ f’k{kd fdlh ,d cPps ds ihNs :eky j[kdj vkxs c<+ tk,¡xsA

Ÿ ftl cPps ds ihNs :eky gksxk ml cPps us vxj :eky ns[k fy;k rks og :eky Qsadus okys f’k{kd cPps ds ihNs Hkkxdj mls idM+sxkA idM+s tkus okyk cPpk O;fDrxr LoPNrk ls lacaf/kr f’k{kd }kjk crk;k x;k vfHku; ¼tSls& cz’k djuk] uk[kwu dkVuk] Luku djuk] 'kkSpky; dk mi;ksx djuk] vkfn½ djsxkA

Ÿ vfHku; ds mijkar ;fn dksbZ nwljk cPpk pkgs rks ml vfHku; dks vkSj vPNs <ax ls djds fn[kk ldrk gS ,oa f’k{kd ds }kjk bl ij ppkZ djk;h tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ iqu% :eky ysdj nwljk cPpk mlh izfØ;k dks nksgjk,xkA

Ÿ ;fn cPpk :eky ugha ns[k ik;sxk rc :eky j[kus okyk cPpk iqu% ml LFkku ij vkdj ml cPps dh ihB FkiFkik;sxk vkSj mls vfHku; djuk gksxkA

Ÿ blh rjg ;g izfØ;k lHkh cPpksa ds lkFk dh tk,xhA

Ÿ :eky] IykfLVd] jcj ;k dkxt dh xsan vkfnAlkexzh

Ÿ ,dkxzrk ,oa rRijrk dk fodklAŸ ’kkjhfjd {kerk dk fodklA

Ÿ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk ,oa rRijrk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dh ’kkjhfjd {kerk fodflr gksxhA

mís';

çfriQyŸ dkxt] CySd cksMZ] isafly] pkWd] MLVj] cksry dk <Ddu] pwM+h dk

VqdM+k] iRFkj] ydM+h dk VqdM+k vkfnA Ÿ fdrkc] cLrk] ikuh dh cksry] yap ckWDl vkfnŸ dfork ̂jsyxkM+h* dks gko&Hkko ds lkFk vH;kl djkus dh rS;kjhA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

32

tks dqN eSaus ns[kkfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

fodYi

1- [ksy& tks dqN eSaus ns[kk2- fp=dkjh& oLrq ls fp= cuk;sa3- xhr& jsyxkM+h

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks pkj nyksa esa ck¡V ysaxsAŸ os oxZ&d{k ds ,d dksus esa Vscqy ij yxHkx ,d ntZu

lkexzh] tSls& pkWd&MLVj] eksckby Qksu] #i;k&iSlk] isu&isafly] jcj&dVj] Ldsp isu] dadM+&iRFkj] Qwy&iÙkh vkfn fdlh Vªs] Vksdjh] Fkkyh] IysV esa ;k Vscqy ij j[k nsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd lHkh lkefxz;ksa dks fdlh diM+s ls <d nsaxsA vc ,d&,d djds nyksa dks cqyk;saxsA mUgsa mu lkefxz;ksa dks /;ku ls ns[kus ds fy, nks feuVksa dk le; nsaxsA lkexzh dks /;ku ls ns[kus ds ckn iqu% fQj diM+s ls <d nsaxs vkSj mUgsa vius LFkku ij cSBus dks dgsaxsA

Ÿ os ,d&,ddj ml ny ds cPpksa dks [kM+k djds iwNsaxs fd mlus dkSu&dkSu lh lkexzh ns[kh\

Ÿ f’k{kd os CySd cksMZ ij ml lewg dk uke] fdruh lkexzh mlus ns[kh] mls vadksa esa fy[ksaxsA

Ÿ ;g Øe lHkh lewgksa ds lkFk ckjh&ckjh ls pysxkA Ÿ ftl lewg us vf/kd lkefxz;ksa dk uke crk;k mlds

fy, rkyh ctokdj 'kkck’kh nsaxsA

Ÿ lkexzh esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh lkexzh gks ldrh gSA tSls& dbZ rjg dh lfCt;k¡] Qy&Qwy] csdkj lkefxz;k¡ bR;kfnA

Ÿ izR;sd cPps ls nks&nks lkefxz;k¡ e¡xok;h tk ldrh gSaA

Ÿ Ldwy ds ifjlj ;k vklikl esa vklkuh ls feyus okyh lkefxz;k¡A

Ÿ Lej.k’kfDr dk fodklA

lkexzh

Ÿ cPpksa esa Lej.k'kfDr dk fodkl gksxkA

mís';

çfriQy

33

oLrq ls fp=k cuk;safØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

fodYi

2- fp=dkjh& oLrq ls fp= cuk;sa

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks fo|ky; ifjlj ls rhu NksVs&NksVs lkeku tSls& <syk] ydM+h] isafly] pwM+h] ekfpl dk fMCck vkfn pqudj oxZ&d{k esa ykus ds fy, dgsaxsA

Ÿ os oxZ&d{k esa cPpksa dks pkSdksj vkdkj esa fcBk;saxsAŸ lHkh cPps viuh yk;h gq, lkexzh dks vius lkeus

j[ksaxsA lkns dkxt ;k uhps ds CySd cksMZ ij os fdlh ,d lkexzh dks j[kdj mlds ckgjh fgLls esa isafly ;k pkWd ls js[kk [khapsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd fdlh ,d oLrq ds vkdkj dks ckj&ckj cPpksa ls cuokdj ,d iSVuZ dh le> fodflr djsaxsA

Ÿ os cuh gqbZ vyx&vyx vkd`fr;ksa dks fn[kkdj cPpksa dks iSVuZ dks le>us esa lg;ksx djsaxsA

Ÿ dbZ lkefxz;ksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj Hkh cPps ckgjh js[kk [khap ldrs gSaA

Ÿ dkxt] CySd cksMZ] isafly] pkWd] MLVj] cksry dh <Ddu] pwM+h] iRFkj] ydM+h dk VqdM+k vkfnA

Ÿ oLrqvksa ds lgkjs ljy vkd`fr;ksa dks [khapukA Ÿ ,dkxzrk dk fodklAŸ iSVuZ dh le>A

lkexzh

Ÿ cPpksa esa oLrqvksa ds lgkjs ljy vkd`fr;ksa dks [khapus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dh lw{e ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk fodflr gksxh rFkk muesa iSVuZ dh le> cusxhA

mís';

çfriQy

34

jsyxkM+hfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

fodYi

3- xhr& jsyxkM+h

Ÿ f’k{kd iwjh d{kk ds cPpksa dks nks lewgksa esa ck¡VsaxsA viuh Å¡pkbZ ds fglkc ls c<+rs Øe esa cPps drkjc) [kM+s gks tk,¡xsA

Ÿ nksuksa lewgksa ds cPps lhVh ctkrs gq, f’k{kd }kjk xk;s tkus okys xhr ̂jsyxkM+h* dks nqgjkrs gq, vkxs c<+saxsA

Ÿ cPpksa dh nksuksa drkjsa vyx&vyx rjhds ls] tSls& lh/kk] Vs<+k&es<+k] xksykdkj] vkxs&ihNs] Åij&uhps xkrs gq, dHkh #dsaxh] dHkh pysaxhA

Ÿ cPps pky cnydj] tSls& mNyrs gq,] ik¡o mBk&mBkdj] ,M+h ij] iats ij] dHkh ?kqVus ij cy nsdj py ldrs gSaA

Ÿ cPps dHkh nksuksa ckgsa QSyk,] dHkh Åij] dHkh uhps] dHkh ifg;k ?kqekus dk vfHku; Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

Ÿ cPps dHkh vius gkFk esa] flj ij] da/ks ij] xksn esa] dksbZ NksVk lkeku ysdj Hkh drkj esa py ldrs gSaA

Ÿ fdrkc] cLrk] ikuh dh cksry vkfnA

Ÿ rkyesy ,oa lewg&Hkkouk dk fodklAŸ gkoHkko ,oa y;c)rk ds lkFk dfork lquuk&lqukukA

lkexzh

jsyxkM+h&jsyxkM+h]/kqd&/kqd djrh jsyxkM+hAvkrh&tkrh nkSM+ yxkrh]xk¡o&xk¡o vkSj 'kgj ?kqekrhAfnYyh ls dksydkrk tkrh]ns’kHkj dh lSj djkrhAfdruh lqUnj] fdruh I;kjh]/kqd&/kqd djrh jsyxkM+hA

dbZ jaxksa dh jsyxkM+h]cPps cw<+s djsa lokjhAukuh ds ?kj tkrh jsy]dgha HkhM+] dgha BsyeBsyAlcdks fcBkdj nkSM+ yxkrh]jsy lokjh lcdks HkkrhAjsyxkM+h&jsyxkM+h]/kqd&/kqd djrh jsyxkM+hA

jsyxkM+h

Ÿ cPpksa esa rkyesy ,oa lewg&Hkkouk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPps dfork dks gkoHkko ,oa y;c)rk ds lkFk lquk ldsaxsA

mís';

çfriQyŸ xsan] MLVj ;k fdrkc] pwuk ikmMj ;k pkWd vkfnA Ÿ dgkuh ̂fdlku] Hkkyw vkSj vkyw* dk iwoZ ikBA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

35

pyks vfHku; djsafØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

1- vfHku;& pyks vfHku; djsa2- [ksy& larqyu dk [ksy3- dgkuh& fdlku] Hkkyw vkSj vkyw

Ÿ f’k{kd N%&N% cPpksa ds ik¡p lewg cuk;saxsA Ÿ izFke lewg ls ukVd 'kq: djsaxs] tSls& N% cPpksa esa ls

pkj cPps cSBdj dqvk¡ cusaxsA Ÿ ,d cPpk dq,¡ esa jLlh ds lgkjs ckYVh Mkyus ,oa

ikuh fudkyus dk vfHku; rhu ckj djsxkA Ÿ nwljk cPpk dq,¡ ds ikl cSBk jgsxk] igyk cPpk nks

ckYVh ikuh mlds flj ij Mkysxk vkSj cSBk gqvk cPpk Luku djus dk vfHku; djsxkA

Ÿ vfHku; ds ckn f’k{kd }kjk ikuh] dqvk¡] jLlh] ckYVh ds mi;ksx ij cPpksa ds lkFk ppkZ dh tk,xh] tSls&

« ikuh fudkyus esa fdrus cPps yxs Fks\ & ,d« fdruh ckYVh ikuh flj ij Mkyh x;h\ & nks« fdruh ckYVh ikuh fudyk\ & rhu« dqvk¡ cuus esa fdrus cPps yxs Fks\ & pkj« cPpksa ds fdrus lewg cus\ & ik¡p « ,d lewg esa fdrus cPps Fks\ & N%Ÿ vc f’k{kd ds }kjk ,d ls N% rd dh fxurh ij

ckrphr dh tk,xhA

Ÿ ,dkxzrk] dYiuk’khyrk rFkk vfHku;&{kerk dk fodklAŸ ,d ls N% rd dh fxurh ls ifjp;A

Ÿ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk] dYiuk’khyrk rFkk vfHku;&{kerk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPps ,d ls N% rd dh fxurh ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

mís';

çfriQy

36

fØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

fodYi

2- [ksy& larqyu dk [ksy3- dgkuh& fdlku] Hkkyw vkSj vkyw

2- [ksy& f’k{kd cPpksa ls fuEu fØ;kdyki djk;saxs% 1- flj ij MLVj ;k fdrkc fy, ,d fpg~u rd tkuk o

okil vkukA2- da/ks ij MLVj ;k fdrkc ysdj ,d fpg~u rd tkuk o

okil vkukA3- dqgfu;ks ij MLVj ;k fdrkc ysdj ,d fpg~u rd tkuk o

okil vkukA4- ?kqVuksa ds chp MLVj ;k fdrkc Q¡lkdj pyuk vFkok

mlds lkFk dwnukA5- ,d xsan dks 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa] tSls gkFk] dqguh]

?kqVuk] BqM~Mh vkfn ls /kdsyukA6- ,d lkFkh dh enn ls dqguh] iSjksa] ihB vkfn dk mi;ksx

dj cks> <ksukAŸ f’k{kd 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks tSsls&tSsls pyk;saxs lHkh

cPps mudk vuqlj.k djsaxsA3- dgkuh& f’k{kd psgjs ds gko&Hkko ,oa vkokt esa

mrkj&p<+ko ds lkFk cPpksa dks jkspd rjhds ls ̂ fdlku] Hkkyw vkSj vkyw* dgkuh lquk;saxsA

Ÿ dgkuh lqukus ds ckn f’k{kd cPpksa ls dgkuh ls lacaf/kr ppkZ djsaxs] tSls&

Ÿ vkyw ikS/ks ds fdl Hkkx esa gksrk gS\Ÿ [kkus okyh dkSu&dkSu lh phtsa tE+khu ds uhps mitrh gSa\Ÿ xsgw¡ dh Qly tE+khu ds uhps gksrh gS ;k Åij\ Ÿ dkSu&dkSu lh Qlysa tE+khu ds Åij gksrh gSa\

Ÿ Vs<+s&es<+s fpg~u cuk,¡ ftl ij cPps ckgj&Hkhrj pysa] mnkgj.k % MLVj ;k fdrkc dks isV ij j[kdj gkFkksa o iSjksa ds lgkjs fpg~u rd tkuk o vkukA

Ÿ xsan] MLVj ;k fdrkc] pwuk ikmMj ;k pkWd vkfnAlkexzh

Ÿ 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds lkFk larqyuAŸ dgkuh lquuk] le>uk vkSj mlij vius fopkj O;Dr

djukAlarqyu dk [ksy

,d fdlku FkkA vkyw cksus ds fy, taxy ds lehi [ksr esa x;kA og gy pyk jgk FkkA brus esa ogk¡ ,d Hkkyw vk;kA Hkkyw cksyk] ̂ ^;gk¡ Qly yxkvksxs rks esjk fgLlk nsuk iM+sxkA** fdlku us dgk] ̂^Bhd gS! ,slk djrs gSa rqe Åij dk fgLlk ys yks] eSa Tkehu ds uhps dk fgLlk ys ysrk gw¡A** Hkkyw cksyk] ̂ ^Bhd gS! vxj /kks[kk nksxs rks eSa vius [ksr esa iSj ugha j[kus nw¡xkA**� tc Qly vk;h rks Hkkyw fdlku ds ikl igq¡pk vkSj cksyk& ^êsjk fgLlk ns nksA** fdlku us Hkkyw dks lkjs iÙks ns fn, vkSj cM+s&cM+s vkyw j[k fy,A Hkkyw cksyk& ^^rqEgkjs fgLls dks Hkh p[kdj rks ns[kw¡A** Hkkyw us vkyw p[kk vkSj xqLls ls cksyk] ̂^rqeus eq>s /kks[kk fn;k gSA vlyh eky rks [kqn j[k fy;k vkSj eq>s dM+os iÙks Fkek fn,A vxyh ckj eSa Tkehu ds uhps dk fgLlk yw¡xkA** fdlku eku x;kA vxyh ckj mlus vkyw ugha] xsgw¡ cks,A Hkkyw dks bl ckj Hkh dqN ugha feykA lksfp, D;ksa\

fdlku] Hkkyw vkSj vkywdgkuh

Ÿ cPps 'kkjhfjd larqyu cuk ik;saxsA Ÿ cPps lquh x;h dgkuh ij vius fopkj O;Dr dj ik;saxsA

mís';

çfriQyŸ dfork ̂igkM+h dk isM+* dh iwoZ rS;kjhAŸ cPpksa dks vyx&vyx isM+&ikS/kksa dh ifÙk;k¡ vxys fnu

ykus dk funsZ’kAŸ bZaV] fMCck] cksry] pwus dk pw.kZ] jLlh vkfnA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

37

ifÙk;ksa dh igpkufØ;kdyki

fnu&10 l=k&01 vof/&01 ?kaVk] 30 feuV

çfØ;k

1- ifÙk;ksa dh igpku 2- dfork& igkM+h dk isM+3- [ksy& nkSM+uk vkSj dwnuk

1- ifÙk;ksa dh igpku& f’k{kd [ksy ds ek/;e ls cPpksa ds ik¡p lewg cuk,¡xsA lHkh lewgksa ds cPps fo|ky;&ifjlj dk Hkze.k djsaxsA

Ÿ izR;sd lewg ds cPps fo|ky; ds vklikl ds fofHkUu izdkj ds isM+&ikS/kksa dh ifÙk;ksa dks bdV~Bk djsaxsA

Ÿ vius&vius lewg esa cPps viuh yk;h gqbZ ifÙk;ksa ij ,d&nwljs ls ppkZ djsaxsA fdlds ikl fdruh rjg dh ifÙk;k¡ gSa\ dkSu&lh iÙkh fdl isM+ dh gS\ fdlds ikl fdrus jax dh ifÙk;k¡ gSa\ vkfnA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs lewg&dk;Z dk voyksdu djrs jgsaxs ,oa mUgsa enn djsaxsA var esa cM+s lewg esa lHkh lewgksa }kjk viuh ifÙk;ksa ls lacaf/kr izLrqfr dh tk,xhA

2- dfork& f’k{kd cPpksa dks xksykbZ esa cSBkus ds ckn chp esa vkdj gko&Hkko ds lkFk ?kwe&?kwedj jkspd rjhds ls dfork lquk;saxsA dfork lqukus ds ckn f’k{kd cPpksa ls dfork ls lacaf/kr ckrphr djsaxs] tSls&

Ÿ isM+ dgk¡ Fkk\Ÿ isM+ esa D;k&D;k Fkk\Ÿ fpfM+;k ds cPps dgk¡ Fks\Ÿ D;k vki dksbZ dfork] nksgk] xhr lquk ldrs gSa\

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk bl izdkj dh vU; dfork,¡ Hkh xk ldrs gSaA

Ÿ Qwy dh ifÙk;k¡] Qy dh ifÙk;k¡ vkSj lfCt;ksa dh ifÙk;ksa dks bdV~Bk dj ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ ifÙk;ksa ds jax] vkdkj] NksVh&cM+h] fpduh&[kqjnjh] eksVh&iryh] xa/k] Lokn vkfn ij Hkh ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ cPpksa esa i;kZoj.k ds izfr yxko dk fodklA Ÿ jaxksa ,oa vkdkjksa dh le>AŸ cPpksa esa voyksdu ,oa oxhZdj.k ds dkS’ky dk fodklA

igkM+h dk isM+

igkM+h ij isM+ Fkk]isM+ esa ruk Fkk]rus esa Mkfy;k¡ Fkha]Mkfy;ksa esa iÙks Fks]iÙkksa esa ?kksalyk Fkk]

?kksalysa esa vaMs Fks]vaMksa esa cPps Fks]vaMs gq, pqjZ---cPps mM+s] QqjZ---A

fodYi

dfork

Ÿ cPpksa dk i;kZoj.k ds izfr yxko c<+sxkAŸ cPpksa esa fofHkUu jaxksa ,oa vkdkjksa dh le> fodflr gksxhAŸ cPpksa esa voyksdu ,oa oxhZdj.k ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkA

mís';

çfriQy

38

nkSM+uk vkSj dwnukfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

3- [ksy& nkSM+uk vkSj dwnuk

f’k{kd uhps fn;s x;s funsZ’k ds vuq:i cPpksa ls fØ;kdyki djk;saxs%cPps tehu ij [khaph xbZ lh/kh js[kk ij& Ÿ vkxs dh rjQ ckjh&ckjh ls nkSM+saxsAŸ ihNs dh rjQ ckjh&ckjh ls mYVk nkSM+saxsAŸ cjkcjh esa nks&nks dh la[;k esa leku :i ls nkSM+saxsAŸ nksuksa iSjksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj dwnrs gq, vkxs c<+saxsA Ÿ ,d iSj mBkrs gq, nwljs iSj ls vkxs dh vksj dwnsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks Vs<+h&es<+h js[kk] xksykdkj vkSj pkSdksj vkdkj esa vyx&vyx rjhds ls nkSM+ djok ldrs gSaA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls lh/kh js[kk ij bZaV] cksry] fMCck ;k vU; dksbZ NksVh lkexzh j[kdj cPpksa dks mls mNyrs gq, ikj djus dh xfrfof/k djok ldrs gSaA

Ÿ f’k{kd ;g lko/kkuh cjrsaxs fd cPpksa dks pksV u yxsA

Ÿ bZaV] fMCck] cksry] pwus dk pw.kZ] jLlh vkfnA

Ÿ fofHkUu izdkj dh nkSM+ vkSj dwnuk lh[kukAŸ iSjksa ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dk mi;ksxAŸ ’kkjhfjd larqyu cukukA

fodYi

lko/kuh

lkexzh

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPps vyx&vyx rjg ls nkSM+uk vkSj dwnuk lh[ksaxsAŸ cPpksa esa vius iSjksa ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dk mi;ksx djus dh {kerk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dh ’kkjhfjd larqyu dh {kerk fodflr gksxhA

Ÿ dgkuh ̂nksLr gks rks ,slk* dk iwoZ ikBAŸ /kku] pwM+k] pkoy] xsgw¡] vkVk] edbZ] puk] dbZ rjg dh nkysa] ljlksa] fry vkfnAŸ cksry] fMCck] di] IysV] pEep] ?kM+k] ck¡l dk VqdM+k] fxykl] Fkkyh] dVksjh]

?kaVh vkfn

iwoZ&rS;kjh

39

fØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

1- f’k{kd&Nk= okrkZ2- dgkuh& nksLr gks rks ,slk!3- [ksy& vkokt dh igpku

1- f’k{kd&Nk= okrkZ esa f’k{kd cPpksa ls ckrphr ds Øe esa iwNsaxs fd muds ?kjksa esa fdl&fdl rjg ds vukt gSaA D;k dHkh mUgksaus mu vuktksa ds ikS/kksa dks ns[kk gS\ cktkj esa fdl&fdl rjg ds vukt fcdrs gSa\ cPpksa ls vkus okys mÙkjksa ds lgkjs f’k{kd okrkZ dks vkxs c<+;saxsA fdu&fdu vuktksa dk mi;ksx vyx&vyx rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gS\ tSls& /kku ls pkoy] pwM+kA pkoy ls Hkkr] f[kpM+h] [khj] iqyko] pkoy dh jksVh] bMyh] Mkslk] fiV~Bk vkfnA

Ÿ cPpksa ds chp ;g ppkZ dh tk ldrh gS fd nygu esa fdl&fdl rjg dh nkysa gksrh gSaA dkSu ls frygu ls rsy fudyrk gS tSls& ljlksa] fry] rhlh] jsaM+h] ukfj;y] lw;Zeq[kh] dqlqe vkfnA

2- dgkuh& f’k{kd gko&Hkko ,oa vkokt esa mrkj&p<+ko ds lkFk cPpksa dks jkspd rjhds ls ^nksLr gks rks ,slk* dgkuh lquk;saxs rFkk ml ij cPpksa ls ppkZ djsaxsA

Ÿ fdu&fdu vuktksa dk lÙkw curk gS vkSj dSls curk gS] bl ij ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ [ksrksa esa vyx&vyx vuktksa dks cksus vkSj jksius dk tks rjhdk gS ml ij Hkh ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ /kku] pwM+k] pkoy] xsgw¡] vkVk] edbZ] puk] dbZ rjg dh nkysa] ljlksa] fry vkfnA

fodYi

lkexzh

mís';

f'k{kd&Nk=k okrkZ

xk¡o dh lhek ij uhe dk ,d cM+k isM+ FkkA isM+ dh Mky ij ,d dkS, us viuk ?kkaslyk cuk;k FkkA isM+ ds rus esa ,d [kksg FkkA mlesa ,d [kjxks'k jgrk FkkA dkSvk vkSj [kjxks'k iDds nksLr FksA

� taxy esa ,d xhnM+ FkkA mls [kjxks'k ds [kksg dh tkudkjh gks xbZ FkhA ,d fnu xhnM+ lqcg&lqcg uhe ds isM+ ds ikl vk igq¡pkA xhnM+ dks vkrs ns[kdj dkS, us [kjxks'k dks lko/kku dj fn;kA [kjxks'k QkSju viuh [kksg esa ?kql x;kA xhnM+ [kjxks'k dh [kksg ds vkxs vìk tekdj cSB x;kA mlus lkspk] ̂ ^FkksM+h nsj ckn [kjxks'k [kkuk <w¡<+us ds fy, rks ckgj fudsyxk ghA vkt mldks ekjdj eSa HkjisV Hkkstu d:¡xkA**

� isM+ dh Mky ij cSBk dkSvk xhnM+ dh pky le> x;kA mlus lkspk] ^^fe= dh lgk;rk djuk esjk drZO; gSA** ;g lkspdj dkS, us tksj&tksj ls ̂^dk¡o---dk¡o---dk¡o---** djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ml dkS, dh vkokt lqudj ogk¡ ,d&,d djds cgqr lkjs dkS, bdV~Bs gks x,A

� os lc dkS, Hkh dk¡o---dk¡o---dk¡o djus yxsA [kjxks'k ds fe= dkS, us ogk¡ ,df=r lc dkS, ls fourh dh] ̂îsM+ ds rus ds ikl cSBs gq, xhnM+ dks ;gk¡ ls Hkxk nksA** lc dkSvksa us xhnM+ ij ,d lkFk geyk cksy fn;kA viuh pkaspksa ds izgkj ls mUgksaus xhnM+ dks v/kejk dj fn;kA xhnM+ ogk¡ ls HkkxkA dkSvksa us nwj rd mldk ihNk fd;kA fQj [kjxks'k /khjs&/khjs [kksg ls ckgj fudykA mlus vius nksLr dkS, dks /kU;okn fn;k vkSj lHkh dks crk;k fd ̂^nksLr gks rks ,slk**!

nksLr gks rks ,slk

çfriQyŸ f’k{kd ds lkFk cPpksa dh fudVrk c<+sxhA Ÿ cPpksa esa lquus] cksyus ,oa vius fopkj O;Dr djus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPps vyx&vyx rjg ds vuktksa rFkk muds mi;ksxksa dks tku ik,¡xsA

Ÿ f’k{kd&Nk= fe=rk ,oa vkRefo’okl dk fodklAŸ nwljs dh ckrksa dks /;kuiwoZd lquuk ,oa vius fopkj O;Dr djukAŸ fofHkUu izdkj ds vuktksa ls ifjp;AŸ dgkuh lquus ,oa cksyus ds dkS’ky dk fodklA

40

vkokt dh igpkufØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

3- [ksy& vkokt dh igpku

Ÿ lHkh cPps xksy ?ksjk cukdj cSBsaxsA f’k{kd muesa ls fdlh ,d cPps dks xksy ?ksjs ds chp esa vk¡[kksa ij iV~Vh ck¡/kdj [kM+k djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd dqN lkeku tSls& cksry] fMCck] di] IysV] pEep] ?kM+k] ck¡l dk VqdM+k] fxykl] Fkkyh] dVksjh] ?kaVh vkfn dks ckjh&ckjh ls ctkdj vk¡[kksa ij iV~Vh yxs cPps ls iwNsaxs fd ;g fdl pht dh vkokt gS\ lgh tokc feyus ij xksy ?ksjs eas cSBs cPps rkyh ctk;saxs vkSj xyr tokc ij f’k{kd lgh tokc crk;saxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd fdlh cPps ds ek/;e ls i’kq&i{kh] tSls& dqÙkk] cdjh] fcYyh] eqxkZ] rksrk] xk;] HkSal] dkSvk vkfn dh vkokt eq¡g ls fudkydj mldh igpku djok ldrs gSaA

Ÿ cksry] fMCck] di] IysV] pEep] ?kM+k] ck¡l dk VqdM+k] fxykl] Fkkyh] dVksjh] ?kaVh vkfnA

Ÿ ,dkxzrk dk fodklAŸ vyx&vyx rjg dh vkoktksa dh igpkuA

fodYi

lkexzh

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPps vyx&vyx rjg dh vkoktksa ds varj ds vk/kkj ij mldh igpku dj

ik,¡xsA

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ dfork ̂puk dSls cks;k* dk iwoZ vH;klAŸ pkoy] xsgw¡] edbZ] nygu vkSj frygu vkfnAŸ xhyh feêh] NksVk fMCck] fxykl] dVksjk] ydM+h dk VqdM+k] IykfLVd ;k v[kckjAŸ eqyk;e xsan] cM+h xsan] NksVh xsan] xqCckjs] NYyk] pwuk pw.kZ o fpfg~udk,¡ bR;kfnA 41

vuktksa dh igpkufØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

1- [ksy& vuktksa dh igpku2- dfork& puk dSls cks;k\3- ewfrZdyk& feV~Vh dk f[kykSuk

1- [ksy& f’k{kd fdlh [ksy ds ek/;e ls 5&6 cPpksa ds vyx&vyx lewg cuk;saxsA

Ÿ cPps vius }kjk yk;s x;s vuktksa dks ysdj vius&vius lewg esa cSBsaxsA os vius lewg esa ,d&nwljs ds }kjk yk;s x;s vuktksa dks ns[ksaxs] muds uke] jax] vkdkj vkfn ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa tkusaxs rFkk igpkusaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cM+s lewg esa NksVs lewgksa dh izLrqfr djk;saxsAŸ izR;sd lewg ds cPps vius }kjk yk;s x;s vuktksa dks

fn[kkrs gq, izLrqfr djsaxsA Ÿ vc f’k{kd lHkh vuktksa dks ,d lkFk feyk nsaxsA

mlesa ls lHkh lewgksa dks ,d&,d eqV~Bh vukt ns nsaxsA f’k{kd cPpksa ls dgsaxs fd vc geyksx vuktksa dks vyx&vyx Nk¡Vus dk dk;Z djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks vius&vius lewg esa fHkUu&fHkUu vuktksa dks vyx djus ds fy, dgsaxsA mlds ckn f’k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk vuktksa ds Åij ppkZ djsaxsA

2- dfork& f’k{kd cPpksa dks U vkdkj esa [kM+kdj ̂puk dSls cks;k\* dfork dks gko&Hkko ds lkFk xk;saxsA cPps Hkh mlh izdkj f’k{kd dk vuqdj.k djsaxsA fQj f’k{kd dfork ls lacaf/kr ckrphr cPpksa ls djsaxsA

Ÿ fofHkUu rjg ds vukt tSls& pkoy] xsgw¡] edbZ] nygu vkSj frygu vkfnA

Ÿ vuktksa dh jax] vkdkj vkfn ds vk/kkj ij igpkuA Ÿ voyksdu] rqyuk] foHksnhdj.k rFkk oxhZdj.k dkS’ky dk

fodklA

lkexzh

mís';

puk dSls cks;k\puk dSls cks;k] dSls cks;k] dSls cks;k js\puk ,sls cks;k] ,sls cks;k] ,sls cks;k jsApuk dSls c<+k] dSls c<k+] dSls c<+k js\puk ,sls c<+k] ,sls c<+k] ,sls c<+k jsApuk dSls rksM+k] dSls rksM+k] dSls rksM+k js\puk ,sls rksM+k] ,sls rksM+k] ,sls rksM+k jsApuk dSls [kk;k] dSls [kk;k] dSls [kk;k js\puk ,sls [kk;k] ,sls [kk;k] ,sls [kk;k jsApuk dSlk yxk] dSlk yxk] dSlk yxk js\puk vPNk yxk] vPNk yxk] vPNk yxk jsA

çfriQyŸ cPps vuktksa dh jax] vkdkj vkfn ds vk/kkj ij igpku dj ik,¡xsAŸ cPpksa esa voyksdu] rqyuk] foHksnhdj.k rFkk oxhZdj.k ds dkS’kyksa dk fodkl gksxkA

42

feV~Vh dk f[kykSukfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

3- ewfrZdyk& feV~Vh dk f[kykSuk

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks crk;saxs fd feV~Vh dk f[kykSuk cukus ds fy, dkyh feêh lcls vPNh gksrh gSA unh ds fdukjs dh feêh ;k tehu esa xgjh [kqnkbZ gksus ij ,slh feêh fey ldrh gSA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks ,d fnu igys feêh ykus ds fy, dgsaxsA mUgsa crk,¡xs fd dqEgkj ls] rkykcksa ds fdukjs ls] xM~<ksa ls] ckxokuh ;k [ksrksa ls feêh yk;h tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks xksykdkj esa fcBk,¡xsA muds lkeus v[kckj ;k IykfLVd fcNk nsaxsA ml ij xhyh feêh dk yksank j[kus dks dgsaxs lkFk gh fdlh NksVs fMCcs] fxykl ;k dVksjk esa ikuh j[ksaxsA

Ÿ cPPkksa ls dgsaxs fd og vius eu ls feêh dk dksbZ Hkh f[kykSuk cuk;saA

Ÿ feêh ls f[kykSuk cu tkus ij f’k{kd mlds ckjs esa cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd bl ckr dk /;ku j[ksaxs fd [kjkc feêh dk p;u u gks] cPps oxZ ds vanj gh dk;Z djsa] os diM+s xans u djsaA dk;Z&lekfIr ds ckn oxZ dh lQkbZ gks tk, vkSj feêh dk dke [kRe gksus ds ckn cPps vPNh rjg gkFk /kks ysaA

Ÿ xhyh feêh] NksVk fMCck] fxykl] dVksjk] IykfLVd ;k v[kckjA

Ÿ dYiuk’khyrk] ,dkxzrk] dykRedrk ,oa l`tu’khyrk dk fodklA

lko/kuh

lkexzh

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa dYiuk’khyrk] ,dkxzrk] dykRedrk ,oa l`tu’khyrk dk fodkl gksxkA

43

fØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

1- u`R;& pdbZ ds pd/kqe2- dfork& mtyh fcYyh3- [ksy& ̂pky cny* 4- [ksy& gkFk ls xsan idM+uk

1- u`R;& cPps xksykdkj esa [kM+s gksaxsAŸ f'k{kd ^^pdbZ ds pd/kqe** y; esa xk,¡xsA cPps Hkh

muds lkFk xk;saxsAŸ bl /kqu ij f’k{kd fdlh rjg dh 'kkjhfjd xfr vFkkZr~

u`R; djsaxsA lHkh cPps mudh udy djsaxsAŸ xksykdkj ds chp esa vkdj ,d&,d dj gj cPpk

ckjh&ckjh ls ̂^pdbZ ds pd/kqe** dgrs gq, vius eu ls fdlh Hkh rjg dk u`R; dj ldrk gS( ckdh cPps mudh udy djsaxs lkFk gh cPps ̂ ^pdbZ ds pd/kqe** xkrs Hkh jgsaxsA

2- dfork& f’k{kd cPpksa dks gko&Hkko ds lkFk ̂ ^mtyh fcYyh** dfork dks lquk,¡xsA cPps Hkh gko&Hkko ds lkFk mls nksgjk;saxsA

Ÿ /kqu& ̂^pdbZ ds pd/kqe** dh txg ̂^ce fpd ce&ce** vkfn Hkh j[kk tk ldrk gS ;k eksckby Qksu esa viyksM fdlh ,d /kqu dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ bl /kqu ds lkFk fMCck] feV~Vh dk ?kM+k] ck¡l ds VqdM+s dks dekph vkSj gkFk dh v¡xqfy;ksa ds lgkjs ,d rky ij ctk;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ eksckby Qksu] fMCck] feV~Vh dk ?kM+k] ck¡l dk VqdM+k vkSj dekphA

fodYi

lkexzh

mtyh fcYyh

mís';

mtyh&mtyh fcYyh jkuh]esjs ?kj ?kql vkrh gSAvius nks NksVs cPpksa dks]jkst lkFk ys vkrh gSAA mNy&dwn djrs gSa cPps] fcYyh ?kkr yxkrh gSA nw/k&ngh vxj feys rks] >ViV pV dj tkrh gSAA

eEeh th gSjku gekjh] mlds ihNs nkSM+ yxkrhaAvkrha ns[k mUgsa og Hkkxh]dksus esa fNi tkrh gSAA mtyh&mtyh jaxr mldh] Åu ds xksyksa&lh yxrh gSA eEeh pkgs dqN Hkh cksysa] gedks I;kjh yxrh gSAA

pdbZ ds pd/qe

44

Ÿ /ofu ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd xfr dk leUo;AŸ ,dkxzrk] voyksdu ,oa vuqdj.kAŸ dfork lquus ,oa xkus ds dkS’ky dk fodklA

çfriQyŸ cPps /ofu ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd xfr dk leUo; dj ik,¡xsAŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk ,oa voyksdu&{kerk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa xk;u ,oa u`R; dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkA

pky cnyfØ;kdyki

fnu&13 l=k&02 vof/& 30 feuV

çfØ;k

3- [ksy& ̂pky cny*

Ÿ f'k{kd lHkh cPpksa dks xksykdkj esa cSBk;saxsAŸ ,d cPpk dejs ls ckgj jgsxkAŸ xksykdkj esa cSBs cPpksa esa ls fdlh ,d cPps dk p;u

ûsrk^ ds :i esa fd;k tk,xkAŸ tks cPpk ûsrk* cusxk mls vyx&vyx rjg dh

xfrfof/k;k¡ djuh gksaxh] tSls& rkyh ctkuk] pqVdh ctkuk] <ksyd ctkuk] cky >kM+uk] nksuksa gkFkksa dh rygFkh tehu ij iVduk vkfnA lHkh cPps usrk }kjk dh tk jgh xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuqdj.k djsaxsA

Ÿ dejs ds vanj ;g xfrfof/k tkjh jgsxhA dejs ls ckgj x;k gqvk cPpk vanj vkdj ml usrk dks igpkuus dh dksf’k’k djsxk] ftlds }kjk lcls igys pky cnyh tk jgh gSA

Ÿ bl xfrfof/k ds nkSjku lHkh cPps yxkrkj ^ûsrk&usrk pky cny** cksyrs jgsaxsA

Ÿ f'k{kd lHkh cPpksa dks ̂usrk^ cuus dk volj nsaxsA

Ÿ bl [ksy dks nwljs rjhdksa ls [ksyk tk ldrk gS] tSls& usrk }kjk mBus&cSBus] ukpus vkfn dh xfrfof/k;k¡ Hkh djk;h tk ldrh gSaA

Ÿ usr`Ro&{kerk dk fodklA Ÿ ,dkxzrk rFkk vuqdj.k djus dh {kerk dk fodklA

fodYi

mís';

45

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa usr`Ro&{kerk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk rFkk vuqdj.k djus dh {kerk c<+sxhA

Ÿ CySd cksMZ] dkxt] isafly] pkWd] MLVj vkfnAŸ dfork ̂uko pyh] uko pyh js* dk iwoZ vH;klA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

gkFk ls xsan idM+ukfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

4- [ksy& gkFk ls xsan idM+uk

f’k{kd cPpksa dks fn;s x;s funsZ’k ds vuqlkj fØ;kdyki djus ds fy, dgsaxs&1- nks cPps ,d&nwljs ls ihB lVkdj [kM+s gksaxsA cPps

viuh nkfguh vksj eqM+dj ?kM+h dh lwbZ dh fn’kk esa ,d&nwljs dks xsan idM+k;saxsA fQj os viuh ck¡;h vksj eqM+dj ?kM+h dh lwbZ dh foijhr fn’kk esa ,d&nwljs dks xsan idM+k;saxsA

2- ,d cPpk xsan dks ?kqVuksa ds ikl ls uhps nwljs cPps dks idM+k;sxk fQj mls okil ysus dk dke djsxkA

3- ,d cPpk xsan dks da/kksa ds ikl ls nwljs cPps dks Åij dh rjQ ls idM+k;sxk fQj mls okil ysus dk dke djsxkA

4- cPps xsan dks Åij dh rjQ mNkysaxs rFkk nksuksa gkFkksa ls okil idM+saxsA

5- dqgfu;ksa] dykb;ksa vFkok v¡xqfy;ksa dk mi;ksx dj xasn dks idM+us ds fy, dgsaxsA

6- ckjh&ckjh ls ?kqVuksa ds chp xsan Q¡lkdj ,d fpg~u rd dwnrs gq, tk,¡xs rFkk okil vk;saxsA

7- xsan dks flj ds Åij ls vFkok iSjksa ds chp ls ykdj ,d&nwljs dks idM+k;saxsA

Ÿ cPpksa dks fofHkUu oLrqvksa dks gkFkksa ,oa iSjksa ds lgkjs mBkus] laHkkyus rFkk dqN nwj rd ys tkus ds fy, dgk tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ eqyk;e xsan] cM+h xsan] NksVh xsan] xqCckjs] NYyk] pwuk ikmMj ,oa fpfg~udk,¡ bR;kfnA

Ÿ gkFk rFkk iSj dh 'kfDr dk lao)ZuAŸ ,dkxzrk] leUo; ,oa larqyu dk fodklAŸ ’kjhj ds NksVs&cM+s Hkkxksa dk xfr esa mi;ksxA

fodYi

lkexzh

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa ds gkFk rFkk iSj dh 'kfDr dk lao)Zu gksxkAŸ cPpksa ds ’kjhj ds NksVs&cM+s Hkkxksa dh xfr ls 'kkjhfjd fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk] leUo; ,oa larqyu dk fodkl gksxkA

Ÿ dfork ̂mtyh fcYyh* dh iwoZ&rS;kjhAŸ eksckby Qksu] fMCck] feV~Vh dk ?kM+k] ck¡l dk VqdM+k vkSj

dekph vkfnA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

46

?kks?kks jkuh] fdruk ikuhfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

1- [ksy& ?kks?kks jkuh] fdruk ikuh ¼vaxksa dh igpku½2- fp=dkjh& pyks dqN cuk,¡3- xhr& uko pyh&uko pyh

1- [ksy& f’k{kd lHkh cPpksa dks xksykdkj esa [kM+k djk;saxsA os cPpksa ds xksykdkj ds chp esa Lo;a [kM+s gksaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cksysaxs îkuh c<+rk tk, x2*] lHkh cPps cksysaxs ?kks?kks jkuh fdruk ikuh\ x2*A

Ÿ f'k{kd vius iSj dh v¡xqfy;ksa dks Nwrs gq, cksysaxs ̂ ryok rd ikuh x2*] lHkh cPps cksysaxs ^ryok rd ikuh x2*A fQj f’k{kd cksysaxs ̂ikuh c<+rk tk, x2*] lHkh cPps cksysaxs ?kks?kks jkuh fdruk ikuh\ f’k{kd vius 'kjhj ds Åij ds fofHkUu vaxksa dks Nw&Nw dj Øe’k% cksyrs tk,¡xs ̂ ,M+h Hkj ikuh] ?kqVus Hkj ikuh] dej Hkj ikuh] da/ks Hkj ikuh] flj Hkj ikuh---A*

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls iwN ldrs gSa fd gekjs 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vax ,M+h ls ysdj flj rd fdl dke vkrs gSa\

2- fp=dkjh& f’k{kd cPpksa dks dkxt ;k CySd cksMZ ij vius eu ls rjg&rjg dh js[kk,¡ [khapus dks dgsaxsA tSls& isafly dks xksy vkdkj esa ckj&ckj ?kqekuk] fQj mYVk ?kqekuk] uhps ls Åij dh vksj ys tkuk] Åij ls uhps dh vksj ys vkuk vkfnA

Ÿ ’kjhj ds izR;sd vax dh lkQ&lQkbZ ,oa muds dk;ksZa dh ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ f’k{kd Vs<+h&es<+h js[kk] f=Hkqtkdkj] oxkZdkj] [kM+h iM+h js[kk] eksVh&iryh js[kk] NksVh&yEch js[kk cPpksa ls cuok ldrs gSaA

Ÿ CySd cksMZ] dkxt] isafly] pkWd] MLVj vkfnA

Ÿ ’kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa dh uke ds lkFk igpkuAŸ lquus&cksyus vkSj xkus ds dkS'ky dk fodklAŸ dYiuk’khyrk] ,dkxzrk ,oa voyksduA

fodYi

lkexzh

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPps 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa dh igpku dj ldsaxsA Ÿ cPpksa esa cksyus vkSj xkus ds dkS'kyksa dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa dYiuk’khyrk] ,dkxzrk ,oa voyksdu djus dh {kerk c<+sxhA 47

uko pyh&uko pyhfØ;kdyki


çfØ;k

3- xhr& uko pyh&uko pyh

Ÿ f’k{kd oxZ&d{k esa lHkh cPpksa dks uko dh vkd`fr esa cSBk;saxsA

Ÿ cPps nksuksa iSjksa dks lVkdj ,d lh/k esa j[ksaxsA lHkh cPps viuh ck;ha vksj FkksM+k&lk frjNk gks tk;saxsA

Ÿ vc nksuksa gkFkksa dks uko ds pIIkw dh rjg pyk,¡xsA pIiw dks pykus ds Øe esa vkxs&ihNs >qdrs gq, os f’k{kd ds lkFk&lkFk ;g xhr xk;saxs&

ûko pyh] uko pyh] uko pyh js---] ûko pyh] uko pyh] uko pyh js---*!Ÿ f’k{kd bl xhr dks vius eu ls fn’kk] 'kgj] unh] ls

tksM+dj vkxs c<+k ldrs gSaAŸ cPpksa dks ,d&nwljs ls leku nwjh ij fcBk;k tk

ldrk gSAŸ njh ;k ?kkl ij bl [ksy dks vklkuh ls [ksyk;k tk

ldrk gSA

Ÿ tc ;g [ksy ûko pyh js* pyrk jgsxk ml chp dksbZ cPpk [kM+k gksdj eNyh dk tky Qsad ldrk gS] ckYVh ls ikuh fudky ldrk gS] psgjs ij ikuh ds NhaVs ekj ldrk gSA

Ÿ ’kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa dk lapkyuA Ÿ lquus vkSj xkus ds dkS’kyksa dk fodklAŸ vkilh leUo; dk fodklA

fodYi

mís';

ûko pyh] uko pyh] uko pyh js---]ûko pyh] uko pyh] uko pyh js]iwjc ls if’pe dks( if’pe ls iwjc dks] mÙkj ls nf{k.k dks( nf{k.k ls mÙkj dks] uko pyh---bl ?kkV ls ml ?kkV] bl ikj ls ml ikjchp /kkj esa uko pyh js] uko pyh---xaxk dh /kkj esa uko pyh js*]xaMd dh /kkj esa uko pyh js] uko pyh---dks’kh dh /kkj esa uko pyh js] lksu dh /kkj esa uko pyh js] uko pyh---dks’kh ls deyk esa] ?kk?kjk ls iquiqu esaegkuank ls ckxerh esa] uko pyh js] uko pyh---

çfriQyŸ cPpksa ds ’kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa esa etcwrh vk,xh] LFkwy ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa ds lquus vkSj xkus ds dkS’kyksa dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dk vkilh leUo; c<+sxkA

Ÿ IysV&pEep] Vscqy] ?kaVh] fMCck] pkWd] MLVj vkfnAŸ v[kckj ;k dkxt] dkyk Ldsp isu vkfnA

iwoZ rS;kjh

48

eNyh tky esaŸ ’kkjhfjd LQwfrZ ,oa rRijrk dk fodklAŸ vkilh leUo;] larqyu ,oa vkRefo'okl dk fodklA

çfØ;k

1- [ksy& eNyh tky esa2- fp=kadu& pyks fp= cuk;sa3- gLrf’kYi& dkxt dk [kjxks’k cuk;sa

Ÿ f’k{kd d{kk ds yEcs cPpksa ds ik¡p tksM+s cuk;saxsA ;s cPpksa ds tksM+s ,d ykbu ls vkeus&lkeus nks&nks gkFk dh nwjh ij [kM+s gksaxs vkSj ,d&nwljs dh nksuksa gFksfy;ksa dks Åij dh vksj lVkdj tky cuk;saxsA 'ks"k cPps iafDr esa [kMs+ jgsaxs tks eNyh cusaxsA

Ÿ vc f’k{kd Vscqy] IysV] pEep ;k ?kaVh vkfn ds ek/;e ls vkokt fudkyrs jgsaxs vkSj eNyh cus cPpksa dks bl tky ds vanj ls ckgj xksykdkj esa fudyrs jgus dks dgsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd dHkh Hkh vkokt can dj ldrs gSaA ,slk gksus ij tky cus cPpksa dh Åij lVh gFksyh uhps vk tk,xh mlesa tks cPps Q¡lsaxs og nwljh rjQ ykbu esa [kM+s gksdj [ksy dks ns[ksaxsA

Ÿ ;g [ksy rc rd pyrk jgsxk tc rd fd eNyh cus yxHkx lHkh cPps tky esa Q¡l u tk,¡A

Ÿ f’k{kd [ksy ds vxys pj.k esa eNyh cus cPpkas dks tky vkSj tky cus cPpksa dks eNyh cuus dk volj nsaxsA

Ÿ IysV&pEep] Vscqy] ?kaVh] fMCck vkfnA


lkexzh

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa ’kkjhfjd LQwfrZ rRijrk ds lkFk c<+sxhA Ÿ cPpksa esa vkilh leUo;] larqyu ,oa vkRefo'okl dk fodkl gksxkA

49

pyks fp=k cuk;sa Ÿ dYiuk’khyrk] l`tu’khyrk ,oa dykRedrk dk fodklAŸ ys[ku&rRijrk dk fodklA

2- fp=kadu& pyks fp= cuk;sa

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks nks lh/kh iafDr;ksa esa vkeus&lkeus cSBk;saxsA os cPpksa ls dgsaxs fd vki vius ?kj ds NksVs&cM+s lkeku ,oa ?kj ls Ldwy vkrs le; jkLrs esa ftu&ftu oLrqvksa dks vkius ns[kk gS] muesa ls vius ilan ds dqN fp= CySd cksMZ ;k dkWih ij cuk;saA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls isM+&ikS/ks] Qy&Qwy] i’kq&i{kh] ?kj] cjru] lM+dksa ij pyus okys okguksa vkfn ds fp= cuok ldrs gSaA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ds fp=ksa dks oxZ&d{k dh nhokjksa ;k Vscqy ij iznf’kZr djsaxs lkFk gh bu fp=ksa ds ckjs esa cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd jsfM;ks] Vh-oh-] ?kM+h] eksckby Qksu vkfn ds fp= Hkh cPpksa ls cuok ldrs gSaA

Ÿ LysV@dkxt] isafly] cPpksa dk CySd cksMZ] pkWd vkfnA


çfØ;k

fodYi

lkexzh

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa dYiuk’khyrk] l`tu’khyrk ,oa dykRedrk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa ys[ku rRijrk dk fodkl gksxkA

50

dkxt dk [kjxks'k cuk;saŸ ,dkxzrk ,oa l`tu’khyrk dk fodklAŸ gkFkksa ,oa v¡xqfy;ksa ds dkS’ky dk fodklA

çfØ;k

3- gLrf’kYi& dkxt dk [kjxks’k cuk;sa

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks U vkdkj esa cSBk;saxs rFkk mUgsa uhps crk;s vuqlkj dk;Z djus dks dgsaxsA

Ÿ lHkh cPpksa dks iqjkus v[kckj ;k dkxt ns nsaxs rFkk f’k{kd Lo;a Hkh ,d dkxt ysaxsA

Ÿ os dkxt dks cPpksa dks fn[kkrs gq, oxkZdkj QkM+saxsAŸ cPps Hkh dkxt dks oxkZdkj QkM+saxsAŸ vc v[kckj ;k dkxt dks dksuk&dksuh eksM+saxsA

eksMs+ gq, fu’kku ij mls nks VqdM+ksa esa f=Hkqtkdkj QkM+us dks dgsaxsA

Ÿ fQj dkxt dks chp ls eksM+dj nks NksVh f=Hkqtkdkj vkd`fr;k¡ cuk;saxsA

Ÿ f=Hkqtkdkj dkxt dk can fgLlk uhps dh vksj jgsxk vkSj [kqyk fgLlk Åij dh vksj jgsxkA

Ÿ Åij okys fgLls ls uhps dh rjQ dkxt dks nks fgLls esa ,d frgkbZ QkM+saxsA

Ÿ QVs gq, dkxt ds fiNys fgLls ds nksuksa rjQ ds Hkkx dks uhps dh vksj eksM+saxs vkSj mls viuh ck;ha gkFk ls idM+saxsA

Ÿ nkfgus gkFk ls mlds ihNs ds fgLls dks vkxs&ihNs [khpsaxs vkSj rc dkxt dk ;g [kjxks’k nkSM+us yxsxkA

Ÿ lHkh cPps vius gkFkksa ls cuk;s [kjxks’k dks ysdj ?kj tk,¡xsA

Ÿ v[kckj ;k dkxt] dkyk Ldsp isu vkfnAlkexzh

1

2 3

4 5

6 7


fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk vkSj l`tu’khyrk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa ds gkFkksa ,oa v¡xqfy;ksa ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkA

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ f’k{kd ;g r; djsaxs fd mUgsa cPpksa dks dSls vkSj dgk¡ ?kqekus ys tkuk gS\ ml

LFky ds ckjs esa iwoZ tkudkjh bDV~Bh dj ysaxsA Ÿ xsan] fjax] MLVj] pwuk ikmMj vFkok pkWd vkfnA Ÿ cky xhr ̂fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk* dk gko&Hkko ds lkFk ikB ,oa iwoZ vH;klA 51

pyks ?kweus pysa Ÿ LFkkuh; ifjos’k dks tkuuk ,oa le>ukAŸ voyksdu&{kerk ,oa laosnu’khyrk dk fodklA

1- ifjHkze.k& pyks ?kweus pysa2- [ksy& y{; dh vksj xsan yq<+dkuk3- cky xhr& fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk---A

Ÿ f’k{kd d{kk esa cPpksa dh mifLFkfr ntZ dj ysus ds ckn cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxs fd& Ø lHkh cPps iafDr esa Ldwy&ifjlj ls ckgj ?kweus

pysaxsA Ø ges’kk lM+d dh ck¡;h vksj pysaxsA Ø ge lewg ls vyx u gksa] bl ckr dk [;ky lHkh

cPps j[ksaxsAØ ftl txg gesa tkuk gS ogk¡ dh lkexzh dks gels

uqdlku u igq¡ps bl ckr dk lHkh /;ku j[ksaxsA Ÿ ckrphr djus ds ckn f’k{kd cPpksa dks viuh ns[kjs[k

esa LFkkuh; Mkd?kj] LokLF;&dsUnz] Fkkuk] dksbZ n’kZuh; LFky] fdjkuk dh nqdku dks fn[kykdj ml ij ppkZ djsaxs ;k fdlh dqEgkj] yksgkj] c<+bZ] fctyh feL=h vkfn ds ikl ys tkdj muls ckrphr djok;saxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk ifjHkze.k ls ykSVus ds ckn oxZ&d{k esa cSBdj ppkZ djsaxs fd cPpksa us mu txgksa ij tkdj D;k&D;k ns[kk\ mu LFkkuksa @ O;fDr;ksa @ oLrqvksa dk D;k mi;ksx@egÙo gS\ ftu yksxksa ls vkt gekjh ckrphr gqbZ mudh dc vkSj dgk¡ t:jr iM+rh gS\ vkfnA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks ckgj ys tkus esa ;fn vleFkZ gSa rks Ldwy Hkou ds ckjs esa tSls& dejk] f[kM+dh] njoktk] cjkenk] ihyj] lh<+h] xsV vkfn ds jax] vkdkj] Å¡pkbZ ij ppkZ dj ldrs gSaA


çfØ;k

fodYi

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPps LFkkuh; ifjos’k dks tku&le> ldsaxsAŸ cPpksa esa voyksdu&{kerk] fofHkUu laLFkkvksa ,oa dkexkjksa ds izfr

laosnu’khyrk dk fodkl gksxkA52

y{; dh vksj xsan yq<+dkukŸ yq<+dkus dh n{krk dk fodklAŸ xsan dks Qsadus ds rjhds ls y{; dks izkIr djus ds dkS’ky dk

fodklA

2- [ksy& y{; dh vksj xsan yq<+dkuk

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks fdlh [ksy ds ek/;e ls rhu lewgksa esa ck¡VsaxsA rhuksa lewgksa ds cPpksa dks [ksyus ds fy, rhu LFkkuksa ij drkj esa [kM+k djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd izR;sd lewg ds fy, 10 ls 15 QhV dh yEch js[kk] pwuk ikmMj ls cuk;saxsA os js[kk ds var esa mlds vxy&cxy nks bZaVksa dks bl izdkj j[ksaxs rkfd muds chp ls xsan yq<+ddj ikj gks ldsA

Ÿ f’k{kd fdlh ,d cPps dks bZaV ds ikl [kM+k djsaxsA og cPpk ogk¡ xsan igq¡prs gh mls okil yq<+dk nsxkA

1- f’k{kd js[kk ds ihNs cPpksa dks iafDr esa [kM+k djsaxsA vc os js[kk ij cM+h xsan dks ,sls yq<+dk,¡xs fd xsan vkxs j[ks nks bZaVksa ds chp ls ikj dj tk,A ckjh&ckjh ls lHkh cPps ;g izfØ;k nqgjk;saxsA

2- ;g izfØ;k f’k{kd nks bZaVksa ds chp dh nwjh de dj NksVh xsan ds lkFk Hkh djk;saxsA

3- f’k{kd pkj bZaVksa ls ?ksjdj i;kZIr [kkyh LFkku NksM+rs gq, ,d oxZ cuk;saxsA ykbu esa [kM+s cPps fjax dks Qsaddj [kkyh oxZ ds chp esa igq¡pkus dk iz;kl djsaxsA

Ÿ y{; ls nwjh dks c<+k&?kVkdj Hkh bl [ksy dks [ksyk tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ xsan] fjax] MLVj] pwuk ikmMj vFkok pkWd vkfnA


çfØ;k

fodYi

lkexzh

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa y{; dh izkfIr ,oa lQyrk gsrq xsan@fjax Qsadus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl

gksxkA

53

fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk--Ÿ gko&Hkko ds lkFk dfork dks xkus dk vH;klAŸ ’kwU; vkSj ,d ls ik¡p rd dh la[;k dh le>A

3- cky xhr& fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk---A

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks N%&N% dh la[;k esa drkjksa esa [kM+k djsaxsA cPpksa ds [kM+k gksus esa bl ckr dk /;ku vo’; j[ksaxs fd cPps tc gkFk QSyk;sa rks mudk gkFk vkxs&ihNs] nk;s&ck;s fdlh nwljs cPps ls lVs ughaA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks ;g xhr xkdj nqgjkus dks dgsaxsA cPps bl xhr esa vk jgs 'kCnksa ,oa dkeksa dks vfHku; ds ek/;e ls O;Dr djsaxsA

Ÿ cPps iwjs xhr dks xkus ds nkSjku nksuksa gkFkksa dks vxy&cxy QSykdj fpfM+;k ds ia[k gksus dk vfHku; djsaxsA bl xfrfof/k dks djrs le; cPps fpfM+;k dh rjg vkxs&ihNs >qdsaxs] dHkh&dHkh xksy&xksy ?kweuk vkSj dHkh Qqnduk Hkh gks ldrk gSA tc Hkh dksbZ oLrq dh ckr gks cPps mldk Hkko fn[kyk;saxs vkSj tc vadksa dh ckr gksxh rks os vius nkfgus gkFk dks Åij dj v¡xqfy;ksa ds lgkjs vad crk,¡xsA

Ÿ f’k{kd bl xhr dks la[;k nl ls ?kVrs Øe esa cuk ldrs gSa rFkk bldk izn’kZu cPpksa }kjk djk ldrs gSaA


çfØ;k

fodYi

fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk]fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k [kq’kh ls xkAik¡p NksVh fpfM+;k¡ [kk jgh vukj],d fpfM+;k mM+ xbZ ckdh cpha pkjAfpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk]fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k [kq’kh ls xkA pkj NksVh fpfM+;k¡ ctk jgh Fkha chu] ,d fpfM+;k mM+ xbZ ckdh cph rhuA fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk] fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k [kq’kh ls xkArhu NksVh fpfM+;k¡] /kku jgh Fkh cks],d fpfM+;k mM+ xbZ ckdh cpha nksAfpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk]fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k [kq’kh ls xkA nks NksVh fpfM+;k¡ /kwi jgh Fkh lasd] ,d fpfM+;k mM+ xbZ ckdh cph ,dA fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk] fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k [kq’kh ls xkA,d NksVh fpfM+;k xbZ nsgjknwu]oks Hkh fpfM+;k mM+ xbZ ckdh cpk 'kwU;AfpfM+;k&fpfM+;k mM+rh tk]fpfM+;k&fpfM+;k [kq’kh ls xkA

fpfM+;k mM+

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa gko&Hkko ds lkFk dfork dks xkus dk dkS’ky fodflr gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa ’kwU; vkSj ,d ls ik¡p rd dh la[;k dh le> cusxhA

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ f’k{kd ̂ isM+&isM+ fdrus vke* [ksy dks i<+dj [kys [ksykus dk rjhdk le>

ysaxsAŸ dfork ̂esjh fxurh* dk gko&Hkko ds lkFk iwoZ vH;klAŸ yky] ihys] gjs jax ds dkxt@oLrq@pwuk ikmMj] jLlh ,oa pkWd vkfnA 54

isM+&isM+ fdrus vke\Ÿ ,dkxzrk ,oa ny&Hkkouk dk fodklAŸ la[;k ls ifjp;A

1- [ksy& isM+&isM+ fdrus vke\2- cky xhr& ̂esjh fxurh* 3- [ksy& funsZ’k vkSj ladsr dk [ksy

1- [ksy& f’k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk bl [ksy dks xksykdkj esa [kM+s gksdj [ksysaxsA cPps xksykdkj esa viuh nk¡;h vksj ls xksy&xksy ?kwesaxsA f’k{kd cksysaxs& ̂isM+&isM+*( lHkh cPps dgsaxs ̂fdrus vke---*A

Ÿ xksykdkj esa rhu&pkj ckj pyus vkSj îsM+&isM+ fdrus vke* dgus ds ckn f’k{kd ,d ls ik¡p rd ds chp dh dksbZ Hkh la[;k cksysaxsA ml la[;k ds vuqlkj mrus cPps vyx&vyx lewg cuk;saxsA lewg esa cPps ,d&nwljs dks idM+saxsA

Ÿ bl [ksy esa tks cPps fdlh Hkh lewg esa 'kkfey ugha gks lds ;k dksbZ lewg cksys x;s vad dks iwjk ugha dj ikrk gS rks os cPps ;k lewg bl [ksy ls vyx cSBsaxsA 'ks"k cPps nksckjk bl [ksy esa 'kkfey gksaxs\

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks ?ksjs esa dHkh /khjs] dHkh rst pyus dks dg ldrs gSaA îsM+&isM+ fdrus vke* dks dHkh /khes] dHkh tksj ls] dHkh e/;e Loj esa cksyk tk ldrk gSA

2- cky xhr& f’k{kd ̂ esjh fxurh* xhr dks gko&Hkko ls xkdj cPpksa dks lquk;saxsA cPps bls nksgjkus dk iz;kl djsaxsA xhr dh lekfIr ij f’k{kd ,d ls ik¡p vad dks CySd cksMZ ij cM+s vkdkj esa fy[ksaxs vkSj cPpksa dks muls ifjfpr djk;saxsA


çfØ;k

,d&,d&,d]eq¡g esjk ,dAnks&nks&nks]iSj esjs nksA

rhu&rhu&rhu]fjD'ks ds ifg;s rhuA

pkj&pkj&pkj]dqÙks dh Vk¡xsa pkjAik¡p&ik¡p&ik¡p]

gFksyh dh v¡xqfy;k¡ ik¡pA

esjh fxurh

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk ,oa ny&Hkkouk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa ,d ls ik¡p rd dh la[;k dh le> c<+sxhA

55

funsZ'k vkSj ladsr dk [ksy fØ;kdyki

Ÿ lqudj ,oa ns[kdj le; ij funsZ’k ,oa ladsr dk ikyu djukA Ÿ [ksy&[ksy esa ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa ls ifjp;A Ÿ fofHkUu xfr okyh fØ;k,¡ djukA

3- [ksy& funsZ’k vkSj ladsr dk [ksy

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls nkSM+us&dwnus vkSj mNyus ds fy, dgsaxsA cPpksa }kjk bu xfrfof/k;ksa dks djkus ds fy, vyx&vyx rjg dh vkoktksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks ,d] nks] rhu] pkj dh fxurh ij] vius gh LFkku ij rFkk vkxs&ihNs] nk;s&ck;s dwnus] nkSM+us vFkok mNyus ds fy, dgsaxsA blds fy, rkyh] lhVh dk mi;ksx Hkh vkokt ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ cPps ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj f’k{kd ds ladsrksa ij xfrfof/k djsaxs] tSls& Ø gjs jax ds ladsr ij cPps pysaxs ;k nkSM+saxsA Ø yky jax ds ladsr ij cPps fcuk gjdr fd;s [kM+s

jgsaxsA Ø ihys jax ds ladsr ij cPps rS;kj fLFkfr esa jgdj

xfrfof/k djus dh izrh{kk djsaxsAŸ cPps tc [ksy ds fu;e le> tk,¡xs rks gjs] yky

vkSj ihys jax dh oLrqvksa ;k dkxt dk mi;ksx bl [ksy ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ f’k{kd ds funsZ’kksa ij cPps xfrfof/k djsaxs] tSls& Ø ^^nkSM+ks] #dks] cSBks] dwnks** vkfnAØ gkFk vkSj ik¡o dk mi;ksx dj dwnrs o mNyrs

gq, vkxs&ihNs rFkk lekukUrj pysaxsA

Ÿ [ksy dk {ks= fpfg~ur djus ds fy, gjs] yky] ihys] jax ds pwuk ikmMj dk bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA


çfØ;k

lkexzh

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa funsZ’k ,oa ladsr ds vuqlkj le; ij dk;Z djus dh {kerk fodflr gksxhAŸ cPps ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsAŸ cPps fofHkUu xfr okyh fØ;k,¡ djus esa dq’ky gksaxsA

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ dgkuh ̂uanw dh Hkwy* dk ikB ,oa izLrqfr dh rS;kjhAŸ xhyh feêh] NksVk fMCck] fxykl] dVksjk] ex] v[kckj

vkfn ;k IykfLVdA56

dgkuh lquuk&lqukukŸ ,dkxzrk] dYiuk’khyrk rFkk lquus ,oa cksyus ds dkS’ky dk

fodklAŸ vkRefo’okl] ny&Hkkouk rFkk usr`Ro&{kerk dk fodklA

1- dgkuh& uanw dh Hkwy2- cky nyksa ls ckrphr3- ewfrZdyk& feV~Vh dk dke

1- dgkuh& f’k{kd cPpksa dks ûanw dh Hkwy* dgkuh lquk;saxsA dgkuh esa vk;s ik=ksa] LFkku ,oa lkekuksa ds ckjs esa cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxsA cPpksa dks vius eu ls blh rjg dh dksbZ nwljh dgkuh jkspd <ax ls lqukus ds fy, iszfjr djsaxsA cPps dgkuh dks jkspd <ax ls lquk;saxsA

2- cky ny& f’k{kd }kjk lQkbZ ny] ty ny] ckxokuh ny ,oa [ksy ny dh cSBd cqykdj pkjksa nyksa }kjk vc rd fd;s x;s dkeksa ds ckjs esa ckrphr dh tk,xhA

Ÿ fdlh Hkh ny ds ikl dksbZ Hkh leL;k gks rks mldk gy f’k{kd cPpksa dh enn ls djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA

Ÿ ;fn fdlh ny us vius dke dks lgh rjhds ls iwjk ugha fd;k gS rks lcdh lgefr ls u;s usrk dk pquko fd;k tk ldrk gSA


çfØ;k

uanw Ldwy ls ?kj vk jgk FkkA lM+d ds fdukjs Qyksa dh ,d nqdku FkhA yky&ihys Qy ns[kdj og nqdku ij #d x;kA mlus ,d dsyk [kjhnkA dsyk cgqr cf<+;k FkkA pyrs&pyrs og dsyk [kkus yxk vkSj fNyds dks lM+d ij Qsad fn;kA � ^^vk ·· g! ,d cw<s+ dk iSj fNyds ij iM+k vkSj og fQlydj

fxj x;kA uanw us ?kwedj ns[kkA cw<+k flj idM+dj NViVk jgk FkkA D;k gqvk] ckck\ mfB,! vki dSls fxj x;ss\ cw<+k cgqr eqf'dy ls cksy ik;k]

bl dsys ds fNyds ij iSj iM+us ls eSa fQlydj fxj x;kA** bruk dgdj cw<+k csgks'k gks x;kA lHkh yksx ,d lkFk 'kksj epkus yxs] ^^mBkvks&mBkvks! bl cw<+s dks tYnh vLirky igq¡pkvks! ugha rks cspkjk ej

tk,xkA** lHkh yksx feydj cw<+s dks vLirky ys x;sA uanw nq%[kh eu ls ?kj x;kA lh/ks ek¡ ds ikl tkdj cksyk& ek¡] eq>ls cM+h Hkwy gks xbZA eSaus dsyk [kkdj fNydk lM+d ij gh Qsad fn;kA fNyds ls fQlydj ,d cw<+s ckck fxj iM+sA mudk flj QV x;kA og vLirky esa gSaA tYnh pyks ek¡] ugha rks os ej tk,¡xsA ek¡ ;g lqudj ?kcjk xbZaA og tYnh&tYnh uanw ds lkFk vLirky xbZaA vLirky esa cw<+k iayx ij ysVk FkkA mlds flj ij lQsn iV~Vh c¡/kh gqbZ FkhA uanw dh ek¡ us cw<+s ls iwNk& ̂^dSlh rfc;r gS] ckck\** cw<+s us dgk]^^ vc vPNk gw¡A** uanw cksyk] ckck! og dsys dk fNydk eSaus gh lM+d ij Qsadk Fkk]

ftlls vki fQlydj fxj x;sA eq>s ekQ dj nhft,] ckck! vc eSa dsys dk fNydk lM+d ij dHkh ugha Qsadw¡xkA cw<+s us uanw dks xys ls yxk fy;kA

uanw dh Hkwy

fodYi

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk] dYiuk’khyrk rFkk lquus ,oa cksyus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa vkRefo’okl] ny Hkkouk rFkk usr`Ro {kerk fodflr gksxhA

57

feV~Vh dk dkeŸ dYiuk’khyrk] ,dkxzrk rFkk l`tu’khyrk dk fodklA

3- ewfrZdyk& feV~Vh dk dke

Ÿ f’k{kd lHkh cPpksa dks nks&rhu cPpksa ds lewgksa esa cSBk;saxsA gj lewg ds lkeus v[kckj ;k IykfLVd fcNk nsaxsA cPpksa dks ml ij xhyh feêh dk yksank j[kus dks dgsaxsA fdlh NksVs fMCcs] fxykl] ex] dVksjs vkfn esa ikuh j[ksaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPPkksa ls dgsaxs fd os vius eu ls feêh dk dksbZ Hkh lkeku] tSls& xksyh] tho&tUrq] cjru] f[kykSus vkfn cuk;saA

Ÿ lkeku cu tkus ij f’k{kd mlij cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxs] tSls& Ø vkius D;k cuk;k gS\Ø vkius bls D;ksa cuk;k gS\Ø bldk D;k mi;ksx gks ldrk gS\ vkfnA

Ÿ xhyh feêh] NksVk fMCck] fxykl] dVksjk] ex ,oa v[kckj ;k IykfLVd vkfnA

Ÿ f’k{kd bl ckr dk /;ku j[ksaxs fd& [kjkc feêh dk p;u u fd;k tk,A fuf’pr fd;s x;s LFkku ij gh dk;Z fd;k tk,] cPpksa ds diM+s xans u gksa] feêh dk dke lekIr gksus ds ckn cPps vPNh rjg ls gkFk /kks ysaA


çfØ;k

lko/kuh

lkexzh

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa dYiuk’khyrk] ,dkxzrk rFkk l`tu’khyrk dk fodkl gksxkA

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ xhr ̂ce fpd ce&ce* dks y; ds lkFk xkus dh rS;kjhAŸ dfork êsjh fdrkc* dks gko&Hkko ds lkFk izLrqfr djkus

dh rS;kjhAŸ fpd=dyk rFkk fp=ksa okyh fdrkcsaA 58

ce fpd ce&ce Ÿ /ofu ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd xfr dk leUo;A Ÿ ,dkxzrk] voyksdu ,oa vuqdj.k {kerk dk fodklA

1- u`R;& ̂ce fpd ce&ce*2- dfork& esjh fdrkc3- fdrkc esjh nksLr4- vfHku;& vkbZus ds lkeus

1- u`R;& f’k{kd cPpksa dks xksykdkj esa [kM+s djsaxs rFkk ^ce fpd ce&ce* y; esa xk;saxsA cPps Hkh muds lkFk bls nksgjk;saxs vkSj bl /kqu ij rkyh] pqVdh vkfn ctk;saxsA

Ÿ bl /kqu ij f’k{kd dykRed :i ls 'kkjhfjd xfr vFkkZr~ u`R; djsaxsA lHkh cPps mudh udy djsaxsA

Ÿ gj cPpk ckjh&ckjh ls vius eu ls fdlh Hkh rjg dk u`R; dj ldrk gS vU; cPps mudh udy djsaxs lkFk gh lHkh cPps ̂ce fpd ce&ce* xkrs Hkh jgsaxsA

Ÿ /kqu& ^ce fpd ce&ce* dh txg ^pdbZ ds pd /kqe* vkfn Hkh xk;k tk ldrk gS ;k eksckby esa viyksM fdlh ,d /kqu dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA


çfØ;k

fodYi

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPps /ofu ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd xfr dk leUo; djus esa l{ke gksaxsAŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk] voyksdu ,oa vuqdj.k dh {kerk dk fodkl gksxkA

59

esjh fdrkc Ÿ dfork xkus dk dkS’kyA Ÿ fdrkc ds izfr yxkoA

2- dfork& esjh fdrkc3- fdrkc esjh nksLr

2- dfork& f’k{kd cPpksa dks U vkdkj esa [kM+s djsaxs rFkk gko&Hkko ds lkFk êsjh fdrkc* dfork dh ,d&,d iafDr xkdj lquk;saxsA cPps Hkh gko&Hkko ds lkFk dfork dh iafDr dks nksgjk;saxsA

3- fdrkc esjh nksLr& f’k{kd cPpksa dks pkj lewgksa esa cSBk;saxsA gj lewg dks dqN fp=dFkk dh fdrkcsa ns[kus ds fy, nsaxsA f’k{kd cPpksa ls iwNsaxs fd mUgsa fdrkc esa D;k&D;k vPNk yxk\ fdrkcksa esa dkSu&dkSu&lh phtsa gSa\ fdu&fdu cPpksa ds ?kjksa esa fdrkcsa gSa\ fdlh us dgha fdrkc dh nqdku ns[kh gS\ mu nqdkuksa esa fdrkc ds lkFk&lkFk vkSj dkSu&dkSu lh phtsa feyrh gSa\

Ÿ cPpksa ds ?kjksa esa vxj bl rjg dh fdrkcsa gksa rks os mUgsa Ldwy esa ysdj vk ldrs gSaA


çfØ;k

fodYi

esjh fdrkc

vPNs&vPNs fp=ksa okyhesjs ikl fdrkc]gjk&gjk rksrk gS blesafepZ jgk gS nkcA Hkwjk&Hkwjk ?kksM+k blesa ?kkl [kM+k [kkrk gS] cM+s isM+ ds uhps gkFkh viuh lw¡M+ mBkrk gSAblhfy, rks vPNh yxrheq>dks ;gh fdrkc]jax&fcjaxs fp=ksa okyhesjs ikl fdrkcA

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa dk dfork dks xkus dk dkS’ky c<+sxkAŸ cPpksa dk fdrkc ds izfr yxko fodflr gksxkA

60

vkbZus ds lkeus Ÿ vkRefo’okl] dYiuk’khyrk rFkk vkilh rkyesy dk fodklA

çfØ;k

4- vfHku;& vkbZus ds lkeus

f'k{kd uhps nh x;h xfrfof/k;k¡ cPpksa ls djk;saxs& Ÿ d{kk ds lHkh cPpksa dks nks&nks ds tksM+s esa

vkeus&lkeus iafDr esa [kM+k djsaxsA Ÿ ,d rjQ ds cPps gYds&QqYds vfHku;] tSls& cz'k ls

nk¡rksa dh lQkbZ] dku [kqtykuk] cky >kM+uk] thHk fudkyuk] ,d vk¡[k can djuk& [kksyuk] ukd Nwuk] rygFkh feykuk vkfn djsaxsA nwljh rjQ dh iafDr esa [kM+s mudh tksM+h ds cPps vkbZuk esa fn[kus okyh mudh Nfo dk vfHku; djsaxsA

Ÿ igyh iafDr dk cPpk tSls&tSls vfHku; djsxk nwljh iafDr esa mudk tksM+hnkj cPpk mldh udy djsxk ftlls og vkbZuk esa fn[kus okyh Nfo utj vk;sxkA

Ÿ bl xfrfof/k dks cSBdj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ f'k{kd bl ckr dk /;ku j[ksaxs fd cPpksa dk 'kkjhfjd cpko gks] os fdlh izdkj ls vkgr u gksa] tSls& uk[kwu u xM+s] ,d&nwljs ds 'kjhj ls pksV u yxs vkfnA

lko/kuh

fodYi

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa vkRefo’okl] dYiuk’khyrk rFkk vkilh rkyesy dk fodkl

gksxkA


iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ dgkuh ̂xksyw cu x;k tsUVyeSu* dk ikB ,oa izLrqfr dh rS;kjhA Ÿ pwuk ikmMj] bZaV o jLlh vkfnAŸ dqN fp=ksa okyh cky dgkuh dh fdrkcsaA 61

v{kj dh igpku Ÿ ifjfpr 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls v{kjksa dh igpkuA

1- v{kj dh igpku2- [ksy& dwnuk ,oa mNyuk3- dgkuh& xksyw cu x;k tsUVyeSu

Ÿ f’k{kd d{kk esa cSBs gq, fdlh ,d cPps dks [kM+k djsaxs] mldk uke iwNsaxs rFkk tksj ls cksyrs gq, mls CySd cksMZ ij fy[ksaxsA f’k{kd ml uke ij v¡xqyh j[kdj pkj&ik¡p ckj tksj&tksj ls i<+saxsA cPps Hkh nksgjk;saxs] tSls& fdlh cPps dk uke vej gS rks vej ds igys v{kj ̂v* rFkk mldh /ofu ls lHkh cPpksa dks ifjfpr djk;saxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd lHkh cPpksa ls loky djsaxs fd bl /ofu ̂v* ls dkSu&dkSu ls 'kCn cu ldrs gSaA cPpksa ls dqN bl rjg ds tokc vk ldrs gSa] tSls& vpkj] vukj] ve:n] vekoV] vnjd] vtxj] v{kj vkfnA blh rjg ls ,d&,d dj f’k{kd nwljs cPpksa ls mudk uke iwNdj bl izfØ;k dks nksgjk;saxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd d{kk ds nks&pkj cPpksa ds uke CySd cksMZ ij fy[kdj Åij dh izfØ;k dks nksgjk ldrs gSaA

Ÿ cPpksa ds uke ds izFke v{kj ls mRiUu gksus okyh /ofu ls vU; cPps tks 'kCn crk jgs gSa mls Hkh cksMZ ij fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ d{kk ds cPpksa ls mudh ifjfpr oLrqvksa ds uke iwNdj rFkk mUgsa CySd cksMZ ij fy[kdj Hkh ;s xfrfof/k djk;h tk ldrh gSA


çfØ;k

fodYi

fØ;kdyki

62

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPps ifjfpr 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls v{kjksa dh igpku djsaxsA

dwnuk ,oa mNyuk2- dwnuk ,oa mNyuk

f’k{kd cPpksa ls fuEu fØ;kdyki djk;saxs&1- f’k{kd pwuk vkSj jLlh ds lgkjs ,d lh/kh js[kk cuk;saxs

rFkk ml js[kk ds lekukUrj cPpksa ds dwnus yk;d nwjh ij pwuk ls dqN fcanq cuk;saxsA lHkh cPps iafDr esa lh/kh js[kk ij pyrs gq, tk,¡xs rFkk lh/kh js[kk ds lekukUrj cuk;s x, fcUnqvksa ij mNy&mNydj cuk;s x;s y{; rd igq¡psaxs ,oa fQj okil vk;saxsA

2- cPps ,d js[kk ij ,d iSj ls dwnrs gq, y{; rd igq¡psaxs rFkk /kheh xfr ls Vgyrs gq, okil vkjaHk fcUnq ij vk;saxsA

3- lh/kh js[kk ds chp esa nks LFkkuksa ij tehu ls FkksM+h Å¡pkbZ ij nks&nks cPps jLlh idM+dj cSBsaxs vkSj cPps iafDr esa mNy&mNydj mu jfLl;ksa dks ikj djsaxs vkSj iqqu% okil vk;saxsA

4- cPps pwuk ikmMj ls tehu ij cus gq, xksy ?ksjs ds Hkhrj ,oa ckgj dwnsaxsA

f’k{kd bl [ksy dks uhps fn;s x;s rjhds ls Hkh djk ldrs gSa& Ÿ mNyus ,oa dwnus dh nwjh dks de vkSj vf/kd djA Ÿ ,d fpg~u vFkok y{; dh vksj dqnokdjAŸ ljy js[kk rFkk Vs<+h&es<+h js[kk ij dqnok@mNyok

djA

Ÿ pwuk ikmMj] bZaV o jLlh vkfnA

Ÿ f’k{kd nkSM+rs&dwnrs le; cPps ,d&nwljs ls Vdjk;sa ugha bl ckr dk [;ky j[ksaxsA

Ÿ [ksy dks lery LFkku ij djk;saxsA


çfØ;k

lkexzh

lko/kuh

fodYi

fØ;kdyki

63

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa dk ’kkjhfjd larqyu c<+sxkA Ÿ cPpksa dk 'kkjhfjd fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dh LFkwy ekalisf’k;k¡ fodflr gksaxhA

Ÿ fofHkUu izdkj ls dwnuk ,oa mNyuk lh[kukAŸ iSjksa ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dk mi;ksxAŸ ’kkjhfjd larqyu cukukA

xksyw cu x;k tsUVyeSufnu&20 l=k&03 vof/&01 ?kaVk

çfØ;k

fodYi

3- dgkuh& xksyw cu x;k tsUVyeSu

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks vius ikl cSBkdj ^xksyw cu x;k tsUVyeSu* dgkuh gko&Hkko vkSj jkspdiw.kZ rjhds ls lquk;saxsA mlds ckn f’k{kd cPpksa ls dgkuh ds ckjs esa ckrphr djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls dksbZ dgkuh lqukus dks dgsaxsA dgkuh lqukus ls iwoZ ekgkSy cukus ds fy, f’k{kd cPpksa ls iwN ldrs gSa fd fdl&fdl cPps us dksbZ nwljh dgkuh lquh gS\ mUgsa dgkuh fdlus lquk;h\ og dgkuh fdlds ckjs esa Fkh\ vkfnA

Ÿ dgkuh lqukus ij ml cPps dks f’k{kd [kwc 'kkck’kh nsaxsA tks cPps dgkuh ugha lquk ikrs gSa mUgsa dgkuh lqukus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaxsA

Ÿ bl dgkuh ds vykok nwljh dgkfu;k¡ Hkh f’k{kd lquk ldrs gSaA

Ÿ f’k{kd Lo;a cuk;h gqbZ ;k peRdkj okyh dgkfu;ksa dks Hkh lquk ldrs gSaA

Ÿ dqN fp=ksa okyh cky dFkkvksa dh fdrkcsaA

Ÿ dgkuh lquus&cksyus ds dkS’ky dk fodklAŸ ,dkxzrk] dYiuk’khyrk ,oa Lej.k’kfDr dk fodklA

lkexzh

lqcg dh ?kwi f[kyh gqbZ FkhA ckxhps esa dbZ yM+ds [ksy jgs FksA xksyw Hkh fudydj ckxhps esa vk x;kA ̂êSa Hkh xsan [ksyw¡xkA** xksyw us yM+dksa ls dgkA yM+ds [ksy can djds xksyw dks ns[kus yxsA xksyw dh deht ij nkx yxh FkhA iSaV ds cVu VwVs FksA twrs xans FksA muesa ls ,d yM+dk xsan ihNs fNikdj cksyk& ̂^ge rqEgkjs lkFk ugha [ksysaxs] rqe xans gks**! ,d isM+ ds uhps dbZ yM+ds dqÙks ds cPps ds lkFk [ksy jgs FksA xksyw muds ikl tkdj cksyk] ̂ êSa Hkh bl dqÙks ds cPps ds lkFk [ksyw¡xkA** muesa ls ,d yM+dk dqÙks ds cPps dks fNikdj cksyk& ̂*ge rqEgkjs lkFk ugha [ksysaxsA ge xans cPps ds lkFk ugha [ksyrsA** xksyw ogk¡ ls csap ij cSBh yM+fd;ksa ds ikl x;kA os jaxhu fp=ksa okyh fdrkcsa ns[k jgh FkhaA xksyw muls cksyk] ̂ êq>s Hkh fp= fn[kkvks u!** yM+fd;k¡ cksyha& ̂^ge xans yM+ds dks viuh fdrkc Nwus ugha nsrs**A xksyw nq%[kh gksdj cSB x;kA mldh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk x;sA xksyw dks vdsyk ns[kdj ckxhps dk ekyh cksyk& ̂^D;ksa jksrs gks xksyw\** xksyw cksyk] ̂êkyh nknk] esjs lkFk dksbZ ugha [ksyrkA eq>s lc xank dgrs gSaA** ekyh us dgk] ^^lpeqp xksyw] rqe cgqr xans fn[k jgs gksA lkQ&lqFkjk jgksxs rks lHkh cPps rqEgkjs lkFk [ksysaxsA** xksyw vk¡lw iksaNrs gq, ?kj x;kA og vPNh rjg ls lkQ&lqFkjk gksdj 'kke dks fQj ckxhps esa [ksyus vk;kA ^^vkvks xksyw] gekjs lkFk xsan [ksyksA** ^^vkvks xksyw] gekjs dqÙks ds cPps ds lkFk [ksyksA** ̂^vkvks xksyw] gekjh fp=ksa okyh fdrkcsa ns[kksA** lcdks ,d lkFk cqykrs ns[kdj xksyw dh vk¡[ksa Hkj vkbZaA

fØ;kdyki

64

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa dgkuh dks lquus vkSj cksyus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dh ,dkxzrk] dYiuk’khyrk ,oa Lej.k’kfDr fodflr gksxhA

xksyw cu x;k tsUVyeSu

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ dkxt] CySd cksMZ] isafly] jcM+] pkWd] MLVj vkfnAŸ dfork ̂D;k gS xksy&cksy* dk gko&Hkko ds lkFk iwoZ vH;klAŸ >kM+w] >kM+u] dkVZu] ckYVh] cM+k fMCck] lkcqu] vkfnA

js[kk fp=k Ÿ ,dkxzrk ,oa fy[kus ds dkS’ky dk fodklAŸ dfork lquus ,oa xkus ds dkS’ky dk fodklA

1- fp=kadu& js[kk fp=2- dfork& D;k gS xksy cksy\3- lkQ jgsa] lQkbZ j[ksa!

1- fp= cukuk& f’k{kd CySd cksMZ ij rjg&rjg dh js[kk,¡ rFkk vkd`fr;k¡ cuk;saxs rFkk cPpksa ls mUgsa cukus ds fy, dgsaxs] tSls& fcanq] iryh js[kk] eksVh js[kk] NksVh js[kk] cM+h js[kk] lekukarj js[kk] Vs<+h&es<+h js[kk] ØkWl js[kk] yEch js[kk] f=Hkqt] oxZ] vk;r] prqHkZqt] o`Ùk] vaMkdkj vkfnA

2- dfork& f’k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk ^D;k gS xksy cksy\* dfork dk lLoj ikB djsaxsA f’k{kd dfork ds var esa xksy vkd`fr ls lacaf/kr oLrqvksa ds ckjs esa cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxsA

Ÿ f=Hkqtkdkj] pkSdksj] vaMkdkj] xksykdkj vkfn vkd`fr;ksa ls lacaf/kr lkefxz;ksa ij Hkh cPpksa ds lkFk ckrphr dh tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ cPpksa ls js[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls rjg&rjg ds fp= cuok;s tk ldrs gSaA

Ÿ dkxt] CySd cksMZ] isafly] jcM+] pkWd] MLVj vkfnA


çfØ;k

fodYi

lkexzh

D;k gS xksy cksy\

xksy&xksy&xksy]D;k gS xksy cksy\

D;k&D;k ge [kkrs gSa]tks gS xksy cksy\yky VekVj xksy&xksy]gjk eVj Hkh xksy&xksy]xje dpkSM+h xksy&xksy]jlxqYyk gS xksy&xksy] xksy&xksy---

eEeh rqEgkjh D;k igurhtks gS xksy cksy\v¡xqyh dh v¡xwBh xksy] gkFkksa dh pwfM+;k¡ gSa xksy]ekFks dh fcafn;k gS xksy]dkuksa dk dqaMy Hkh xksy] xksy&xksy---

D;k&D;k bl /kjrh ij gS]fn[krk xksy cksy\canxksHkh xksy&xksy]xk¡/khth dk p’ek xksyflDdk Hkh gS xksy&xksy/kjrh Hkh gS nwj ls fn[krh] xksy&xksy---

fcUnq

iryh js[kk

eksVh js[kkljy js[kklekukUrj ljy js[kkfcanq okyh js[kkVs<+h js[kkVs<+h&es<+h js[kk

ØkWl js[kk

ljy yEc:i js[kk

frjNh js[kk

f=Hkqt

vk;r

prqHkqZt

o`Ùk

v.Mkdkj

fØ;kdyki

65

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa dh ,dkxzrk ,oa fy[kus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa ds v¡xqfy;ksa dh lw{e ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodkl gksxkA Ÿ cPpksa esa dfork lquus ,oa xkus dk dkS’ky fodflr gksxkA

lkiQ jgsa] liQkbZ j[ksa! Ÿ lkQ&lQkbZ ds izfr tkx:d cukukA

3- lkQ jgsa] lQkbZ j[ksa!

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks xksykdkj eas cSBkdj muls 'kkjhfjd lkQ&lQkbZ ,oa ifjos’k dh lkQ&lQkbZ ij ckrphr djsaxs] tSls& uk[kwu dh lQkbZ] nk¡rksa vkSj thHk dh lQkbZ] Luku djus dk rjhdk] diM+ksa dh lQkbZ] fdrkcksa dk j[kj[kko] cSx dh lQkbZ] twrk&pIiy] fcNkou] ?kj] vklikl vkfn dh lQkbZA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dh enn ls dkVZu] cM+k fMCck] Vhu] ckYVh vkfn ls dwM+snku cukus dk dk;Z djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd bl fnu oxZ&d{k ,oa fo|ky;&ifjlj dh lkQ&lQkbZ cPpksa ds lkFk feydj djsaxsA

Ÿ vkl&ikl ;fn jíh dkxt] <syk] iRFkj] dk¡Vh] rkj ;k ydM+h ds VqdM+s gksa rks cPps mUgsa pqudj dwM+snku esa MkysaxsA

Ÿ fo|ky; dh lQkbZ ds ckn f’k{kd vkSj cPps vius gkFkksa ,oa iSjksa dks vPNh rjg ls /kks ysaxsA

Ÿ ^fo|ky;&ifjlj dks lqanj cukus ds fy, vkSj D;k&D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS\* f’k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk bl ij Hkh ppkZ djsaxsA ifjos’k esa ftu oLrqvksa ls gekjk tqM+ko gS muds j[kj[kko ij Hkh ckrphr djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd bl ckr dk /;ku j[ksaxs fd cPps lkQ&lQkbZ ds nkSjku [kkyh iSj u jgsaA

Ÿ >kM+w] >kM+u] dkVZu] ckYVh] cM+k fMCck] lkcqu] vkfnA


çfØ;k

lko/kuh

lkexzh

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa Lo;a dks rFkk vius ifjos’k ,oa fo|ky; dks LoPN rFkk

lkQ&lqFkjk j[kus dh vknr fodflr gksxhA

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ xhr ̂jktk dh csVh* dk /kqu cukuk ,oa vfHku; ds lkFk iwoZ vH;klAŸ dgkuh ̂lksuh dh lh[k* dk ikB ,oa izLrqfr djkus dh rS;kjhAŸ jLlh] bZaV] pwuk ikmMj] CySd cksMZ] pkWd vkSj yky] gjk] ihyk jaxksa dk jaxhu dkxt vkfnA66

la[;k xhr Ÿ lquus] cksyus ,oa i<+us dk dkS’ky fodflr djukAŸ la[;k dh le> fodflr djukA

1- la[;k xhr& jktk dh csVh2- dgkuh& lksuh dh lh[k3- jaxksa dk [ksy

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks U vkdkj esa [kM+kdj gko&Hkko ,oa vkokt esa mrkj&p<+ko ds lkFk ̂ jktk dh csVh* xhr dks xkdj lquk;saxs vkSj cPpksa dks mls nqgjkus ds fy, dgsaxsA os xhr esa vkus okyh la[;kvksa dks v¡xqyh ls fn[kkrs gq, xk;saxs] cPps Hkh v¡xqyh fn[kkrs gq, f’k{kd ds vuqlkj xk;saxsA nks&rhu ckj bl xhr dks xkus ds ckn f’k{kd cPpksa dks vius ls xkdj lqukus dks dgsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd bl xhr esa vk;h la[;kvksa ij cPpksa dk /;ku dsfUnzr djsaxsA os mlds ckn la[;k dks tksj&tksj ls cksyrs gq, CySd cksMZ ij vadksa dks fy[ksaxs vkSj mudh igpku gsrq cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dk vyx&vyx lewg cukdj gj ,d lewg ls iwoZ esa xk;s vuqlkj v¡xqyh fn[kkrs gq, bl xhr dks lqukus ds fy, dgsaxsA os ;g ns[ksaxs fd dkSu&dkSu ls cPps la[;k ds lkFk v¡xqyh dk lgh leUo; djrs gq, xhr dks vPNs <ax ls xk jgs gSaA


çfØ;k,d cM+s jktk dh csVh]nks fnu ls chekj iM+hArhu larjh nkSM+s vk;s]

pkj nok dh iqfM+;k yk;sAik¡p feuV esa ?kksy cuk;h]N%&N% ?kaVs ckn fiyk;hAlkr fnuksa esa vk¡[ksa [kksyh]vkB fnuksa esa ek¡ ls cksyhAukSosa fnu fQj nkSM+ yxk;h]nlosa fnu 'kkyk dks vk;hA

jktk dh csVhfØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa lquus] cksyus ,oa i<+us dk dkS’ky fodflr gksxkA Ÿ cPpksa esa la[;k dh le> fodflr gksxhA

67

lksuh dks feyh lh[kŸ dgkuh lquus ,oa cksyus ds dkS’ky dk fodklAŸ ,dkxzrk ,oa dYiuk’khyrk dk fodklA

2- dgkuh& lksuh dks feyh lh[k

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks fo|ky;&ifjlj ;k fdlh [kqys lkQ&lqFkjs LFkku ij ys tk,¡xs rFkk vius utnhd cSBkdj ̂lksuh dh lh[k* dgkuh lquk;saxsA

Ÿ dgkuh lqukus ds ckn f’k{kd cPpksa ls bl dgkuh ls feyus okyh lh[k ij ckrphr djsaxsA

Ÿ vc f’k{kd cPpksa dks Hkh vius thou dh bl rjg dh lPph ?kVuk,¡ lqukus ds fy, izsfjr djsaxsA os cPpksa ls iwN ldrs gSa fd&Ø D;k vkids lkFk ;k vkidh tkudkjh esa bl rjg

dh dksbZ ?kVuk ?kVh gS\Ø ckgj feyus okyh dkSu&dkSu lh ,slh oLrq,¡ gSa]

ftUgsa gesa ugha [kkuh pkfg,\ vkfnAŸ cPpksa }kjk lquk;h x;h ?kVukvksa ls lh[kh tkus okyh

ckrksa ij f’k{kd ppkZ djk;saxsA cPps ,d&nwljs ds vuqHkoksa ls lh[k xzg.k djsaxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks ;g crk ldrs gSa fd Qy&lfCt;ksa dks [kwc vPNh rjg lkQ ikuh ls /kksdj gh [kkuk pkfg,A

Ÿ gesa cktkj esa fcdus okyh fcuk <dh gqbZ oLrqvksa dks ugha [kkuk pkfg,A


çfØ;k lksuh [ksy jgh FkhA mlh le; vkblØhe okys dh ?kaVh cthA lksuh nkSM+h&nkSM+h ckgj x;h vkSj ,d vkblØhe [kjhn yk;hA og cM+s ets ls vkblØhe [kk jgh FkhA ek¡ dh vkokt vk;h] ̂ ^lksuh! D;k dj jgh gks\**

^êk¡! eSa vkblØhe [kk jgh gw¡**A

ek¡ us iwNk] ^^rqEgsa vkblØhe fdlus nh\^^ fdlhus ugha ek¡! eSa [kqn

[kjhnh gw¡A ek¡ lksuh ds flj ij gkFk j[krs gq, cksyh& ̂^csVh] vkblØhe [kkus ls rqEgkjh rfc;r [kjkc gks tk,xhA ckgj dh [kqyh phtsa ugha [kkuh pkfg,A bls Qsad nks csVhA** ugha ek¡! eq>s dqN ugha gksxkA

mlh fnu lksuh ds Ldwy dk lekjksg FkkA og lkQ&lqFkjs] lqUnj diM+s igudj Ldwy vk;hA ml fnu Ldwy cgqr ltk gqvk FkkA lHkh cPps jax&fcjaxs diM+ksa esa Ldwy vk;s FksA lHkh [kq'kh ls pgd jgs FksA dk;ZØe 'kq: gqvkA Lokxr&xku xkus ds fy, lksuh mRlkg ls eap ij vk;hA ̂^vkt Lokxr---**A� xkrs&xkrs og [kk¡lus yxh vkSj xyk idM+dj cSB xbZA Vhpj us iwNk] ^^D;k gqvk lksuh\** ̂ ^nhnh] esjk xyk [kjkc gks x;kA eSa xkuk ugha xk ldrhA** og tksj&tksj ls [kk¡lus yxhA Vhpj us lcdks crk;k] ̂^lksuh dh rfc;r Bhd ugha gS] ;g ?kj tk jgh gS**A Ldwy esa ukp&xkuk pyrk jgkA lksuh dh vk¡[ksa McMckbZ gqbZ FkhaA ?kj igq¡pus ij ek¡ us iwNk] ^^lksuh] rqe tYnh D;ksa vk x;h\** lksuh ek¡ dh xksn esa psgjk j[krs gq, cksyh]^^ ̂ êk¡ eSa xkuk ugha xk ldhA** ̂ ^vc eSa ckgj dh phtsa dHkh ugha [kkÅ¡xh] ek¡A**

dgkuhfØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa dgkuh lquus ,oa cksyus ds dkS’ky dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dh ,dkxzrk ,oa dYiuk’khyrk c<+sxhAŸ cPps O;ogkj esa vkus okyh vPNh ckrksa dks tkusaxsA

fodYi

68

jaxksa dk [ksyŸ ,dkxzrk] rRijrk] ’kkjhfjd larqyu ,oa LFkwy ekalisf’k;ksa

dk fodklAŸ jaxksa dh le> rFkk igpkuA

3- jaxksa dk [ksy

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dh enn ls jLlh vkSj pwuk ikmMj ;k pkWd ls tehu ij yxHkx 18 x 22 QqV dk ,d pkSdksj cuk;saxsA os pkj dksuksa ij pkj jaxksa ds dkxt esa bZaVksa dks yisVdj j[ksaxs rFkk mu jaxksa dh igpku cPpksa dks djk;saxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ds pkj ny cuk;saxs vkSj pkSdksj ds pkjksa dksuksa ij mUgsa [kM+k djsaxsA pkjksa nyksa ds uke vyx&vyx jaxksa ds uke ls j[ks tk,¡xs tSls& yky ny] gjk ny] uhyk ny ,oa ihyk nyA

Ÿ f’k{kd pkSdksj ds chp esa pkjksa jaxksa ds dkxt ,d txg ij j[k nsaxsA f’k{kd muesa ls ftl jax dk uke ysaxs] ml jax ds cPps nkSM+rs gq, vius jax ds dkxt dks mBkdj okil vius LFkku ij vk tk,¡xsA

Ÿ f’k{kd [ksy ds rjhds esa cnyko Hkh yk ldrs gSa] tSls& dHkh ,d] dHkh nks] dHkh rhu] dHkh pkjksa jax ds nyksa ls ,d&,d cPps dks cqyk;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ ;g dke cPpksa ls dHkh pydj] dHkh nkSM+rs gq,] dHkh dwnrs gq,] dHkh Nyk¡x yxkrs gq,] dHkh ,d iSj ij dwnrs gq, Hkh djk;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ f’k{kd [ksy okys {ks= dks cM+k j[ksaxs] ftlls cPpksa dks

vf/kd nkSM+uk iM+sAŸ [ksy ds fy, vyx&vyx jaxksa dh oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ÿ jLlh] bZaV] pwuk ikmMj] pkWd vkSj jaxhu dkxt vkfnA


çfØ;k

fodYi

lkexzh

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa dh ,dkxzrk] rRijrk] ’kkjhfjd larqyu ,oa LFkwy ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodkl

gksxkAŸ cPpksa esa yky] gjk] uhyk ,oa ihyk jaxksa dh le> cusxh rFkk os mUgsa igpku ldsaxsA

iwoZ&rS;kjhŸ [ksy ̂ckfj’k rkyh* dks djkus dh rS;kjhAŸ dfork ̂ckfj’k vk;h* dks gko&Hkko ds lkFk xkus dk iwoZ vH;klAŸ dkWih] isafly] jcj] CySd cksMZ] MLVj] pkWd vkfnAŸ iqjkuk v[kckj@lknk dkxt@jaxhu dkxt@ pedhyk dkxt vkfnA 69

ckfj'k rkyh ctkb;sŸ ,dkxzrk] voyksdu ,oa rRijrk ds dkS’ky dk fodklAŸ lquus&cksyus ds dkS’ky ,oa y;c)rk dh le> dk fodklA

çfØ;k


1- ckfj’k rkyh ctkb;s2- dfork& ckfj’k vk;h3- fp= nsf[k, vkSj cukb;s4- gLrf’kYi& Vksih&fuekZ.k

1- f’k{kd cPpksa ls ckrphr djsaxs&Ÿ Ldwy esa vkidks vc dSlk yxrk gS\ Ÿ D;k Ldwy esa vkidk eu yxrk gS\Ÿ dkSu&dkSu ls cPps Ldwy esa le; ls igys vkrs gSa\Ÿ fdu&fdu cPpksa dks muds eEeh&ikik ;k ?kj ds dksbZ

vfHkHkkod igq¡pkus vkrs gSa\Ÿ dkSu&dkSu ls cPps vius ?kjksa esa eEeh&ikik ;k nksLrksa

dks dfork ;k dgkuh lqukrs gSa\Ÿ ckfj’k rkyh& f’k{kd lHkh cPpksa dks xksy ?ksjs esa [kM+k

djasxsA Ÿ lHkh cPps vius ck;sa gkFk dh gFksyh dks [kksysaxs vkSj nk;sa

gkFk dh vyx&vyx v¡xqfy;ksa ls rkyh ctk;saxsA f’k{kd tc ,d la[;k cksysaxs rks cPps ,d v¡xqyh ls rkyh ctkrs jgsaxssA ;g dke 1 ls 5 rd ds vadksa ds lkFk fd;k tk,xkA

Ÿ cPps rkyh ctkus dk dke vk¡[k can djds djsaxsAŸ rkyh c<+rs Øe ,oa ?kVrs Øe esa ctk;h tk,xhA tc ,d

v¡xqyh ls rkyh ctsxh rks vkokt /kheh jgsxh] T;ksa&T;ksa v¡xqfy;ksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk,xh] rkyh dh vkokt Hkh rst gksrh tk,xhA var esa ik¡p v¡xqfy;ksa dh rkyh ls rst ckfj’k dh vkokt vk;sxhA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls iwNsaxs fd mUgsa vk¡[k can djds rkyh ctkus vkSj mldks lquus esa dSlk yxk\

Ÿ f’k{kd ckfj’k rkyh dks eglwl djus esa cPpksa dh enn djsaxsA

2- dfork& f’k{kd cPpksa dks ^ckfj’k vk;h* dfork dks gko&Hkko ,oa vkokt esa mrkj&p<+ko ds lkFk xkdj lquk;saxsA f’k{kd ds lkFk cPps Hkh bl dfork dks gko&Hkko ds lkFk xk;saxsA

ckfj'k vk;h

Nrjh pwgk >V gVk;k]pqfg;k dks Hkh lkFk ugk;kA>iVh muij fcYyh ekSlh]vc rks cM+h leL;k vk;hAckfj'k vk;h---

ckfj'k vk;h] ckfj'k vk;h][kqf'k;k¡ yk;h] eLrh Nk;hApwgk ckgj Hkhax jgk Fkk]>V ls pqfg;k Nrjh yk;hA ckfj'k vk;h---

lksph fcYyh [kkÅ¡ pViV]Hkkxs nksuksa nkSM+s ljiVAeyrh gkFk jg x;h fcYyh]vc rks og Hkh Hkhax ugk;hAckfj'k vk;h---

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk] voyksdu ,oa rRijrk ds dkS’kyksa dk fodkl gksxkA Ÿ cPpksa esa dfork dks lquus&cksyus ds dkS’ky ,oa y;c)rk dh le> dk fodkl gksxkA

70

Ÿ fy[kus dh rRijrk rFkk fp= cukus dh le>AŸ ,dkxzrk ,oa voyksdu&{kerk dk fodklA

3- fp= nsf[k, vkSj cukb;s

Ÿ f’k{kd CySd cksMZ ij vkB fp= cuk;saxs] tSls& lwjt] uko] isM+] vke] Qwy] ?kj] dVksjk] cSaxu vkfnA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ls bu fp=ksa esa ls ik¡p fp=ksa dks cukus ds fy, dgsaxsA mu lHkh cPpksa esa ls ftl cPps us lcls igys ik¡p fp= dks cukdj f’k{kd dks fn[kk;k mlds fy, lHkh cPps rkyh ctk;saxsA

Ÿ blds ckn tSls&tSls ik¡pksa fp= cukdj cPps f’k{kd dks fn[kkrs tk,¡xs muds fy, cPps rkyh ctkrs jgsaxsA

Ÿ ftu Ldwyksa esa cPpksa ds fy, oxZ&d{k esa CySd cksMZ cuk gks cPps mlh ij fp= cuk;saxsA

Ÿ dkWih] isafly] jcj] CySd cksMZ] MLVj] pkWd vkfnA

çfØ;k

fodYi

lkexzh

fp=k nsf[k, vkSj cukb;sfØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa fy[kus dh rRijrk rFkk fp= cukus dh le> c<+sxhAŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk ,oa voyksdu&{kerk dk fodkl gksxkA


71

pyks Vksih cuk;saŸ ,dkxzrk ,oa l`tu’khyrk dk fodklAŸ gkFkksa ,oa v¡xqfy;ksa dh lw{e ekalisf’k;ksa dk fodklA

çfØ;k


4- gLrf’kYi& pyks Vksih cuk;sa

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks U vkdkj esa cSBk;saxsA Ÿ os iqjkus v[kckj dk tqM+k gqvk ,d&,d ist lHkh

cPpksa dks nsaxsAŸ f’k{kd v[kckj ls Vksih cukus ds fy, v[kckj dks

uhps fn;s x;s rjhdksa ls eksM+saxs] cPps mudks ns[kdj mlh izdkj vius&vius v[kckjksa dks eksM+saxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd v[kckj dks chpksa&chp cjkcj ls eksM+saxsAŸ fQj mls chp ls cjkcj eksM+dj dj v[kckj ds chp

esa fu’kku cuk ysaxsA Ÿ vc v[kckj dks [kksysaxs rFkk v[kckj ds tqM+s gq, Hkkx

dks Åij j[ksaxs rFkk nksuksa Åijh Nksjksa dks fu’kku rd frdksuk eksM+saxsA

Ÿ cps gq, uhps ds iêhuqek Hkkx dks chp ls eksM+dj mlds nks fgLls cuk;saxs rFkk mls Åij dh vksj nks ckj iyVdj eksM+saxsA

Ÿ vc v[kckj dks iyVsaxsAŸ uhps ds nksuksa Nksjksa dks v[kckj ds chp ds fu’kku rd

iyVdj eksM+saxsAŸ blds ckn uhps dh iêh dks vk/kk&vk/kk iqu% nks ckj

iyVdj eksM+saxsAŸ vc bls [kksydj Vksih ds Åijh Hkkx ds vanj

?kqlkdj nck nsaxsA Ÿ bl izdkj Vksih cudj rS;kj gks tk,xh vkSj cPps

Vksih igudj ?kj tk,¡xsA

Ÿ iqjkuk v[kckj ;k lknk@jaxhu@pedhyk dkxtAlkexzh

1 2

3 4 5

6 7 8

9 10 11

12 13 14

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ cPpksa esa ,dkxzrk ,oa l`tu’khyrk dk fodkl gksxkAŸ cPpksa dh gkFkksa ,oa v¡xqfy;ksa dh lw{e ekalisf’k;k¡

fodflr gksaxhA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa dks crk;saxs fd dy vfHkHkkod cSBd gksxhA lHkh cPps vius vfHkHkkod ds lkFk Vksih igudj vk;saxsA Ÿ f’k{kd cSBd&LFky dh lkQ&lQkbZ] lkt&lTtk] is;ty dh O;oLFkk vkfn iz/kkukpk;Z ds lkFk feydj r;

djsaxsA cPpksa ds }kjk rS;kj f[kykSus] fp=kadu vkfn dh izn’kZuh yxk;h tk,xhA Ÿ cSBd esa fo|ky; f’k{kk lfefr ds lnL;] lfpo] v/;{k] okMZ ik"kZn@eqf[k;k] ml {ks= ds f’k{kkizseh] fof’k"V tu

vkfn dks vkeaf=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iwoZ&rS;kjh

72

f'k{kd&vfHkHkkod laoknŸ cPpksa ds fodkl ,oa miyfC/k;ksa ls vfHkHkkodksa dks ifjfpr

djkukA Ÿ fo|ky; dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls vfHkHkkodksa dks voxr djkukA

çfØ;k


1- f’k{kd&vfHkHkkod laokn

Ÿ f’k{kd ,oa cPps vfHkHkkodksa dk fo|ky; ds izos’k&}kj ij Lokxr djsaxs rFkk mUgsa d{kk ,d ds cPpksa }kjk fufeZr rFkk iznf’kZr lkefxz;k¡] tSls& feV~Vh ds f[kykSus] fp=] dkxt ls cuh lkexzh] vU; gLrf’kYi vkfn dks fn[kk;saxsA

Ÿ f’k{kd cPpksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa dks oxZ&d{k esa vknjiwoZd cSBk;saxsA

Ÿ fo|ky; ds iz/kkuk/;kid eap ls vfHkHkkodksa ,oa x.kekU; vfrfFk;ksa dk Lokxr djsaxsA d{kk ,d ds cPpksa }kjk NksVh&NksVh izLrqfr;k¡ dh tk,¡xh] tSls& dfork ikB] dgkuh okpu] rd f/kuk&f/ku u`R; vkfnA

Ÿ f’k{kd vfHkHkkodksa ls muds cPpksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA bl ppkZ esa os cPpksa dh izxfr] miyfC/k ,oa leL;kvksa ds fo"k; esa ckrphr djsaxsA

Ÿ cPpksa ds LokLF;] Vhdkdj.k vkfn ds fo"k; esa Hkh ppkZ ,oa tkudkjh nh tk ldrh gSA

ŸvfHkHkkodksa ls muds cPpksa dh mifLFkfr] vuqifLFkfr] le; ij fo|ky; esa ugha vkuk vkfn ckrksa ij ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ fo|ky; esa fudV Hkfo"; esa gksus okys fdlh [kkl dk;ZØe ,oa mlesa cPpksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds ckjs esa ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

Ÿ cPPkksa ds fy, fo|ky; esa py jgh fofHkUu ;kstuk,¡ tSls& e/;kg~u Hkkstu] fu%’kqYd ikB~;iqLrd] iks’kkd] Nk=o`fÙk ,oa LokLF; laca/kh dk;ZØeksa ds ckjs esa vfHkHkkodksa ls ppkZ djsaxsA

Ÿ LFkkuh; LokLF;&dehZ dks vkeaf=r dj cPpksa ds fy, LokLF; ls lacaf/kr eqís] ;Fkk& ,uhfe;k] Vhdkdj.k rFkk vU; miyC/k lqfo/kkvksa ij ppkZ djk;h tk ldrh gSA

ŸdqlhZ] Vscqy] njh] Lokxr rFkk ltkoVh lkexzh vkfnA

Ÿ f’k{kd vfHkHkkodksa ls dksbZ Hkh ,slh ckr ;k O;ogkj u gha djsaxs fd mUgsa d"V igq¡psA

Ÿ f’k{kd] cSBd esa vfHkHkkodksa dks lEeku nsaxs rFkk mudh ckrksa dks /kS;ZiwoZd lqusaxsA

lkexzh

fodYi

lko/kuh

fØ;kdyki

mís';

çfriQyŸ vfHkHkkod fo|ky; vkus ds dkj.k vius cPpksa ds fodkl] muesa vk;s cnykoksa

rFkk miyfC/k;ksa ls ifjfpr gkssaxsAŸ vfHkHkkod cPpksa ds fy, fo|ky; }kjk dh tk jgh xfrfof/k;ksa dks tku ldsaxsA 73

psruk&l=J cPps psruk&l= ds fy, fo|ky; ifjlj esa d{kkokj iafDro) [kM+s gksaxsAJ izR;sd oxZ ds oxZ&f’k{kd@oxZ&ekWuhVj viuh d{kk ds cPpksa dk uk[kwu]

nk¡r] thHk] ;qfuQkeZ vkfn tk¡p djsaxsAfu;fer xfrfof/kJ jk"Vªxku& ̂tu x.k eu---*J fcgkj xhr & ̂esjs Hkkjr ds daBgkj---*J fcgkj jkT;&izkFkZuk & ̂esjh j¶rkj is---*fo|ky; esa izfrfnu cny&cnydj izkFkZuk,¡ gksaxh] tSls& Ø lkseokj & rw gh jke gS---Ø eaxyokj & bruh 'kfDr---Ø cq/kokj & gj ns’k esa rw---Ø xq#okj & gs izHkq vkuan---Ø 'kqØokj & n;k dj nku---Ø 'kfuokj & gedks eu dh---;kstukuqlkj xfrfof/kJ 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke ¼ih-Vh-½@;ksx@esfMVs’ku ¼/;ku½@djkVsJ tUefnu dh 'kqHkdkeuk & Nk=@f’k{kd@deZpkjhJ fo’ks"k frfFk@tUe fnol@iq.;frfFk@t;arh ij ppkZJ v[kckj ds izeq[k lekpkj@LFkkuh; lekpkj dk okpuJ vkt dk lqfopkj@izsjd izlax dk okpud{kkvksa esa drkjo) gksdj Nk=ksa dk izos’k---

uksV% fo|ky; viuh lqfo/kk vuqlkj psruk&l= ds lapkyu gsrq xfrfof/k;k¡ fu/kkZfjr dj ldrs gSaA

os eq>s jksdrs gSa

/kwy esa ugkus ls

tSls fpfM+;k ugkrh gS]

os g¡lus Hkh ugha nsrs

th [kksydj

tSls nqfu;k ds lHkh

Qwy g¡lrs gSaA

eq>s le> esa ugha vkrk

os D;k i<+krs gSaA

mlesa u unh gksrh] u igkM+

u xhr xkrs >jusA

esjh uUgh&lkh vk¡[kksa esa

tks clk gS taxy] mlesa

fdlh Hkh isM+ dk

,d iÙkk Nwdj ugha ns[kk gS

esjs f’k{kd usA

eSa pkgrh rks gw¡ i<+w¡] ij

f’k{kd eq>s oSls ugha i<+krs

tSls eSa pkgrh gw¡A

f’k{kd eq>s oSls ugha i<+krstSls eSa pkgrh gw¡

& ’kqDyk pkS/kjh

tu&x.k&eu vf/kuk;d t; gs]

Hkkjr&HkkX;&fo/kkrkA

iatkc] fla/k] xqtjkr&ejkBk]

nzkfoM+&mRdy&caxA

foa/;] fgekpy] ;equk] xaxk]

mPNy tyf/k rjaxA

ro 'kqHk ukes tkxs]

ro 'kqHk vkf’k"k ek¡xsA

xkgs ro t; xkFkkA

tu&x.k eaxy nk;d t; gs]

Hkkjr HkkX; fo/kkrkA

t; gs] t; gs] t; gsA

t;] t;] t;] t; gsA

jk"Vªxku

esjs Hkkjr ds daBgkj

rq>dks 'kr~&’kr~ oanu fcgkjA

rw okYehfd dh jkek;.k

rw oS’kkyh dk yksdra=

rw cksf/klRo dh d#.kk gS

rw egkohj dk 'kkafr&ea=

rw ukyank dk Kkunhi

rw gh v{kr panu fcgkjA

rw gS v’kksd dh /keZ/otk

rw xq#xksfoan dh ok.kh gS

rw vk;ZHkV~V] rw 'ksj’kkg]

rw dq¡vj flag cfynkuh gS

rw ckiw dh deZHkwfe

/kjrh dk uanu ou fcgkjA

rsjh xkSjo xkFkk viwoZ

rw fo’o’kkafr dk vxznwr

ykSVsxk [kks;k LokfHkeku

vkt tkx pqds rsj liwr

vc rw ekFks dk fot; fryd

rw vk¡[kksa dk vatu fcgkjA

rq>dks 'kr~&’kr~ oanu fcgkjA

esjs Hkkjr ds daBgkjAA

fcgkj xhr

esjh j¶rkj ij lwjt dh fdj.k ukt djs

,slh ijokt ns ekfyd fd xxu ukt djsA

og utj ns fd d:¡ dnz gjsd etgc dh

og eksgCcr ns eq>s vEuks veu ukt djsA

esjh [kw’kcw ls egd tk, ;g nqfu;k ekfyd

eq>dks og Qwy cuk lkjk peu ukt djsA

bYe dqN ,slk ns eSa dke lcksa ds vkÅ¡

gkSlyk ,slk gh ns xax o teu ukt djsA

vk/ks jkLrs ij u #d tk, eqlkfQj ds dne

'kkSd eafty dk gks bruk fd Fkdu ukt djsA

nhi&ls&nhi tyk,¡ fd ped mBs fcgkj

,slh [kwch ns ,s ekfyd fd oru ukt djsA

t; fcgkj] t; fcgkj] t; t; t; fcgkj

fcgkj jkT; çkFkZuk

Address : Saidpur, Patna- 800 004 (Bihar)

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pgdkilkaribihar.org/pdf/jan2018/Chahak Module.pdf · viuh ckr fcgkj ljdkj ... fopkj tkuk rks yxk fd lp esa cnyko dh 'kq: ... from 11.4% in 2006 to 2.1 % in 2014-15 (Source: UDISE