Modulo Ingles 2

Unidad 3

Objectives

What is the Weather Like?

FunctionsObjectives

Talking about the weather

Giving advice and recommendations

Use the subjunctive to give recommendations

Use adjectives to describe the weather

What is the Weather Like in the United States?

http://www.unad.us/santander/EN02/unit003/week003_index.html


Because The United States is such a big country, it has a wide rangeof different climates and weather. Much of the country experiences the four seasons; winter, spring, summer, and autumn.

Most of the states in the north get quite a bit of snow in the winter. Though a snowy landscape can be an impressive sight, it brings with itconsequences which affect the way a society functions. For example, itis necessary to put salt on the roadways so that cars do not slip andslide on icy roads. In addition, it is recommended that people usespecial tires on their cars for further protection against this hazard. Snow storms called blizzards, occur quite often in the northeastern portion of the country and may shutdown schools and businesses temporarily.

The snow, however, provides wonderful entertainment for people, especially children, who love to make snowmen, get into snowball fights, go sledding, go skiing, and go ice- skating.


Spring follows winter and it is a pretty time when the leaves on the trees start growing and the flowers start budding. It is also the season that brings forth a lot of rain.

The weather is usually mild and very enjoyable. In more rural areas, one can see the return of certain animals, which had been sheltered during the winter.




Summer is the hottest time of year. The days are longer and sunnier and people often head outdoors for recreation.

People flock to the parks and the countryside to practice sports, go hiking, and swimming.

It is a great American pastime to have outdoor cookouts with different meats and vegetables simmering on the grill. It still rains quite a bit in the summer, too, so thunderstorms sometimes do spoil plans.


Autumn comes after summer, which is a special time in the United States. In autumn, also called the fall, children return to school after their long summer vacation.

The American diet also changes at this time because it is the time of harvest and some of the vegetables harvested at this time are staples of American cuisine. Among these are: pumpkins, squash, cranberries, apples, yams and corn.In the fall, the weather starts to cool down once again.

This cooling period may be accompanied by strong gusts of wind and cloudy skies. However, the most striking feature of autumn is the color of the leaves on the trees. These turn into breathtaking shades of red, orange, yellow, and brown.

Soon, these leaves will begin to fall to the ground signaling the coming winter and yet another cycle in the seasons.


The Weather

The Weather in the United States changes a great deal from season to season, therefore, forecasters and people in general use a variety of words to describe what the weather is like. Many of these words are adjectives and they are created by adding the suffix 'y to nouns such as:

snow snowy

wind windy

cloud cloudy


rain rainy

The Weather

Nouns ending in e, like ice or breeze, drop the e and add y:

breezebreezy

ice icy

3-letter words that have a consonant-vowel-consonant combination double the second consonant before adding the sufix 'y:

fogfoggy

mud muddy

sun sunny

mug muggy

Other adjectives used for describing the temperature include:

FreezingIcy Cold Cool Warm Hot

Practice

Choose an adjective from the list to complete the following descriptions of the weather:

warmsnowy cloudy sunny breezy icy freezing muddy cool



1. It rained so much that all the roads turned

2. roads are a risk of the long winters in Canada.

3. In the Caribbean the weather is commonly and humid.

4. skies and thunderstorms are typical during the summer in South Florida.

5. We had to wear special clothes to protect us against the wind. It was and extremely cold.

6. Sights of Christmas in the Northern hemisphere usually include rooftops and snowy hills.

7. Yesterday was but today it is very cold.

8. Polar bears can resist temperatures thanks to their insulating coat of fur and body fat.

The Subjunctive

The subjunctive describes a situation or necessity that results from someone's desire or a condition in nature, like the weather. The subjunctive is formed as follows:

Introduced by an expression like:

thatsubject

Simple form of verb

Rest of sentence

It is necessary you wearwarm clothes during winter

It is important people usesunblock lotion at the beach

It is essential Your father turn onheadlights for driving in the fog

It is advisable children wear boots and raincoats


It is recommended

roads be Salted.

It is better we shutwindows and doors during a hurricane.

Model sentences:

It is important that your father turn on the lights when driving in the fog. (simple form)

It is essential that people shut windows and doors during a hurricane.(simple form)

The Subjunctive in Negative Form

To make a negative sentence with the Subjunctive, simply add not before the verb in simple form:


When it is rainy, it is advisable that you use an umbrella.(simple form)

When it is windy, it is advisable that you not use an umbrella.(simple form)

Pronunciation

A. Stress Patterns and final -y [i] sounds.

As we saw in English 1 Week the final -y sound in English words sound very similar to the Spanish 'i' , i.e. in 'silbar' , 'ciclo', 'simple' etc.


The -y in words related to weather:Listen to and repeat the following words which end with -y.

Note the stress pattern is always " 0 o "

0 o0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o

windy cloudy breezy muggy icy sunny rainy stormy

Pronunciation

B:Two and three syllable stress patterns for common words.

Unlike Spanish, the English language depends a lot on stress for communication.

The word 'permit' for example can mean two things: a noun meaning a document giving the person with the document permission to do something if the stress is on the first syllable 'per.mit .

It can be a verb giving the person permission to do something (no document involved). The pronunciation would be on the second syllable: per'mit.

Notice the stress patterns on these words

0 o o0 o o 0 o

'actually(in fact, in reality)

'slowly ex'actly

Practice

Listen carefully to the following commonly used words in English and indicate the stress patterns

1) 0 o o2) 0 o 3) o 0 o

or you hear.



1. rapidly

2. remotely

3. quickly

4. hopefully

5. precisely

6. really!

7. totally

8. frankly

9. unkindly

10. certainly

11. slowly

12. happily

13. hopefully

14. unlikely

15. sweetly

16. completely

17. nicely

18. entirely

19. exactly

20. rudely

Index

Objectives Objectives

Vocabulary Practice

Reading What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?


Practice

Vocabulary The WeatherThe WeatherPractice

Grammar The Subjunctive

Vocabulary Practice

Grammar The Subjunctive in Negative Form

Vocabulary Practice

Pronunciation Stress PatternsStress PatternsPractice

Objectives

What is the Weather Like?

FunctionsObjectives

Talking about the weather

Giving advice and recommendations

Use the subjunctive to give recommendations

Use adjectives to describe the weather




Because The United States is such a big country, it has a wide rangeof different climates and weather. Much of the country experiences the four seasons; winter, spring, summer, and autumn.

Most of the states in the north get quite a bit of snow in the winter. Though a snowy landscape can be an impressive sight, it brings with itconsequences which affect the way a society functions. For example, itis necessary to put salt on the roadways so that cars do not slip andslide on icy roads. In addition, it is recommended that people usespecial tires on their cars for further protection against this hazard. Snow storms called blizzards, occur quite often in the northeastern portion of the country and may shutdown schools and businesses temporarily.

The snow, however, provides wonderful entertainment for people, especially children, who love to make snowmen, get into snowball fights, go sledding, go skiing, and go ice- skating.


Spring follows winter and it is a pretty time when the leaves on the trees start growing and the flowers start budding. It is also the season that brings forth a lot of rain.

The weather is usually mild and very enjoyable. In more rural areas, one can see the return of certain animals, which had been sheltered during the winter.


Summer is the hottest time of year. The days are longer and sunnier and people often head outdoors for recreation.

People flock to the parks and the countryside to practice sports, go hiking, and swimming.

It is a great American pastime to have outdoor cookouts with different meats and vegetables simmering on the grill. It still rains quite a bit in the summer, too, so thunderstorms sometimes do spoil plans.




Autumn comes after summer, which is a special time in the United States. In autumn, also called the fall, children return to school after their long summer vacation.

The American diet also changes at this time because it is the time of harvest and some of the vegetables harvested at this time are staples of American cuisine. Among these are: pumpkins, squash, cranberries, apples, yams and corn.In the fall, the weather starts to cool down once again.

This cooling period may be accompanied by strong gusts of wind and cloudy skies. However, the most striking feature of autumn is the color of the leaves on the trees. These turn into breathtaking shades of red, orange, yellow, and brown.

Soon, these leaves will begin to fall to the ground signaling the coming winter and yet another cycle in the seasons.

The Weather

The Weather in the United States changes a great deal from season to season, therefore, forecasters and people in general use a variety of words to describe what the weather is like. Many



of these words are adjectives and they are created by adding the suffix 'y to nouns such as:

snow snowy

wind windy

rain rainy

cloud cloudy

storm stormy

The Weather

Nouns ending in e, like ice or breeze, drop the e and add y:

breezebreezy

ice icy

3-letter words that have a consonant-vowel-consonant combination double the second consonant before adding the sufix 'y:

fogfoggy

mud muddy

sun sunny

mug muggy

Other adjectives used for describing the temperature include:

FreezingIcy Cold Cool Warm Hot


Practice

Choose an adjective from the list to complete the following descriptions of the weather:

warmsnowy cloudy sunny breezy icy freezing muddy cool

1. It rained so much that all the roads turned

2. roads are a risk of the long winters in Canada.

3. In the Caribbean the weather is commonly and humid.

4. skies and thunderstorms are typical during the summer in South Florida.

5. We had to wear special clothes to protect us against the wind. It was and extremely cold.

6. Sights of Christmas in the Northern hemisphere usually include rooftops and snowy hills.

7. Yesterday was but today it is very cold.

8. Polar bears can resist temperatures thanks to their insulating coat of fur and body fat.

The Subjunctive

The subjunctive describes a situation or necessity that results from someone's desire or a condition in nature, like the weather. The subjunctive is formed as follows:

Introduced by an that subject Simple form of

verbRest of sentence



expression like:

It is necessary you wearwarm clothes during winter

It is important people usesunblock lotion at the beach

It is essential Your father turn onheadlights for driving in the fog

It is advisable children wearboots and raincoats

It is recommended

roads be Salted.

It is better we shutwindows and doors during a hurricane.

Model sentences:

It is important that your father turn on the lights when driving in the fog. (simple form)

It is essential that people shut windows and doors during a hurricane.(simple form)

The Subjunctive in Negative Form

To make a negative sentence with the Subjunctive, simply add not before the verb in simple form:

When it is rainy, it is advisable that you use an umbrella.(simple form)

When it is windy, it is advisable that you not use an umbrella.(simple form)


Pronunciation

A. Stress Patterns and final -y [i] sounds.

As we saw in English 1 Week the final -y sound in English words sound very similar to the Spanish 'i' , i.e. in 'silbar' , 'ciclo', 'simple' etc.

The -y in words related to weather:Listen to and repeat the following words which end with -y.

Note the stress pattern is always " 0 o "

0 o0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o

windy cloudy breezy muggy icy sunny rainy stormy

Pronunciation

B:Two and three syllable stress patterns for common words.

Unlike Spanish, the English language depends a lot on stress for communication.

The word 'permit' for example can mean two things: a noun meaning a document giving the person with the document permission to do something if the stress is on the first syllable 'per.mit .

It can be a verb giving the person permission to do something (no document involved). The pronunciation would be on the second syllable: per'mit.

Notice the stress patterns on these words

0 o o0 o o 0 o

'actually(in fact, in reality)

'slowly ex'actly

Practice

Listen carefully to the following commonly used words in English and indicate the stress patterns




1) 0 o o2) 0 o 3) o 0 o

or you hear.

1. rapidly

2. remotely

3. quickly

4. hopefully

5. precisely

6. really!

7. totally

8. frankly

9. unkindly

10. certainly

11. slowly

12. happily

13. hopefully

14. unlikely

15. sweetly

16. completely

17. nicely

18. entirely

19. exactly

20. rudely

Index


Vocabulary Practice

http://www.unad.us/santander/EN02/unit003/week003_001.html



Reading What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?Practice

Vocabulary The WeatherThe WeatherPractice

Grammar The Subjunctive

Vocabulary Practice

Grammar The Subjunctive in Negative Form

Vocabulary Practice

Pronunciation Stress PatternsStress PatternsPractice

UNIDAD 4

Index


Vocabulary Practice

Reading How much does it weigh?

Vocabulary PracticePractice





http://www.unad.us/santander/EN02/unit003/week003_009_01.html











Practice

Grammar Comparative AdjectivesComparative Adjectives

Vocabulary Practice

Grammar Comparative Adjectives

Vocabulary Practice

Pronunciation Review of Unvoiced and Voiced Consonant Sounds

The consonant sounds [ ] and [ ].

The unvoiced consonant [ ]Interlude about Final [s]Practice

The voiced consonant sound [ ]

The voiced consonant sound [ ]Vowel sound [a ]Practice

Objectives

Functions Objectives

Asking information about price and length for sending a package or letter

Discussing several alternatives

Making comparisons

Use comparatives related to price, dimension, size and weight

Use vocabulary related to the post office, its services and mailing a letter or package







How much does it weigh?

(Kevin is waiting in line at the Post Office)

POSTAL WORKER: May I help you, please?KEVIN: Hi! How are you. I want to send this package to England, please.P.W. (taking the package) Do you want to send it by surface mail, first classmail or special delivery?KEVIN: How much does it cost by surface mail?P.W. It costs $2.00 per pound of weight, sir.KEVIN: How much does it weigh? P.W. (weighs the package) Let's put it on the scale and we'll know its weight. There: three pounds ten ounces, sir. That's six dollars forty five cents ($6.45) .KEVIN: Sounds good. How long does it take to get there?P.W. About one month, sir.KEVIN: That' s a long time. How about first class mail?P.W. That's $8.00 per pound that's 3lb 10oz times 8 that's er...(he enters the amount on the calculator) $25.10, sir.KEVIN: And how long does it take?P.W. About a week, sir.KEVIN: O.K. I'll send it first class mail.P.W. Can I help you with anything else sir? Do you need stamps?KEVIN: Yes, O.K. give me a book of ten stamps.P.W. That's twenty eight dollars eighty cents, sir. Thank you, sir.


Practice

TYPE LAT. AM. EUROPE ASIA OCEANIA

Surface Mail $1.50 per lb $2.00 per lb $3.00 per lb $4.00 per lb

First Class $3.00 $8.00 $10.00 $12.00

Special Delivery $10.00 $12.00 $14.00 $16.00

Fill in the details of the following dialogues from information from the chart.

KEVIN: How much does it cost to send this package to Venezuela by surface mail? POSTAL WORKER: How much does it weigh?KEVIN: It weighs 4 lb.PW. That's dollars, sir.

MITCHELL: How much does it cost to send a 5lb package to Australia?PW. By ?

MITCHELL: No, not by surface mail, first class mail.PW. That's $ , sir.

MARY: How much does it to send a 2lb package to Paris?

PW A 2 lb package to Paris? By surface mail, 1st class or special delivery?MARY: Special delivery.

PW That's $ dollars, miss.

Practice

Select the right word/words to complete the following sentences.

Possible choices :



First class mailSurface mail Special delivery weight weigh

1. is more expensive than other kinds of delivery

2.How much does this package ?

3. The price depends on the of the package.

4. takes shorter than regular mail.

5. is good for short distances and is less expensive than other services.

A note about weigh and weight: The word weigh is a verb while the word weight is a noun: I.e. A heavy object weighs more than a light object, because its weight is higher. (verb) (noun)

Comparative Adjectives

Adjectives modify nouns, they describe how things are (animate and inanimate). In the specific context of mailing a letter or package, four kinds of adjectives come in handy. These are:

Adjectives describing size

Adjectives describing dimension

Adjectives describing price

Adjectives describing weight

large deep Cheap light

bulky tall inexpensive heavy

oversized wide moderate

small reasonable

undersized expensive


When you make comparisons using these adjectives you must use their comparative forms. Let's review how comparative forms are made:

Short adjectives: add erShort adjectives ending in y: drop (eliminate) the y and add:



I.e. This package is larger than this other.

ier

I.e. This package is heavier than this other.

Longer adjectives: use the word more before the adjective

I.e. First class mail is more expensive than surface mail.

Note: in a setence, when the second term of the comparison (second object being compared) is included, you must use the word than. Let's look at the previous examples again:

This package is larger than this other.

This package is heavier than this other.

First class mail is more expensive than surface mail.

Practice

Provide the comparative form of the following adjectives:

Bulky

Small

Inexpensive

Deep

Tall


Wide

Cheap

Reasonable


Sometimes when you compare you use the word less. This happens when the second object you are comparing has a given attribute in a lesser degree. The word less is used for all adjectives, short and long, and when you use it, the adjective remains intact.

Look at the following examples:

Bulkyless bulky

Expensive less expensive

Tall less tall

Wide less wide

Cheap less cheap

Reasonable less reasonable

Practice

Fill in the blank with the correct comparative of the adjective in parenthesis. (+) indicates more and (-) indicates less. Remember that shorter adjectives add er/ier when they are used to indicate more:

Example: small (+) smaller



1. Air mail is (expensive +) than surface mail.

2.This package is (heavy +) than I thought. It will be very expensive to

mail it.

3.This box is (wide -) than the toy. It won't fit. We need a wider box.

4.This receptacle is for (light +) parcels, letters and postcards only.

5.The mailman could not deliver the package, it was way (tall +) than the

space in the mailbox.

6.This envelope is (small +) than the letter. We need to buy a larger one.

7. Mailing a package in the U.S. is (expensive -) than it is in other

countries.

8. It will not fit! We need a (deep +) box.

Review of Unvoiced and Voiced Consonant Sounds

As we learned in English 1 there are consonant sounds are almost the same as Spanish consonant sounds and some which differ. In the following review list the unvoiced sounds on the left have the same articulation as its voiced 'twin' in the right column:

UNVOICEDVOICED

[f] fan [faen] [v] van [vaen]

[k] kill [kil] [g] gill [g l]

[p] pet [p t] [b] bet [b t]


[t] tent [t nt] [d] dent [d nt]

[ ] cheap [ p] [ ] jeep [ i:p]

As you pronounce the letters in the left column and those on the right, you should feel your vocal chords vibrate (touch your throat lightly as you pronounce each sound).


These unvoiced and voiced sounds are very common in English and must be learned.

The tongue is placed between the teeth and air from the lungs is forced over the top part of the tongue. The lower jaw is then opened slightly and the [ ] and/or [ ] is pronounced.

The unvoiced [0] sound is not found in spoken Latin American Spanish but is quite common in Iberian Spanish in c before the vowels i and e. [ inta] , [ entro], cinta, centro and the z before

any vowel sound: [ ara'go a] Zaragoza, [' ero] zero, [' ulu] Zulu, etc.

This is the LAST voiceless consonant sound we will study all other consonant sounds in English which we have not studied m, n, l etc. are ALL VOICED.

The unvoiced consonant [ ]

Initial Medial Final

thin method bath

thank something mouth

think anything month

thick birthday teeth

thrifty nothing path

three healthy breath



thoughts author truth

thief wealthy lath

Interlude about Final [s]

In English 1 week 10, we stated that the final voiceless [s] only followed the voiceless consonants [f], [k], [p], [t] (Frank Pritchett or Frank Prescott).

Here we will look at the [ ] sound which is mainly followed by voiceless [s] in FRACTIONS.

Fractions are expressed, as in Spanish, with a cardinal number written above a line with an ordinal number below it i.e. 1/16th (one sixteenth)- you will notice the [ ] 'th' sound on the ordinal number).

With more than one digit this must be pluralized i.e. 3/16ths (three sixteenths).

The [ ] -s sound is EXTREMELY difficult for a Spanish speaker to pronounce and must be

practiced constantly. The [ ] is the only sound besides [f] , [k], [p] and [t] which is followed by a

voiceless [s].

Practice

Repeat the following fractions after the recording

5

10ths

4

7ths

8

15ths

6

29ths

13

24ths

5

8ths

17

64ths

18

27ths



8

17ths


This sound is heard in Spanish as an inter-vocalic 'd' sound as in 'nada','enfado' 'lodo' etc.

initial medial final

that father breathe

these mother teethe

this brother smooth

those other soothe

then another

they although

them neither

there either


*NOTE: There are not many words that begin with the [ ] sound in English. The the definite article 'the' however is very

common as well as all the words in this first column and MUST be pronounced correctly.

My mother hates this weather.


Those clothes are for cold weather.

My brother is not bothered by the weather.

This is nice smooth leather.

Vowel sound [a ]

This sound is common in Spanish sounding like the 'au' in Claudia, claudicar , augurio etc. In English it is spelled in several ways.

Pronounce the following words after your instructor

INITIAL MEDIAL FINAL

out house now

ounce about how

hour stout cow

outage clown sow

outing noun chow

ours drown bough

ouch frown allow

Practice

Fill in the blanks with the correct word with the [a ] sound. Check the list in the red book.




1. A big animal which produces milk.

2. A funny man at a circus.

3. 60 minutes.

4. Not later! ! at this moment!

5. In and .

6. It's not yours, it's

7. that hurts!!!

8. People live in this place.

Index


Vocabulary Practice

Reading How much does it weigh?

Vocabulary PracticePracticePractice

Grammar Comparative AdjectivesComparative Adjectives

Vocabulary Practice

Grammar Comparative Adjectives

Vocabulary Practice

Pronunciation Review of Unvoiced and Voiced Consonant Sounds


The unvoiced consonant [ ]Interlude about Final [s]Practice


The voiced consonant sound [ ]Vowel sound [a ]Practice

UNIDAD 5

Index


- When we go on a trip: new words

Listening Listening: We had a blast!Practice

Grammar Go + gerund (ing form)PracticePractice 3Simple Past TenseIrregular VerbsPractice 4Practice 5







http://www.unad.us/santander/EN02/unit005/week005_index

Vocabulary Time Markers Used with Past TensePractice 6

Pronunciation The -ED endings for REGULAR VERBSExamplesPractice 7Practice 8Practice 9

The voiced consonant sound [ ]Practice 10

Objectives

Week 5: We had a blast!

FunctionsObjectives

Talking about short trips and recreational activities

Talking about past events

Framing past events in time

Use past tense to describe recreational activities and narrate short trips

Distinguish and use past tense forms of regular/irregular verbs in affirmative form

Use vocabulary related to recreational activities

Use time markers to frame past events



Reading: We had a blast!

Karen and Henry have just returned from their trip to Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Read as they tell Peter about their experience.

PETER: Hey you guys! I see you got back from your trip, so tell me how it was!HENRY: It's good to see you again Pete! Oh man, it was great! We had a blast!KAREN: We sure did! However, I must say that the first few days were abit rough.PETER: Really? What happened?KAREN: Well the first day we got to Ft. Lauderdale, we realized that we forgot to make arrangements for our stay there.HENRY: Yeah we didn't call any of the hotels before we left. We thought that we could probably find a cheap motel near the beach when we got there; but, when we arrived, everything was full! There weren't any vacancies anywhere!PETER: So what did you do?KAREN: We wandered around the beachside a little while with our backpacks. KAREN: We finally found a place near the beach and moved in.PETER: So what did you do the rest of the time you were there?KAREN: We went swimming nearly everyday and we got sunburned!HENRY: Yeah, we were out in the sun so long that we got a pretty bad sunburn! The next day we were in some pain!PETER: That doesn't sound like it was fun.KAREN: That part wasn't, but all in all we had a great time.HENRY: We went hunting for seashells the following day, despite our sunburns!KAREN: The water was a little cold, but it felt good on our sunburns!PETER: You guys really had a good time, didn't you? I just wish I could go down to Florida where the weather isn't cold and gloomy. I would enjoy a change from this Minnesota winter!

Practice



Select True or False for the following statements

1. The first few days of Karen and Henry's trip were very comfortable.

2. They planned their trip before getting there.

3. They did not find a cheap motel and had to walk along the beach for hours.

4. They used sun-block lotion and did not get a sunburn.

5. They went hunting for wild forest animals

6. The water was somewhat cold, but it was good for their sunburns.

Go + gerund (ing form)

The combination Go + gerund (ing form) is used to refer to recreational activities, including hobbies and some sports, that people enjoy when they go on a short trip or vacation.

These activities are usually outdoor and entail some contact with nature.

Look at the following expressions, taken from the listening above:

Wewent swimming (past tense of go) + gerund

nearly everyday

Wewent hunting (past tense of go) + gerund

for seashells


Practice 3

Select the correct option.

1. We went in Miami.

2. They went in the sea.

3. You went in New York.

4. Mary and Laura went in Las Vegas.

Simple Past Tense




Regular Verbs

The simple past is created simply by adding -ED to regular verbs. Regular verbs have the same form for both, the simple past and the past participle:

Simple formSimple Past Past Participle

Stay Stayed Stayed

Carry Carried Carried

Walk Walked Walked

(Click on the RED BOOK for a list of regular English verbs)

Some regular verbs, however, require additional changes to their ending. These is how they create their simple past form:

Verbs ending in eAdd -d

Examples:

love loved

live lived

Verbs ending in consonant+y Drop the y and add ied

Examples:

Carry carried

Copy copied

Verbs ending in vowel + consonant (except y/w)

Double the consonant before adding -ed

Clap clapped

Hug hugged

Irregular Verbs

Forming the past form of irregular verbs is not as easy as it is with regular verbs. What makes these verbs irregular is exactly the way in which they form their past tense and past participle forms, which, in most cases, are different. The following verbs are irregular, notice that their past tense and past participle forms are different:

Simple formSimple Past Past Participle

Come came come

Go went gone

Do did done



(Click on the RED BOOK for a list of regular English verbs)

Of course, the most famous irregular verb in the English language is 'be'. This is how it forms its past tense:

SingularPlural

I was We were

You were You were

He/she/it was They were

Practice 4

Select the correct option.

1. He swam 20 miles at the beach the other day.

2. She took a taxi to 87th Street.

3. You preferred going sailing than going rafting.

4. They gave me a confirmation number for my hotel reservation.

5. The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last week.

6. My family visited me for Christmas last year.

Practice 5



Write the correct past tense form of the following verbs:

1. She (go) to her friend's house on Friday.

2. The flight (be) delayed for a few hours.

3. The air conditioning in our room (break) down.

4. They (have) breakfast by the pool.

5. We (rent) a sailboat and went sailing all afternoon.

6. I (go) rafting on the pristine South Carolina Rivers.

7. The girl (jump) over the fence to get to her aunt's house.

8. My sister (arrive) from New Orleans yesterday.

Time Markers Used with Past Tense

The simple past tense is used to refer to events in the past. It is usually accompanied with some expressions that indicate when things happened. These expressions are called time markers. Look at the following example:

The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last week

The expression last week is a time marker. Many other words are used following last to indicate when something occurred in the past:

+ day of the week: last Monday, last Saturday

Last + month last January, Last November

+ season or holiday last winter, last Halloween


+ night, week, year last night, last year

The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last summer

Or you can use words like: yesterday, the day/night before, the week before, a day of the week, month, year or date.

The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach on Friday

Or

The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach in July

You can also use the word ago with to indicate the amount of time that has passed since something happened:

Two days agoTwo days have passed

Two weeks ago Two weeks have passed

The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach two weeks ago

The -ED endings for REGULAR VERBS

It is very important for the student to know the three principal sounds for -ED endings for regular verbs in order to pronounce them well.

The three main sounds are 1) [ t ], 2) [ d ] and 3) [ Id ].


1. The [ t ] sound follows UNVOICED consonants which are the following

Listen carefully as your instructor pronounces these unvoiced sounds.

[ f ]

[ k ]

[ p ]

* verbs with a [t] ending are not included in this analysis

[ ]

Fricative sounds

[ s ]

[ ]

[ ]

Examples

Study the following regular verbs in the past tense and their phonetic transcription. Repeat the verbs after your instructor.

stuffed [st^ft]

kicked [k kt]

stamped [staempt]

frothed [fra t]

placed [ple st]

pushed [p t]

pinched [p nt t]

Practice 7

Inicate 'same' or 'different' as you hear the following sounds.



1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Practice 8

Listen to the following sentences and select verbal sound you hear.

1. We at the clown.

2. They the dog.

3. They the homework.

4. They the exam.


5. I always my mother.

6. You the baby.

7. We our bags.

8. We the ball.

Practice 9

Indicate which of the following REGULAR verbs (in the bare infinitive form)have the [t] ending in the PAST SIMPLE (-ED) TENSE. Indicate 1) a [t] ending and 2) no [t] ending.

Consult the list of voiceless endings at the beginning of this section.(Red Book)

1. wish

2. join

3. change

4. pick

5. exist

6. fill

7. flip

8. watch

11. clap

12. rob

14. claim

15. love

16. like

17. pronounce

18. pull

19. hate



9. fix

10. call

20. fish


This is the LAST unfamiliar voiced consonant sound we will see in the English Language. As mentioned before all other voiced consonant sounds are very similar to their equivalent in Spanish and will not be studied in this course.The [ ] phoneme is

mainly found only in parts of Argentina in words like 'llano','llamar', 'llave' or with the 'y' in 'yo', 'Yolanda' etc. Although initial [ ]

is very common in French [ eim] 'j'aime' , [ a'di:] 'jadis' it does not exist in this initial position in standard English or Spanish.

MEDIAL FINAL

vision garage

pleasure beige

casual mirage

explosion prestige

usual massage

negligee corsage

illusion rouge

Asian

Practice 10

Sound discrimination

Listen carefully to the following sentences and indicate if you hear the first sentence or if you hear the second sentence.



1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Index


- When we go on a trip: new words

Listening Listening: We had a blast!




http://www.unad.us/santander/EN02/unit005/week005_index

Practice

Grammar Go + gerund (ing form)PracticePractice 3Simple Past TenseIrregular VerbsPractice 4Practice 5

Vocabulary Time Markers Used with Past TensePractice 6

Pronunciation The -ED endings for REGULAR VERBSExamplesPractice 7Practice 8Practice 9

The voiced consonant sound [ ]Practice 10

UNIDAD 6

index


- Practice

Listening How did the cricket match go?

Vocabulary Practice

Listening Practice 1




















Vocabulary More go + gerund: weekend activitiesPractice 2

Grammar Negative Statements in Past TensePractice 3Yes/No questions in Past TensePractice 4Answering Yes / No questionsWh- Questions in Simple Past:Questions about the subjectQuestions about the predicatePractice 5Practice 5Practice 6

Pronunciation -ED regular verb endings with VOICED CONSONANTSExamplesPractice 7Practice 8Practice 9A word about the [h] soundPast Tense Regular Verbs ending in [t] or [d]Practice 10

Objectives

What did you do over the weekend?

FunctionsObjectives

Talking about past events in everyday colloquial English

Talking about customary weekend recreational activities

Use various types of question and answer forms in the past tense: yes/no and wh- questions and affirmative/negative answers

Use the past tense forms of verbs of common everyday use

Use vocabulary related to weekend activities

Practice



Look at the Score Board from a cricket match last Saturday.

How did the cricket match go?

FRANK: How did the cricket match go on Saturday, Tom?TOM: I don’t want to talk about it, we lost by 100 runs.FRANK: 100 runs! Who did you play, the local kindergarten school?TOM: (sarcastically) Ha! Ha! Very funny. We played against "amateurs" who looked more like professionals or semi/professionals to me.FRANK: Where did they get their players?TOM: Well, there were some people of Indian and Pakistani origin on their team and they were probably from first-rate teams over there.FRANK: Did you score many runs yourself?TOM: No, I was bowled out on the first ball.FRANK: What! and you are the team’s top scorer! What happened?TOM: It was an old trick. The bowler came up from behind my team-mate at the other end and I couldn’t see him until he threw the ball. I missed it.FRANK: What did you do about that? TOM: I protested, of course, but the official paid no attention.FRANK: Oh, come on. You’re just angry because your team lost.TOM: Angry, yes. But not because we lost. They broke the rules, not us. We didn’t break the rules.

Practice

Select the right word to provide a synonym for the following words. These words correspond to the underlined words in the previous reading:




1.We lost by 100 points.

2. We played against non-professional players

3.The players were from professional teams

4.Did you make many runs?

5.You are the team's best player.

6.One of my fellow players was injured

Practice 1

Select True or False

1. Tom is not happy with the result of the cricket match.

2. Tom's team didn't win.

3. The rival team had professional players.

4. Tom is a good cricket player.

5. Tom thinks the other team was dishonest.

6. Tom is very angry because his team lost.


7. The local kindergarten cricket team is better than Tom's team.

8. Tom's team lost badly.

More go + gerund: weekend activities

In Week 5 we learned to use the combination go + gerund to refer to recreational activities performed during a trip or short vacation. In every-day English, though, the verb GO is used in several combinations to talk about activities people normally do in their free time, specially on weekends:

Weekend activities

Go

for + noun/noun phrase

a walk

a cup of coffee

drinks

We went for a cup of coffee in the afternoon

to + noun/noun phrase

the park

the beach

the game

They went to the cricket match on Saturday

out

for + noun

dinner

lunch

They went

out for dinner on Friday

gerund

shopping

dancing

jogging

They went jogging in the morning

Practice 2

Fill in the following blanks with an activity from the list:



to the beachout for lunch swimming for a cup of coffee jogging for a walk shopping to the Opera

1. We went in the park.

2. They went in Fort Lauderdale.

3. They went at 12:30 p.m.

4. I went for a new pair of shoes last Saturday.

5. We went yesterday! It was an excellent workout.

6. They went The saw Aida, but didn't like it much.

7. The children went in the pool yesterday.

8. My friends went in Starbuck's.

Negative Statements in Past Tense

In week 5 you learned about forming the simple past tense form of regular verbs. You also learned that irregular verbs have a different verb form for the simple past. In this week you will learn to make negative statements in the past tense.

Changing from an affirmative to a negative statement in the past tense is very simple, all you have to do is use the auxiliary did + not, or its contracted form, didn't + the simple form of your verb:

They broke the rules We didn't break the rules


This is true with all subjects, singular and plural, and all verbs, regular and irregular:

I hadI didn't have I didn't have fun at the game

You came You didn't come You didn't come to the movies

She went She didn't go She didn't go dancing on Friday

We liked We didn't like We didn't like that restaurant

You went You didn't go You didn't go out for dinner

They stayed They didn't stay They didn't stay until the end

except the verb to be:

I wasI wasn't I wasn't home on Saturday

You were You weren't

She/he/it was He wasn't He wasn't happy about the result

We were We weren't

You were You weren't

They were They weren't They weren't at the game on Sunday

Practice 3

Fill in the blanks to make the following sentences negative:

1. Tom's team (won)

2. The rival team (had) professional players.

3. My father (was) a good soccer player.

4. The other team (was) dishonest.


5. Mitchell (scored) the winning goal.

6. The children (went) swimming in the pool all afternoon.

7. Tom's sister (came) to visit last night.

8. We (found) bargain prices and sales at the mall!

Yes/No questions in Past Tense

To make a yes / no question, start with did, then the subject, then the simple form of your verb:

Affirmative

Yes/No question word order

Did + subject + simple form

Had Did you have? Did you have fun at the game?

Came Did you come? Did you come home late on Saturday?

Went Did you go? Did you go to the movies last weekend?

Stay Didyou stay? Did you stay home on Friday night?

Was/were Was/were + subject Was she at home ?

No auxiliary is necessary Wereyou at the game?

Take the place of the auxiliary

(before the subject)

Sometimes, you also have to change the subject, to do this, what you normally do is use a different noun or pronoun:

The team lost the gameDid they lose the game?

I had fun at the game Did you have fun at the game?


Practice 4

Complete the following yes/no questions. Fill in the blanks with did + subject + simple form of the verb in parenthesis:

1. (go) to the beach yesterday?

Yes, they went to the beach yesterday.

2. (see)the tennis match on Television?

No, I didn’t. I saw the results on the news last night.

3. (go) out for lunch at 12:00?

No, she went out for lunch at 12:30 p.m.

4. (find) the new pair of shoes she wanted?

Yes, she did. She found a beautiful pair of shoes at The ShoeOutlet.

5. (sleep) late on Sunday?

Yes, he slept until 11 a.m.

6. (watch) television last night?

No, I didn’t. I rented a movie instead.

7. (have) breakfast at the new cafeteria around the corner?

Yes, I did. I had pancakes and scrambled eggs. It was very good!

8. (get) the new book they were looking for?

No, they didn’t. It was sold out.

Answering Yes / No questions



Let's take this question:

Did you go to the movies?To answer, start with:

Yes, + affirmativeYes, I went to the movies

Or

No, + negative No, I didn't go to the movies

A short answer is also possible, and very common when speaking:

Did you go to the movies?

Yes, I did No, I didn't

Wh- Questions in Simple Past

Wh- questions are also called information questions, and they are used to get information that you don't know. Wh-questions in the past tense are formed as follows:

You can make a Wh- question to get information that is either in the subject or the predicate of your answer.

Let's take the following answer:

Luis talked to Gina in the garage

SUBJECT PREDICATE

If you want to know who talked to Gina, then you're looking for information that is in the subject of your answer.

But if you want to know where they talked, then your information is in the predicate of your answer.

This is important because wh- questions are formed in two different ways, depending on the part of the answer (subject or predicate) where the desired information is.

Questions about the subject



To make a question about the subject, simply add who to the beginning of your yes / no question. Then remove the subject.

Note: the subject becomes part of your answer. Look at the following example:

Did Luis talk to Gina in the garage?

Who talked to Gina in the garage?

Luis talked to Gina in the garage

Questions about the predicate

To make a Wh- question about the predicate, simply add a wh- word (what, where, when, how, how much, etc) to the beginning of your yes / no question.

Note: the rest of your yes / no question disappears and becomes part of your answer. Look at the following examples:

Did you go out dinner?When did you go out to dinner?

I went to dinner yesterday.

Were you at the mall on Saturday afternoon?

Where were you on Saturday afternoon ?

I was at the mall.

Practice 5

Complete these questions. Fill in the blanks with the auxiliary did + a verb in simple form or with the verb in simple past. Read the answers carefully to get clues about what to ask.



What you ?

We ate pizza.

Where your parents ?

My parents went to a concert.

When the game ?

The game started at five o'clock

Who the most goals?

They did! Our team lost 7 to 1. What a waste!

Practice 6

Anna is talking to her friend Martha about what she did over the weekend. Fill in the blanks with the verb in parenthesis in affirmative, negative or question form.

(-) indicates negative, ex. go (-) = didn't go.

Anna: I (have) a great time last weekend. Let me tell you about it! On Friday night we (go) to the

movies.

Martha: Oh, yes? What (see) ?

Anna: We (see) a French movie with Gerard Depardieu. It (be) very funny.

Then on Saturday, I (have) (-) to clean my room because a maid came and did it for me. At noon, I went

out for lunch with my friends from the Gym.We (go) to this new Ethiopian restaurant downtown.


Martha: I know. It (open) last month. Is it any good?

Anna: Yes, very. The food is different, though Martha: I imagine, What (have) ?

Anna: Well, we (have) a little bit of everything. We (order) a sample dish that included different kinds

of meats, poultry and vegetables.

Martha: WOW! Sounds good! What about Sunday? Anna: Sunday was the best. My friend from Chicago (come) by surprise and (take) me out shopping.

Then we went for dinner and then dancing until I (drop) It was a lot of fun. We really had a blast!!!!!

-ED regular verb endings with VOICED CONSONANTS

Review of voiced consonants (unvoiced equivalent)

[ v ]( [f] )

[ g ] ([k])

[ b ] ([p])

* the [d] is not pertinent(* the [t] is not pertinent)

fricatives (fricatives)

[ z ] ([s ])

[ ] ([ ])

[ ] ([ ] )

[d ] ([ t ])

[ m, l, w, y, n, r] (no equivalents)


Examples

When the -ED form of a regular verb ends in a voiced consonant it is pronounced with a [d] sound.

loved [l^vd]

bagged [baegd]

stabbed [staebd]

gazed [geizd]

bathed [bei d]

massaged [mae'sa d]

judged [d ^d d]

Practice 7

Indicate 'same' or 'different' when you hear these two sounds.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.



6.

7.

13.

14.

20.

21.

Practice 8

Indicate which of the verbal sounds you hear.

1. We our friends.

2. They up the mountainside.

3. I always them by cell phone.

4. You French in Paris.

5. We new things every day.

6. I my sore leg.

7. You the size in cms.

8. They out Swiss watches.


Practice 9

Listen to the following sounds carefully. Indicate 1) if the final sound of the regular verb -ED form is [t] or 2) if the last -ED sound is [d]

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

A word about the [h] sound



The voiceless consonant [h] has its equivalent in Spanish with various letters 'gemelas', 'gitana' (initial) 'Mexico', (medial) and 'reloj'(final).

In English the final [h] sound does not exist, in that way there is no problem with final -s sounds or final past tense regular verb -ED sounds, they do not exist after [h]].

Listen carefully and pronounce these words after your instructor.

INITIAL MEDIAL

hate behave

hit inhibit

head ahead

handicap inhale

who apprehend

heat adhere

happy inherit

Past Tense Regular Verbs ending in [t] or [d]

If the final consonant sound of a past tense regular verb is [t] or [d] the -ED sound is pronounced [id].

EXAMPLE: ended = [' nd d] hated = [' heit d]

Listen carefully to your instructor and repeat the following past tense regular verb forms.

All of these past tense regular verbs end in [t] or [d] in the bare infinitive: i.e. want -ed ended, etc

1. counted 6. extracted 11. inhibited 16. invited

2. suspended 7. divided 12. loaded 17. exploded

3. contracted 8. invaded 13. apprehended 18. extradited

4. decided 9. united 14. avoided 19. exploited


5. facilitated 10. excited 15. extended 20. compensated

Practice 10

Review of -ED past tense regular verb endings 1) [t], 2) [d] , 3) [Id].

The following regular verbs are written in the bare infinitive (the infinitive without the 'to' marker). Your instructor will read the past tense of these verbs. Mark 1) if you hear the [t] sound of the verb ending, 2) if you hear the [d] sound and 3) if you hear the [Id] sound.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.


index


- Practice

Listening How did the cricket match go?

Vocabulary Practice

Listening Practice 1

Vocabulary More go + gerund: weekend activitiesPractice 2

Grammar Negative Statements in Past TensePractice 3Yes/No questions in Past TensePractice 4Answering Yes / No questionsWh- Questions in Simple Past:Questions about the subjectQuestions about the predicatePractice 5Practice 5Practice 6

Pronunciation -ED regular verb endings with VOICED CONSONANTSExamplesPractice 7Practice 8Practice 9A word about the [h] soundPast Tense Regular Verbs ending in [t] or [d]Practice 10


Documents

Modulo Ingles 2