THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND UTILIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND

ENERGY AT TELUK I IELANO

MOHD. RIZAL ABDUL RASHID

LA (0)

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

TK 2002 1087 M697 2002

THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND UTILIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND

ENERGY AT TELUK MELANO

P. KMIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS

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MOHD. RIZAL ABDUL RASHID

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Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2002

BORANG PENYERAHAN LAPORAN PROJEK

Judul: THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND UTILIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND ENERGY AT TELUK MELANO

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2000/ 2004

Saya MOHD. RIZAL ABDUL RASHID mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah milik penulis clan UNIMAS. 2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan

kebenaran bertulis daripada UNIMAS atau penulis. 3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk pengajian mereka. 4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis atau

UNIMAS. Bayaran royalty adalah mengikut kadar yang dipersetujui kelak. 5. * Saya membenarkan/ tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salman

kertas projek ini sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara mstitusi pengajian tinggi. 6. ** Sila tandakan (ý) di mana kotak yang berkenaan

SULIT

J

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdagah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD vang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana periyelidikan dijalankan).

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh

/ýi nQ U

(TANI3ATANGAN PENULIS)

/

(TANDVANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat tetap: 90 LIAN HUA GDN.. EN. NAZERI ABDUL RAHMAN

LRG. CAPITAL GDN 10. BT. 4 Nama Penvelia

JLN. PENRISSEN. 93250 KUCHING.

SARAWAK.

Tarikh: 22 M.

., 1602

CATATAN * **

Tankh: 2.1 okf a. M. ti Potong yang tidak berkenaan Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT stau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/ or=anisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

APPROVAL SHEET

This project entitled "The Feasibility Study Of The Implementation And

Utilization Of Photovoltaic And Wind Energy At Teluk Melano" was prepared

and submitted by Mohd. Rizal Abdul Rashid as a partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Mechanical

and Manufacturing System is hereby read and approved by:

e

Date: AA Oct ao'b-

(SUPERVISOR)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to thank En. Nazeri Abd. Rahman for his

guidance, patience and support, which has enable the project to run smoothly.

Many thanks to the staff of the Sarawak Wildlife and Natural Park

Department, as well as the Malaysia Meteorological Department (Sarawak

branch) for their invaluable assistance. Not forgetting, the kind people of Teluk

Melano without whom this project will not be successful, thank you. Finally, to

the author's family and friends, a heartfelt gratitude for their existence and

love.

1

ABSTRAK

Tenaga dari sumber yang boleh dan akan habis telah menyebabkan

berbagai masalah seperti pencemaran udara, pemanasan global, risiko nuklear,

krisis tenaga dan bermacam-macam lagi. Oleh itu, adalah logik untuk manusia

mencari sumber tenaga alternatif. Tenaga dari matahari dalam bentuk

langsung atau tidak langsung, seperti tenaga angin, semakin dikenali sebagai

sumber untuk menjana elektrik di merata tempat. Bagaimanapun, di Sarawak,

bentuk tenaga alternatif ini belum digunakan dengan meluas biarpun di

tempat terpencil. Kawasan seperti ini adalah terpisah dari grid nasional dan

oleh itu, lebih gemar menggunakan penjana elektrik enjin diesel. Kajian ini

adalah bertujuan untuk menentukan sama ada penggunaan tenaga alternatif

boleh dijalankan di satu kawasan terpencil iaitu Teluk Melano. Teluk Melano

adalah terletak di daerah Lundu, Sarawak. Perkampungan ini terdiri daripada

50 buah rumah, sebuah sekolah rendah dan sebuah balai polis. Satu kajian

penggunaan tenaga di Teluk Melano telah dijalankan sebelum satu sistem

photovoltaic dan satu sistem turbin angin ditentukan saiznya. Keputusan

kajian im mencadangkan bahawa satu sistem penjanaan elektrik yang berskala

besar perlu diadakan sekiranya menggunakan tenaga alternatif tersebut.

ii

ABSTRACT

In view of the many problems such as air pollutions, global warming,

nuclear risks, energy crisis and many others associated with the currently

available exhaustible energy forms; it is therefore only logical to look for

alternatives. Energy from the sun, be it in direct or indirect form such as the

wind energy, are getting more recognized in terms of its capabilities in

providing sources for electricity generation in many parts of the world. In

Sarawak, however, these forms of alternatives have yet to gain much use even

in the less densely populated area. These mostly rural areas are disconnected

from the national grid and therefore rely mainly on diesel generators for

electricity generation. As such, this study will attempt to determine the

feasibility of these alternative energies for electricity generation in one such

area, Teluk Melano. Teluk Melano is located in the Lundu district of Sarawak.

The village consists of 50 houses, a primary school and a police station. An

energy consumption study of Teluk Melano has been carried out before sizing of

a photovoltaic system and a wind turbine system can begin. The results of this

study suggested that a large-scale electricity generator system is required in

order to provide electrification by means of alternative energy.

111

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Abstrak

Abstract

Contents

List Of Tables

List Of Figures

Nomenclatures

Abbreviation

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Solar Energy

1.2 Solar Photovoltaic System

1.2.1 Photovoltaic Fundamentals

1.2.2 Modules and Arrays

1.2.3 PV System

1.2.4 Economics

Page

i

11

iu

iv

viii

xi

xiV

xvi

1

2

4

4

6

8

9

1.3 Wind Energy 10

1.3.1 Wind Classification 12

1.3.2 Energy In The Wind 14

1.3.3 Wind Energy Production 15

1.3.4 Environmental Impact and the Economics 18

1.4 Objectives of Study 18

iv

Chapter 2 Literature Review 20

2.1 Principles of Solar Energy 20

2.1.1 Solar Radiation 21

2.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum 21

2.2 Solar Photovoltaic: History and Development 22

2.3 PV Technologies 24

2.3.1 Thick Crystalline Materials 25

2.3.2 Thin Film Technology 25

2.3.3 Concentrators 26

2.4 Wind Energy: History and Development 26

2.5 Wind Turbine Characteristics 28

2.5.1 Wind Turbine Configuration 29

2.5.2 Power Coefficient 30

2.6 Wind Turbine Technologies 31

2.6.1 Types of Wind Turbines 31

2.6.2 Wind Farms 32

Chapter 3 Methodology 34

3.1 Location of Study 34

3.2 Data Collection 35

3.3 Power Generation and Consumption 35

3.4 Wind Turbine Selection 36

3.5 PV System Sizing 36

Chapter 4 Data Analysis 37

4.1 Energy Consumption 37

4.1.1 Current Estimated Energy Consumption 38

4.1.2 Future Estimated Energy Consumption 41

V

4.2 Solar Data 43

4.2.1 Module Sizing 44

4.2.2 Battery Sizing 45

4.3 Wind Data 47

4.3.1 Power Available From The Wind 48

4.3.2 Energy Available From The Wind 49

Chapter 5 Results And Discussions 52

5.1 Energy Generations And Consumption In Teluk 52 Melano

5.2 Sizing The PV System 54

5.2.1 Sizing The Number Of Modules Required 55

5.2.2 Sizing The Number Of Batteries Required 58

5.2.3 Sizing Inverters 60

5.2.4 Comments On PV System 61

5.3 Sizing The Wind Turbine System 63

5.3.1 Wind Power Calculation 64

5.3.2 Energy Generated 68

5.3.3 Comments On The Wind Turbine System 72

Chapter 6 Conclusion And Recommendations 73

6.1 Conclusion 73

6.1.1 Current Energy Generation Scenario In Teluk 74 Melano

6.1.2 Energy Consumption In Teluk Melano

6.1.3 Solar PV System

6.1.4 Wind Turbine System

6.2 Recommendations

6.2.1 Implementing Grid Connection

74

75

76

77

77

vi

6.2.2 Practice Of Lower Energy Consumption 77

6.2.3 Implementing Hybrid System 78

6.2.4 Implementing PV System For Individual 78 Dwellings

6.2.5 Improving Centralized Diesel Generator System 79

Bibliography

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

80

84

85

88

Vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4-1 Daily Energy Consumption Of 20 Houses As Gathered 39

From Survey

Table 4-2 Daily Energy Consumption Of Primary School And Police 39

Station

Table 4-3 Current Estimated Energy Consumption For Different 41

Premises

Table 4-4 Typical Use Of Electricity For Appliances When Home Is 42

Connected To Mains Supply

Table 4-5 Future Estimated Energy Consumption With Varying 42

Elements

Table 4-6 Specifications Of The Solar Modules For Sizing Purposes 45

Table 4-7 Specifications Of The Solar Modules For Sizing Purposes 46

Table 4-8 Wind Data For The Year 2001 47

Table 4-9 Wind Turbine Specification 51

viii

Table 5-1 Estimated Energy Consumption Of The Whole Of Teluk 53

Melano

Table 5-2 Resulting Daily Output Of One Module For Various 55

Types Of Modules

Table 5-3 Resulting Minimum Number Of Modules Required For 56

Current Energy Consumption

Table 5-4 Resulting Minimum Number Of Modules Required For 58

Future Energy Consumption

Table 5-5 Results Of Total Usable Capacity Needed According To 59

Consumption

Table 5-6 Resulting Minimum Number Of Batteries Required For 59

Gelled Battery

Table 5-7 Resulting Minimum Number Of Batteries Required For 60

Lead-Acid Battery

Table 5-8 Inverter Specification 61

Table 5-9 Generated Theoretical Maximum Power Available From 65

Maximum Surface Wind Speed Of Year 2001

ix

Table 5-10 Generated Theoretical Actual Power Available From 66

Maximum Surface Wind Speed Of Year 2001

Table 5-11 Average theoretical Energy Generated For Each Turbine 68

With Assumption of 0.5-hour/day Maximum Surface

Wind Speed Occurrences

Table 5-12 Percentage Of Energy Consumption To Energy 71

Generation By A Single Turbine

Table 5-13 Percentage Of Energy Consumption To Energy 71

Generation By Two Turbines

X

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 World Potovoltaic Usage (megawatts), 1971 With 3

Projections To 2005

Figure 1-2 Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar Cell's Features 5

Figure 1-3 Solar Modules Of Various Shapes And Sizes 6

Figure 1-4 Basic Requirements For a PV System 10

Figure 1-5 World Wind Energy Generating Capacity (megawatts) 12

1981 With Projections To 2005

Figure 1-6 Graph Of Altitude (feet) Vs. Wind Speed (mph) 16

Figure 1-7 Graph Of Energy Per Square Meter (W/m2) Vs. Wind 17

Speed (m/s)

Figure 1-8 Graph Of Relationship Between Energy Output, Wind 17

Speed And Rotor

Figure 2-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 22

xi

Figure 2-2 19th Century American Approximation Of `Panemone', a 27

Vertical Persian Windmill, To Pump Water

Figure 2-3 Upwind And Downwind Configurations For Horizontal 32

Axis Turbines

Figure 2-4 Wind Farm Of Zond-40 600kW Wind Turbines In Texas 33

Figure 4-1 Daily Insolation As Monthly Averages Of Sites In Lundu 43

District

Figure 4-2 Graphical Representation Of Wind Data For Year Of 48

2001

Figure 5-1 Graphical Representation Of Table 5-3 Exaggerates Even 56

More The Differences In The Minimum Number Of

Modules For The Different Types Of Modules

Figure 5-2 Monthly Mean Wind Speed For Year 2001 63

Figure 5-3 Graphical Representation Of Generated Theoretical 67

Maximum Power Available From Maximum Surface

Wind Speed Of Year 2001

xii

Figure 5-4 Graphical Representation Of Generated Theoretical 67

Actual Power Available From Maximum Surface Wind

Speed Of Year 2001

Figure 5-5 Comparison Between The Current Estimated Energy 69

Consumption And The Energy Generated By The

Respective Wind Turbines

Figure 5-6 Comparison Between The Future Estimated Energy 70

Consumption And The Energy Generated By The

Respective Wind Turbines

X111

NOMENCLATURES

Roman

A: Area normal to the wind (m22)

CFWI : Full capacity of battery (Ah at 12V)

CT12 : Total usable capacity needed (Ah at 12V)

DOD : Depth of discharge (%)

Ei, : Daily requirement of one appliance (Wh)

EMod : Daily output of one module at 12V (Wh)

ET : Total daily power requirement (Wh)

H: Duration of daily use (h)

IMod : Module current (A)

NBatt ; Minimum number of batteries required

NMod : Minimum number of modules required

PHD : Peak hours per day (equivalent to kWh/m2)

PA : Power of appliance (W)

pn, t : Theoretical actual obtainable power from wind (W)

Fern, Atmospheric pressure (mbar)

PMsx : Theoretical maximum obtainable power from wind (W)

Kind : Power from wind (W)

RTB : Radius of wind turbine blade (m)

T Temperature (°K)

Ti)., : Period of storage required (days)

uW : Wind velocity (m/s)

xiv

Greek

p: Density of air (kg/m3)

cBc Battery charging efficiency (%)

xv

ABBREVIATIONS

AC Alternating current

DC Direct current

NA Not available

PV Photovoltaic

xvi

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

With the advancement of society and its surroundings, the need for

electricity energy arises steadily for developing countries like Malaysia. It is

however economically unfeasible for electricity to be supplied to the whole

nation by means of a national grid alone. There will always be rural areas that

are too remote and cut-off from the grid; and therefore could not be connected to

the grid (not economically justifiable anyway), and yet with enough population

convinced of the need for electricity. Providing these rural areas with

conventional power plant is totally out of the question, and so in many cases,

diesel gen-sets have been employed to produce the much-needed power.

However, with awareness towards the availability (or unavailability) of fossil

fuel in the indefinite future and also the environmental impacts caused such as

global warming, acid rain and generally, air pollution; it is only right that one

should consider the many alternatives of clean yet non-depletable energy.

The sun has always been life's main energy source in the form of

light, thermal and more recently, electricity. The direct approach of generating

electricity from the sun is by harnessing the radiant energy transmitted by the

1

Chapter 1 Introduction

sun (photovoltaic effect) whereas the indirect category is when the sun's energy

is transform into a different form such as the wind, and will therefore be

manipulated in that form to produce electricity.

1.1 Solar Energy

Solar energy has been used for thousands of years to many ends from

the drying of food to its usage as fuel. With its enormous capacity, this

abundance resource has been utilized all over the world to generate electricity

to homes in remote areas. According to Solar Electric Light Fund (2001),

approximately 400,000 families in the developing world are already using small,

household solar photovoltaic systems to power fluorescent lights, radio-cassette

players, 12 volt black-and-white TVs, and other small appliances. These

families, living mostly in remote rural areas, already constitute the largest

group of domestic users of solar electricity in the world.

The abundance of solar energy available in the atmosphere makes

this method of electrical energy conversion very promising. According to

Schwafler & Giflberti (1996), researchers at the United States Department of

Energy has noted that on a global scale, the amount of solar energy that arrives

in a two-week period is equivalent to the fossil energy stored in all the known

reserves of coal, oil and natural gas. They also claimed that the total amount of

solar energy striking the earth's atmosphere in a year is equivalent to 35,000

times the energy used annually by humans. These are the enticing capabilities

of the solar energy that should humans be capable of capturing and utilizing

2

Chapter 1 Introduction

this energy fully, there will be no more global energy shortage. Figure 1-1 shows

the global photovoltaic usage since 1971 with projection to 2005. The steady

increment of photovoltaic usage clearly shows that this form of energy

generation is getting popular by the year and will contribute significantly to the

power generation of the future.

400 375 350 325 300 275

ý 250 m 225

200 E 175

150 125 100 75 50 25 0r 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Date

Figure 1-1: World Photovoltaic Usage (megawatts), 1971 with projections to

2005 [Schwaller& Gilberti, 19961

3

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.2 Solar Photovoltaic System

A solar photovoltaic system is a system that converts direct solar

energy into electricity. The electricity is either used to power appliances or

charge batteries for used when no direct sunlight is available. Such a system

can either be an individual system (used in individual residential) or a grid

connected, to power a larger size community.

1.2.1 Photovoltaic Fundamentals

Solar energy can be converted directly into electricity by means of a

photovoltaic system. This can be achieved by utilizing the solar cell, which

reacts to the light from the sun by energizing the photons in proportion to the

intensity and spectral distribution of the sunlight. When their energy level

reaches a certain level, a potential difference, or open circuit voltage, is

established across the cell. This in turn drives a current through an external

load. According to Derrick, Francis & Bokalders (1994), almost all modern

photovoltaic devices use silicon as the base material mainly as mono-crystalline

or multi-crystalline cells but also in amorphous form. As shown in figure 1-2, a

mono-crystalline silicon cell is made from a wafer thin high purity silicon

crystal, doped with a minute quantity of boron. Phosphorous is diffused into the

active surface of the wafer. A metallic grid makes the front electrical contact

and the back usually covers the whole surface. An anti-reflective coating is

applied to the front surface. According to Solstice (2001), modern solar cells can

convert approximately 12 per cent of the solar energy they receive into electrical

4