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8/3/2019 Moldova Biogas Generation From Animal Manure Pilot Project
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WORLD BANK/ GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
MOLDOVA BIOGAS GENERATION FROM ANIMAL MANURE PILOT PROJECT
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
March 11, 2010
Prepared by Tatiana Belous, PhD in Biology
E2403
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Content
Executive Summary
Introduction
1. National environmental policies and environmental assessment legal framework2. World Bank Safeguards Policies
3. Institutional framework for environmental assessment4. Project description5. Description of typical technology of biogas generation from animal manure
6. Countrys baseline conditions and sectoral issues
7. Environmental Guidelines
8. Environmental Management Plan implementing arrangements
9. Integration of Environmental Management Plan in project implementation
10. Environmental Management Plan disclosure and consultation
Annexes
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Abbreviations
BGAMPP Biogas Generation from Animal Manure Pilot ProjectBP Bank Procedures
EA Environmental AssessmentEG Environmental Guidelines
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management PlanC Celsius
CDM Clean Development MechanismGDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment FacilityCFU Carbon Finance Unit
GHG Green House Gas
FYM Farm Yard ManureGWh Gigawatt HourMOE Ministry of EnvironmentNGO Non-governmental OrganizationsNPK Nitrogen/ phosphorus/ potassiumOP Operational PolicypH Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solutionPMT Project Management TeamPOP Persistent Organic PollutantSEE State Ecological Expertise
SEEEA State Ecological Expertise and Environmental AuthorizationsSEI State Ecological InspectorateTA Technical Assistance
TOR Terms of ReferenceTS Total Solids
US United StatesVS Volatile SolidsWB World Bank
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Purpose of Environmental Management Plan.The purpose of the Environmental Management
Plan (EMP) is to provide an outline of the mitigation measures that will be implemented to manage
potential negative environmental impacts associated with the project implementation along with the
necessary monitoring activities. The proposed EMP is not site-specific and will be updated as needed
during project implementation when the details about the specific farms/sites where the two pilot
biodigesters will be installed and certain technical design details will become known.
2. Project Objective. The objective of the project is to pilot use of animal manure for on-farm biogasand electricity generation through introduction of an innovative, environmentally friendly technology.
The project will provide an integrated approach to piloting the use of biogas and will contribute to the
reduction of climate change effects and of water resource pollution, bringing benefits to the farming
sector through improved manure management practices and to the energy sector through the
introduction of environmentally friendly energy installations
3. Project description. The Biogas Generation form Animal Manure Pilot Project (hereafter:BGAMP) consists of five components. Component 1: Enabling legislative and policy environment
includes: (i) certification and licensing of biodigesters for use in Moldova and (ii) cooperation with
the countrys energy regulator to allow smaller electricity producers sell surplus electricity into thenational grid. Component 2: Technical assistance, capacity building and awareness raising on sound
animal waste management, and animal manure-based biodigester and electricity generation
technologies will contribute to promotion of sound animal manure management practices and
mainstreaming of the use of biodigester technologies, the activities will include capacity-building.
Component 3: Technical assistance and capacity building on local manufacturing of biodigesters will
assist local producers with knowledge transfer and capacity building in various biodigester and co-
generation equipment technologies to reduce the investment cost. Component 4: Biodigester
Investment Grants which will test and implement pilot biodigester technologies on livestock farmswhere the small carbon emission reductions prevent them from obtaining co-financing investments
from carbon benefits. Under this component it is proposed to support installation of biodigesters on
two livestock farms. Component 5: Project Management and Safeguards.
4.Location. While the TA activities will cover the whole country, the location for installation of thetwo pilot biodigesters will be determined during the project implementation.
5. Project category. While most of the proposed activities will not have any impact on theenvironment, the project might have some adverse impacts related to biodigesters construction and
operation. Based on that the proposed project is considered as low risk Category B project, for
which a simple EMP is required.
6.Moldovan Regulatory framework for EA. Moldova has in place a well developed EA system,environmental legal instruments and technical standards which will be applied for Project
implementation. The national EA regulatory framework is generally in line with World Bank EA
requirements. Furthermore, Moldova has a good record in implementing projects for variousinfrastructure projects which comply with WB and National EA rules and procedures.
7. Institutional framework and capacities to perform safeguards. The implementation of project
environmental safeguards will be done by the existing Project Management Team (PMT) under the
Ministry of Environment (MOE). The PMT has an assigned staff member with such responsibilities,and adequate experience, as the PMT is currently implementing the full-size GEF POPs Stockpiles
Management and Destruction Project, which is a Category A project. The results of implementation
of the GEF POPs project environmental safeguards are considered very positive. The Project will
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support additional information dissemination and training activities to ensure the environmental
requirements and the EMP provisions would be fully implemented.
8. Environmental Guidelines. Environmental Guidelines (EG) include: (i) procedures forenvironmental site assessment and baseline analysis; (ii) potential environmental and social impacts
of the construction of biodigesters and their operation; (iii) mitigation measures; and, (iv) monitoring
activities.
9. Potential environmental impacts. Although most Biogas renewable energy technologies areenvironmentally sound, all of them can have negative impacts on the environment if poorly planned
and implemented. Possible adverse environmental impacts related to construction activities are the
following: (a) Dust and noise due to the construction activities; (b) Dumping of construction wastes,accidental spillage of machine oil, lubricants, etc. During operation phase the potential impacts are
associated with air, soil and water pollution. All these impacts are expected to be easily mitigated
through a good projects design, adherence of technological process and implementation practices.
10. Potential social impacts. The project does not entail any direct negative social risks as itsimplementation does not presume any job losses/ resettlement issues. On the contrary, the project will
create additional employment and respectively on-farm net income and income in localities.
11. Mitigation measures. Mitigation measures during construction phase will relate mainly toappropriate construction waste handling and dust and noise prevention. Mitigation measures duringoperation phase will be directed mainly at the prevention of soil and groundwater pollution linked to
temporary manure storage capacities and bioigesters loading tank, prevention of air pollution by
methane emitting form manure storage facilities and biogas storage system, from raw gas leakages,
and occupational safety. All these are provided in details in Annexes 4 and 5 of the document.
12.Monitoring. The monitoring section of the EG provides an information on parameters that have tobe monitored, monitoring frequency, institutional responsibilities, etc. both during construction and
operational phases of projects implementation to (i) ensure early detection of conditions that need
particular mitigation measures, and (ii) furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation.
The EG provides also tentative Monitoring Plan (presented in the Annex 6) as well as monitoringimplementation schedule and reporting.
13. EMP disclosure and consultation. EMP disclosure occurred on March 1, 2010 through EMP
Summary posting on the PMT office website (www.molodvapops.md). Consultation meeting took
place on March 9, 2010 at the MOEs premises. At the consultation meeting were present
representatives of the PMT and CFU Offices, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and
Food Industry, State Ecological Inspectorate and NGOs. During the consultation, the Client
informed the public about the project, EG, potential impacts which may by generated by project
activities, measures to be taken to prevent/ mitigate potential impacts and monitoring activities. The
participants agreed with the EMP provisions.
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Introduction
The proposed Environment Management Plan (EMP) aims to manage effectively potential
negative impacts which may be generated during installation and operation of on-farm
biodigesters. It includes a brief overview of applicable laws, policies on environmentprocedures for Environmental Assessment and environmental management, institutions
involved in EA and environmental management, and their responsibilities, as well asEnvironmental Guidelines (EG), specifying identification of potential environmental andsocial impacts, relevant mitigation measures, and monitoring procedure.
The proposed EMP is not site specific and will be updated as needed during project
implementation when the details about the specific farms/sites where the two pilotbiodigesters will be installed and certain technical design details will become known. EMP
includes Environmental Guidelines specifying the following issues: (i) Procedure for site
specific EMP design and approval; (ii) Potential impacts associated with biodigestersconstruction and relevant mitigation measures, and (iii) Monitoring activities.
1. National Environmental Policies and Environmental Assessment Legal Framework
The national policy and legal basis for environmental protection and EA is fairly
comprehensive. It includes a set of policies, strategies, international treaties, laws andregulations, and there is a general opinion that this framework is sufficient to address
effectively the countrys environmental issues.
1.1 National Policies, Strategies and Programs
Concept of the Environmental Policy (approved in 2001).The goals of environmental policy
are: prevention and mitigation of negative impacts on the environment, natural resources andpublic health. The policy calls for serious steps towards energy efficiency improvements,
energy conversation measures and use of renewable energies in order to combat the climate
change.
Energy Strategy until 2010 (approved in 2007). The strategic goals of the energy policy are:
increase of energy efficiency and energy supply, ensure of energy safety and environmental
protection. The main goal of the energy policy in relation to environment is decrease ofimpacts generated by energy production and energy use on environmental conditions. This
goal can be achieved including at the expense of increase of specific volume of energy from
renewable sources. The Strategy also focuses on introducing of low polluting energytechnologies aimed at prevention and minimizing of environmental pollution, and declares
that increase of use of renewable energy will contribute to decrease of dependence on
imported energy resources.
National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Agro-Industrial Complex in Moldova
(2008-2015). The Strategy aims at creation of favorable conditions for sustainabledevelopment of agro-industry, integration of Moldovan economy into European one, food
safety ensuring and poverty reduction. The Strategy calls for use of renewable energy in
agricultural sector.
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Strategy for Development of Industry until 2015 (approved in 2006). The main goal of the
Strategy is to create effective, competitive, and technologically advanced industrial sector.One of the conditions for implementation of the Strategy is adherence to the environmental
protection requirements and widespread implementation of ecologically poor industries. In
relation to the field, among priority measures for Strategy implementation is supporting ofnon-polluting technologies, strict state control over labor safely, and conducting of a state
ecological expertise of all investment projects and project documentation which can affectenvironmental conditions regardless of their destination, sitting, ownership and mode offinancing.
National Program on Energy Efficiency 2003-2010 (approved in 2003). The Program calls
for efficient energy use and widespread development of renewable energy sources.
National Program on Ecological Safety (approved in 2003). Ecological safety involves
prevention and mitigation of impacts from industry, agriculture, power engineering, transportetc. and from waste generation.
1.2 Conventions and Protocols
Moldova is part of the following international treaties which have stipulations related to EA
issues:
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context(Espoo, 1991). ratified by the Parliamentary Decision Nr. 1546-XII as of June 23
1993
o Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (Kiev, 2003) under the
Espoo Convention, signed on May 21 2003
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Rio de Janeiro, 1992),
ratified by the Parliamentary Decision Nr. 404-XIII as of March 16 1995
o Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto, 1997) under the Convention on Climate Change,
adopted by the Law Nr. 29-XV as of February 13 2003
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-MakingProcess and Access to Justice in Environment (Aarhus, 1998), ratified by theParliamentary Decision Nr. 346-XIV as of April 7 1999
o Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) under the
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making Process and Access to Justice in Environmental matter, signed on
May 21 2003
Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna, 1985), adopted by the
Parliamentary Decision Nr. 966-XIII as of July 24 1996o Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer (Montreal, 1987) under
the Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted by the
Parliamentary Decision Nr. 966-XIII as of July 24 1996
Convention on Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (Helsinki, 1992),adopted by the Parliamentary Decision Nr. 1546-XII as of June 23 1993
Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) ratified by theParliamentary Decision Nr. 1546-XII as of June 23 1993.
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1.3 Environmental Assessment Legislation
Starting from 1992, Moldovan environmental authorities have developed a series of laws and
regulations which stipulate in detail all aspects of the Environmental Assessment procedure.These are: Law on Environmental Protection (1993); Law on Environmental Expertise
(SEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (1996); Guidelines on Performing StateEnvironmental Expertise (1995); Regulation on performing State Ecological Expertise(2001); Regulation on Public Participation in Environmental Decision-Making (2000). Brief
overview of relevant laws and regulations is provided below.
Law on Environment Protection (1993). This is a basic law that provides general frameworkfor the environment protection in Moldova and options for sustainable development. The
central environmental body shall conduct state environmental expertise which is exclusive
area of its responsibility and competence; ii) prohibit and/or suspend the construction andreconstruction of industrial, agricultural and other facilities and activities which tend to use
natural resources. State Ecological Expertise should be conducted for construction,
extension, reconstruction and modernization of any economic and social facility and activity(except administrative and military ones) that may cause negative impact to the environment.
Law on Ecological Expertise and Environment Impact Assessment (1996). The lawdetermines goals, objectives and principles of the State Ecological Expertise (SEE) and
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), as well as fundamentals of both procedures. The
SEE aims to: (a) prevent and minimize the potential of the direct, indirect, or cumulative
impact of new economic activities on the environment, ecosystems, and human health; and,(b) to assess from this perspective all economic activities, separately or as a whole, which
could affect the environment, human health, or living standards in the present or future.
Decision on ecological expertise can be considered as the basis for approval or refusal of
project documentation. Ecological expertise is conducted prior to making decision on
planned economic activities, and is mandatory for all economic activities which may havelikely negative impact on environment regardless their destination, ownership, investments,
location, source of financing etc.
A specialAnnex to the Law on SEE and EIA containsRegulations on Environmental ImpactAssessment. It establishes the goal of preparing of documentation on EIA, main requirements
on EIA content, order of elaboration and submission documentation on EIA, state ecological
expertise of the EIA documentation, decision on a state ecological expertise of EIAdocumentation as well as provides a list of objects and types of activities for which carrying
out of EIA is mandatory prior to technical design.
Instructions on Order of Organization and Conducting of the State Ecological Expertise
(2003) defines comprehensively the goal, objectives and principles of SEE which applies for
any new construction, facilitys modernization and up-grading at the stage when design
documentation is prepared. The Guidelines stipulate the structure and function of the process,
procedures for submitting of project documentation, and review procedures. The guidelines
are also accompanied by a series of annexes on such topics as requirements for project
documentation submitted for SEE; the subdivisions responsible for SEE of various types of
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projects; requirements for every chapter (or volume) of project documentation; projects that
require a separate chapter on EIA at the design stage, etc. Regulation on Public Participation in Environmental Decision-Making (2000). The
Regulation was developed to support implementation of the Aarhus Convention on Access to
Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making Process and Access to Justice inEnvironment ratified by Moldova in 1999); the Regulation is based on items of chapter III of
the Law on Ecological Expertise and Environment Impacts Assessment (1996) and articles 3and 30 of the Law on Environment Protection (1993).
1.4 Other Environmental and Sectoral Laws Applicable for the Projects
Environmental Management
This section briefly describes other laws which may have a relevance to the Projects
environmental management.
Law on Renewably Energy (2007) regulates activities in the field of renewable energy. The
goal of the Strategy is ensure energy safety and decrease of negative impacts from energy
sector on environment. State policy targets in the field of the renewable energy sources are:
increase of diversity of local primary energy sources by 2010; ensure share of renewable
energy of 6 percent in the structure of energy produced from traditional sources, and by 2020
- 20 percent.
Water Code (1993). This law provides the general legal framework for water use, control and
protection. Protective measures must be taken toward water body in relation to sitting,
construction and operation of any facility or activity. It is prohibited to construct and put into
operation facilities which do not pass through the ecological expertise, or which are not
equipped by water protection facilities.
Law on Air Protection (1997). The main objectives of the Law are maintenance of clean air,
improvement of air quality, prevention and mitigation of harmful physical, chemical, and
biological impacts on air quality, and accordingly, protection of human health and
environment.
Law on Permitting of Certain Kinds of Activities (2001). The Law aims to ensure state
control over compliance with requirements and conditions to be adhered while fulfilling
certain activities. It determines legal, organizational and economic basis for certain kinds of
activities and establishes kinds of activities which require permits. Particularly, kinds of
activities which require permits are production, transportation, dispatching, distribution, and
delivery of electrical energy both on regulated and unregulated tariffs.
Land Code (1991). The Land Code states that land conservation should be a priority while
implementing any kind of activities.
Law on Production and Consumption Wastes (1997). The Law provides basic principles in
the field of waste management generated during production and consumption processes, and
aims to reduce wastes and prevent environmental pollution.
Law on Standardization (1995) proclaims standardization as one of major factors in
developing of national economy and environmental protection aimed at protecting of
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consumers rights, ensuring quality of products, processes and services, safety, health and
environmental protection, and establishes the process and procedure for developing and
approving national, sectoral, media and product standards. The Law stipulates the following
standards in Moldova: national standards, professional standards, and standards of firms.
Other standards include: technical regulations, medico-biological regulations, sanitary norms,
sanitary-hygiene norms and rules, environmental protection norms. It also stipulates that the
above standards and norms shall be based on the latest achievements of science and
technology, international and regional standards, etc. The Law also stipulates that each
ministry, agency and economic object, irrespective of the form of ownership, shall have a
unit responsible for standardization process and compliance.
Law on Power Engineering (1998) establishes basic principles of activities of energy
enterprises and fundamentals of securing safety operation of energy enterprises
The Law on Taxes for Pollution of the Environment (1998).This Law refers to the penalties
for the discharge of pollutants into the environment. The law indicates that penalties for
pollutants released into sewage facilities and on filtration fields are to be imposed on the base
of the total volume of water allocation. The Law also provides norm for fees counting for
pollutants released from cattle, pig and poultry farms into septic tanks as well as for
collection and storage of other solid wastes, including toxic ones.
Law on Safety of Dangerous Industrial Objects (2000). The Law establishes legal, economic
and social aspects of safety operation of dangerous objects/ enterprises and focuses on
prevention of industrial accidents, cessation, minimisation and liquidation of accident
consequences, and protection of environment and population. Technical installations/ devices
used at the dangerous objects/ enterprises shall be a subject of compulsory authorization and
comply with industrial safety requirements.
Law on Quality in Construction (1996). The Law stipulates that constructions shouldcomply with the following requirements: resistance and stability; fire, hygiene and
environmentally safety, etc. Construction, repair/renovation and other related works have to
be implemented only in accordance with project documentation developed by physical and
juridical persons authorised for such kinds of works and verified by the authorised specialists
in the field; design and construction of buildings is implemented by physical and juridical
persons licensed for activity in the field.
The Law on Grounds of Town-planning and Territorial Development (1996). Local public
administration shall provide permits for operation of facilities as well as for change of the
facilities location. Assessment of potential environmental impacts and the provision of
ecological expertise are to be conducted in accordance with the Law on Ecological Expertise
and Environmental Impact Assessment.
Law on Sanitary-Epidemiological Protection of the Population (1993). It is an umbrella lawensuring sanitary-epidemiological safety of the population. The Law stipulates that planning
and construction should envisage a creation the most favorable conditions for living and
health of population, improvement of localities, prevention and liquidation of harmful effect
on human health.
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Law on Access to Information (2000) regulates different aspects of informational
management, including rules and regulations of informational exchange.
2. World Bank Safeguards Policies
2.1 Overview ofWorld Banks Safeguard Policies
There are ten key Environmental and Social World Bank Safeguard Policies which areintended to ensure that potentially adverse environmental and social consequences of the
projects financed by the Bank are identified, minimized and mitigated (Environmental
Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04), Forestry (OP/BP 4.36), Pest
Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11), Indigenous Peoples(OP/BP 4.10), Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12), Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37), Projects on
International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50), Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60), and Disclosure Policy (BP
17.50). The World Banks Safeguard Policies has a three-part format. These are i)
Operational Policies (OP) - statement of policy objectives and operational principles
including the roles and obligations of the Borrower and the Bank in relation to particular
environmental and social issues; ii) Bank Procedures (BP) - mandatory procedures to be
followed by the Borrower and the Bank, and iii) Good Practices (GP) - non-mandatory
advisory material.
2.2 World Banks Safeguard Policies triggered by the Project
Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01). While the project will bring mostly positive
impacts related to methane capture and pollution prevention, it might also cause someadverse impacts as the result of civil works (dust and noise; dumping of construction wastes,
accidental spillage of machine oil, etc) on the two pilot sites for biodigester installation.
Based on that, this OP is triggered. This Policy aims to ensure that projects proposed for
Bank financing are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable; to inform decision
makers of the nature of environmental and social risks. In spite the project will bring mostlypositive environmental and social impacts related to methane capture and pollution
prevention, electricity generation, increasing the employment rate, etc.
Taking into account that the final selection of the project sites for installing the two pilot
biodigesters will be known at the later stage of the project design, a site specific EMP forthese particular biodigesters will be prepared later on.
The installation of biodigesters will be done exclusively within the area of existing livestock
farms of the willing participating farmers, thus there will be no temporary or permanent lossof agricultural lands and/or involuntary resettlement and respectively the OP 4.12 is not
triggered.
Disclosure Policy (BP 17.50). This policy supports decision making by the borrower and
Bank by allowing the public access to information on environmental and social aspects of
projects and has specific requirements for disclosure. For all Category A and B projectsproposed for WB financing, during the EA process, the borrower consults all involved
parties, including project-affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
about the projects environmental aspects and takes their views into account. The borrowerinitiates such consultations as early as possible. For meaningful consultations between the
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borrower and project-affected groups and local NGOs, the borrower provides relevant
material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that areunderstandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. Any Category B EIA report is
made available to project-affected groups and local NGOs. Public availability in the
borrowing country and official receipt by the Bank of any Category B EA report for projectsproposed for WB funding, are prerequisites to Bank appraisal of these projects.
This EMP was disclosed and consulted in the country and disclosed in the WB Infoshopbefore the project appraisal, while site the specific EMPs to be further developed will be
disclosed and consulted in the country and in the WB Infoshop before the civil works will
start.
3. Institutional Framework for Environmental Assessment
The competent environmental assessment authority in Moldova is the Division of the StateEcological Expertise and Environmental Authorizations (SEEEA) within the State Ecological
Inspectorate (SEI) which is a subdivision of the Ministry of Environment (MOE). It
incorporates dual functions. As a main administrative body, it is responsible for organizingand coordinating the SEE (according to the Article 7(2) of the Law on EE and EIA. As an
expert body, it is responsible for reviewing project documentation for planned activities and
making decision whether or not they may be implemented. The Division on SEEEA is alsoresponsible for control and supervision of the SEE procedures.
New national policies, programs, plans, as well as laws and regulations in those parts which
have a relevance to EA are developed and/ or reviewed by the experts of the MOE.
4. Project Description
4.1. Project Objective
The projects objective is to pilot use of animal manure for on-farm biogas and electricity
generation through introduction of an innovative, environmentally friendly technology. The
project will provide an integrated approach to piloting the use of biogas and will contribute to
the reduction of climate change effects and of water resource pollution, bringing benefits to
the farming sector through improved manure management practices and to the energy sector
through the introduction of environmentally friendly energy installations.
4.2 Project Components
The Biogas Generation form Animal Manure Pilot Project consists of five components:
Component 1: Enabling legislative and policy environmentthat includes: (i) certification and
licensing of biodigesters for use in Moldova, including the development of the necessary
supporting legal framework; and (ii) cooperation with the countrys energy regulator to allow
smaller electricity producers sell surplus electricity into the national grid.
Component 2: Technical assistance, capacity building and awareness raising on sound
animal waste management, and animal manure-based biodigester and electricity generation
technologies will contribute to promote sound animal manure management practices and
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mainstreaming of the use of biodigester technologies, the activities will include capacity-
building, by mobilizing international expertise and best-practice transfer, including: (i)training of farmers in sound manure management practices; (ii) training of a number of local
engineers in the installation and operation of biodigesters to enable them to work
independently in scaling up the generation of biogas and electricity after the project closes;(iii) training of the participating farmers in the proper operation of biodigesters; and (iv)
ensuring broader awareness raising in the animal producer community through a series ofseminars and demonstration activities, to disseminate information on the benefits of biogasand electricity generation from animal manure.
Component 3: Technical assistance and capacity building on local manufacturing of
biodigesters will assist local producers with knowledge transfer and capacity building in
various biodigester and co-generation equipment technologies in order to reduce theinvestment cost, biodigesters will be manufactured locally to ensure affordability and
accessibility of biodigesters for a wider farmer population.
Component 4: Biodigester Investment Grants. Investment grants to test and pilot biodigester
technologies will be carried out on livestock farms where the small carbon emission
reductions prevent them from obtaining co-financing investments from carbon benefits. Atthe same time, cattle farms form a large share of Moldovas animal farms and contribute to anumber of environmental issues. The component will be supported by an IDA loan which
will make available long-term financing for investment in the various types of biodigesters.
Under this component it is proposed to support installation of biodigesters on two livestock
farms.
Component 5: Project Management and Safeguards.
4.3 Project Coverage and Location
The Component 4 of the Project which includes pilot on-farm installation of manure-basedbiodigesters and electricity generation will work with interested farmers throughout the
country. The location for installation of the two pilot biodigesters will be determined during
the project preparation.
The installation of biodigesters will be done exclusively within the area of existing livestock
farms of the willing participating farmers on the lands which are no used legally and
illegally, thus there will be no temporary or permanent loss of agricultural lands as well as
any resettlement issues.
5. Description of Typical Technology of Biogas Generation from Animal Manure
5.1 Typical Biogas Generation Facility
The primary goals of biodigesters have been assumed to be the production of electricity and
reducing of animal wastes as well as emission of greenhouse gases which might generate
carbon credits. The biodigestion greatly reduces the emission of methane and odor as
compared to commonly used manure treatment in open anaerobic lagoons, and converts the
manure into a more uniform sterilized product. The footprint of an on-farm anaerobic
digester depends on the scale of the facility. An average-sized on-farm biogas system,
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including the digester and biogas utilization equipment, will occupy less than a 1/4 hectare of
space. Typically, a digester can be easily integrated into farm landscapes.
A biogas production facility is typically comprised of the following components:
Pre-storage tanks and/or pads
Grinder/mixer Digester/ Reactor tank Biogas storage
Gas utilization equipment
Heat exchanger unit
Liquid-solid separator Post storage tanks and/or pads
The digester/ reactor tank represents normally a concrete tank located underground. Thecommon technology used in biodigesters is an anaerobic fermentation of animal wastes
followed by the methane capture and its combustion in the heat generator installation. Within
this tank a condition optimal for methanogenic bacteria (methanogens) is provided. There arethree groups of naturally occurring bacteria that break down manure in anaerobic
environments and produce methane biogas. The first group breaks down the manure into
organic material. The second group uses the organic material to make organic acids. Thethird group completes the decomposition and creates the biogas. Manure particles that are of
small, and uniform size and mixture, enhance the ability of all three bacterial groups to break
down the organic matter.
The most optimal temperatures for fermentation are 30-40 (for mesophilic bacteria) and
50-60 (for thermophilic bacteria). The selection of either mesophilic or therophilic regime
for anaerobic biodigesters operation depends on climatic conditions. If maintenancethermophilic temperatures require significant energy costs, then the use of biodigesters
operating at mesophilic temperatures will be the most efficient.
Produced biogas naturally raises to the top of the biodigester via pipelines and can be
collected, and then used to run a gas generator to create electricity. Biogas is a mixture of
gases that is composed mainly of: methane (CH4): 40-70 vol.% (typical values for methane
content for animal manure are in the range 50 to 60% CH4); carbon dioxide (CO2): 30-60vol.% and other gases: 1-5 vol.% including hydrogen sulfide (H2S): 0-3 vol.%, hydrogen
(H2): 0-1 vol.% as well as trace quantities of ammonia and nitrogen oxides. Biogas is about
20 percent lighter than air and has an ignition temperature in the range of 650 to 750C. Thecalorific value of biogas is about 6 kWh/m3 - this corresponds to about half a liter of diesel
oil; the net calorific value depends on the efficiency of the burners or appliances.
The majority of the small scale agricultural biogas production facilities are operated at
mesophilic temperatures while thermophilic temperatures are usually applied in medium and
larger scale biogas production facilities with co-digestion when some of the inputs are from anon-agricultural origin. Mesophilic digesters are less complicated and more easily
maintained than thermophilic digesters, and have a wider range of acceptable temperature for
substrate treatment. It should be emphasized also that different types of manure (cow, pig, or
chicken) used for biogas production have different characteristics. Bicarbonate of soda andwater can be added if nitrogen levels are too high and the manure material is too dry. Biogas
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productivity is directly correlated also to pH/ water/ solid material ratio and carbon/ nitrogen
ratio.
Dependence of biogas production on composition of animal manure is shown in the Table 1
below.
Table 1. Dependence of biogas production on composition of animal manure
Type of
manure
Total solids
(TS), %
Volatile solids
(fermentable
solids) (VS),
% of TS
Biogas yield,
m3/kg VS
Methane
content, vol.%
Retention
time, days
Pig slurry 3-8 70-80 0,25-0,50 70-80 20-40
Cattle slurry 5-12 75-85 0,20-0,30 55-75 20-30
Chicken slurry 10-30 70-80 0,35-0,60 60-80 >30
Source: Steffen et al. Anaerobic digestion: making energy and solving modern wasteproblem. In: Feedstock for anaerobic digestion. AD-Nett report, 2000.
Potential for biogas production from animal manure is shown the Table 2 below.
Table 2. Potential for biogas production
n/n Livestock Biogas Amount Obtained from 1
kg of Biomass, m3
1 Cattle 0.04
2 Pigs 0.06
3 Sheep, goats 0,06
4 Poultry 0,07
5 Horses 0,04
Source: Tacis, 1997. In: Biogas production (analysis in Georgia)
Biogas effluent consists in general of 93 percent water, 7 percent dry matter of which 4,5
percent is organic and 2,5 percent - inorganic matter. Biogas slurry is rich in organics and
nutrients. The percentage of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) content in slurry onwet basis is 0,25; 0,13 and 0,12 while on dry basis it is 3,6; 1,8 and 3,6, respectively. In
addition to the major plant nutrients, it also contains micro-nutrients such as zinc, iron,
manganese and copper that are also essential for plants but required in trace amounts.However, to receive high quality fertilizer from effluent requires its further refining. Effluent
used as liquid fertilizers has a greater fertilizing value than enriched farm yard manure
(FYM) or fresh dung. Application of compost which can be also produced from the slurry
can improve soils physical structure, increase soil fertility; increase soil water-holding
capacity, and enhance activity of wholesome microorganisms. Composted effluent if stored
and applied properly, increases cereal crop production by 10-30 percent as compared to
FYM. The application of liquid effluent has proven to be very successful on wheat, maize,
cabbages, tomatoes, etc. The most responsive crops to compost are vegetables like root crops
(carrots, radish, potatoes), and fruit trees.
There are the following options to deal with effluents generated in on-farms biodigesters: (i)
the residual water is treated and discharged into the local waste water collection system; (ii)
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the residual water is directed to open lagoons and treated (e.g. dewatering and land
application). More commonly used practices for effluents treatment in on-farm biodigesteers,are those when residual water containing sludge flows into another tank (compensation tank)
where it then can be separated into liquid and solid fraction, and from this second tank the
bio-fertilizer can be dried or sent as slurry directly to the lands. The effluent from a digestercan be also retained in a holding pond and after treatment, used either as recycled flush water
or for irrigation.
Process flow diagram illustrating the process of methane capture, electricity generation and
treatment of effluents is presented in the Figure 1 below.
Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram illustrating the process of methane capture, electricity
generation and treatment of effluents (source: V.Vidodo, A. Hendriadi. Development of
Biogas Processing for Small Scale Cattle Farm in Indonesia, 2005)
Distribution of biomethane. Biomethane can be distributed to its ultimate point of
consumption by one of several options, depending on its point of origin: distribution viadedicated biomethane pipelines; distribution via the natural gas pipeline and over-the road
transport (this option is neither technically nor economically feasible in Moldova). If the
point of consumption is relatively close to the point of production (e.g., about 1,5 km), thebiomethane would typically be distributed via dedicated biogas pipelines (buried or
aboveground). Costs for laying dedicated biomethane pipelines can vary greatly however
biomethane distributed via dedicated biomethane pipelines must compete with natural gas
prices in the marketplace. The natural gas pipeline network offers a potentially unlimitedstorage and distribution system for biomethane. Once the biomethane which meets the local
gas utilitys pipeline gas quality is injected into the natural gas pipeline network, it can be
used as a direct substitute for natural gas by any piece of equipment connected to the natural
gas grid, including domestic gas appliances, commercial/industrial gas equipment, etc.
The most common types of biogas plants in developing countries, and anaerobic digestion
technologies with summarized information on their principles, advantages and disadvantages
are presented inAnnex 1.
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Mitigation measures to be taken while using of various technologies for construction design,
manure delivery, residual water treatment, etc. which may be applicable for Moldova arepresented in the Table 6 Potential Negative Impacts and related Mitigation Measures
below.
5.2 Risks linked to Biodigesters Technology and their Possible Solutions
Investment Cost.There will be determined technology to be applied and available on-siteconditions including existing local infrastructure to assess investment cost. In future, while
implementing the project throughout the country, biodigesters manufactured locally and sale
of carbon credits will reduce investment cost.
Stable Manure Flow. The biogas production relies on the supply of manure from thelivestock farms and is, hence, directly dependent on the supply of livestock. For example, if a
farm experiences financial difficulty due to a depressed domestic animal market, the logical
recourse might be closure. This action would terminate the flow of manure to any adjacentbiodigester. The biodigester would be unable to function properly without permanent manure
flow while transportation of manure from other livestock farms would likely be prohibitively
expensive. To be economically feasible, the capacity of facility should be assessed properly tocorrespond as much as possible to manure flow from farms available for biodigestion. So, it is
essential to ensure that the digester is large enough to contain all the material that will be fed
through in a whole digestion cycle. One solution is to use a double digester, consuming thewaste in two stages, with the main part of the biogas (methane) being produced in the first
stage and the second stage finishing the digestion at a slower rate, but still producing another
20 % or so of the total biogas. Another solution might be a connection of private and
common household waste treatment facilities situated near to biogas plant, if appropriate. Risklinked to stable manure flow might me reduced through contracts with other farms/ farmers
to ensure regular supply by manure.
Temperature.For biodigesters, methanogenic microbial growth (hence, activity) takes place
between 10 and 45 degrees Celsius and optimal growth takes place between 30 and 35 degrees
Celsius. Within these temperature ranges emissions vary greatly. Thus, external temperaturechanges, diurnally or annually, can seriously affect the amount of methane produced.To be
economically feasible, the minimum average substrate temperature is between 20oC and
28oC. In Moldova, winter temperature can reach -20-25
oC which would require all piping to
be insulated and a heat exchange system for the digester. Substrate temperature can be moreefficiently maintained if the digester is located close to the source of the raw material and the
warmth of the animals bodies is retained. A biogas hot water boiler is also an effective
means of maintaining the digesters ambient temperature. Heated water can be pumpedthrough pipes within the digester, at the most 20% of the biogas will be expended to maintain
the required reactor temperature. This loss can be also combated by the saving accrued
through building of a appropriated sized digestion tank
Manure Properties.The constituent properties of the manure are affected by the feeding regime
for the animals (the amount of elements such as nitrogen in the feed is reflected in themanure; similarly, if the animals are treated with antibiotics this will be reflected in the
manure and, hence, the health of the digesting bacteria.). This, in turn, affects bacterial
activity and the manure gas production potential. Variability of emissions throughout the
manure handling process introduces a great deal of complexity (particularly, whenformulating a GHGs reduction strategy).
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Toxic substance. Biogas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The hydrogen sulfide genearationis a critical factor for biogas technologies which causes severe problems with the gas
processing equipment. If the levels are too high, damage to gas treatment equipment is severe
and costly, and therefore it must be removed as much as possible before reaching the gasprocessing equipment. For farms adding substrates with very high sulfur content, additional
gas cleaning equipment must be provided.
6. Countrys Baseline Conditions and Sectoral Issues
6.1 Baseline Conditions
Population: The countrys population is 3,419 million people; the share of urban population
is 41%, rural - 59%. The gender ratio is 48% -males; 52% - females.
Location and landscape. Moldova is situated in the southeast of Europe between the
Carpathian Mountains and East-European Plain. Its territory lies within Dniester and Prut
Rivers. The countrys area is 33,846 thousand km2
and it is of 350 km length and of 150 kmwidth. The highest point (429,5 m) is in western part of the Codru and the lowest point (4,5
m) in extreme south of the country.
Climate. Moldova has a temperate continental climate which is formed mainly by the
Atlantic air mass from the west, the Mediterranean air mass from the southwest. It is
characterized by short mild winters and long hot summers.
Soils. Generally Moldova has the best in Europe soils for agricultural production and the
most productive soils - chernozems which are found in the northern and central parts of the
country, and cover 75% of all agricultural land.
Water resources. Surface waters occupy about 3 percent of the countrys total area. They are
mainly (90%) formed by the transit flow of the Dniester and Prut rivers, both originating inthe Carpathians in Romania and in Ukraine, respectively. The internal rivers network
consists of nearly 3,300 water courses with a total length of 16,000 km. In Moldova, there
are 57 natural lakes with total surface of 62 km2
and about 3500 big and small water
reservoirs with total surface of 333 km2; the estimate total storage capacity of small water
reservoirs is about 1,5 billion m3.
Groundwater. Ninety percent of Moldovas groundwater resources attributes to deepaquifers. Deep groundwater, especially from the lower Baden Sarmatian aquifer, underlying
the entire country, is an important source of domestic and industrial water. Shallow
groundwater is a major drinking water source for 50% of rural population
Geology and seismology.Moldova is a zone of articulation of tectonic platforms. Most of the
country is on the southwestern margin of the East-European Pre-Cambrian platform. Seismicactivity in Moldova is as a result of recent movements in the earth's crust of the Carpathian
Mountains. Southern part of the country is a subject of probable 8-point earthquakes on the
Richter scale, northern part and the Dniester left-bank area - 7-point, and the rest of the
country - 6-point.
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Land resources and land use. The Moldovas land resources have a few distinctive
characteristics, namely: (i) the prevalence of rich chernozem soils, with high productivepotential; (ii) the intensive land use (ca. 75%); and (iii) a fragmented landscape: 80% of
agriculture land is situated on the slopes. In 2007, the actual use of land in agriculture was
74% which is the highest percentage in Europe.
Mineral resources.Moldova does not have major mineral deposits but natural resourcesinclude deposits of gypsum and other raw materials for construction industry, as well as
small reserves of oil and gas, lignite and iron ore.
Biodiversity. The geographical location of the country provides conditions for rich
biodiversity. However, extensive land use and environmental pollution adversely affect thebiodiversity. Remained natural and near-natural ecosystem covering about 20 percent of the
territory are very fragmented and are at a permanent risk of man-induced impacts.
Vegetation and flora. The vegetation resources of the Republic of Moldova can be
categorized as forest, steppe, meadow, aquatic and marsh ones. The flora of the Republic of
Moldova comprises 5513 indigenous species, including 1832 vascular plants species. Thehighest specific richness is associated with forest communities (over 850 species), followed
by meadow (about 650 species), steppe (over 600 species), and aquatic and march
ecosystems (about 160 species).
Fauna.The fauna of Moldova comprises 462 species of vertebrates and ca. 15,000 species of
invertebrates (mostly represented by insects -12,000 species). Among vertebrates, there are
71 species of mammals, about 285 species of birds, 14 species of reptiles, 13 species ofamphibians and 79 species of fish.
Air quality. The energy and heat generation sector is by far the biggest contributor (about 80per cent of total atmospheric emissions). The main sources of air pollution are thermal and
power plants (35-40 percent), residential heating systems, motor transport and industrial
activity. At present, 2,289 stationary sources are registered in the country, including threepower and heat generation plants; 68 rayonal and 1,645 local boiler houses; 529 gasoline and
gas stations, and 24 big fuel storage sites. There are 9 zones of increased air pollution
representing the main urban and industrial areas (these are towns Chisinau, Bender, Cahul,
Ribnita, Soroca, Balt, Edinet, Tiraspol, and Rezina). Within last decades, the ratio of themain three gases with greenhouse effect (CO2, CH4, N2O) expressed in tCO2e, shows a
relative decrease in carbon dioxide and an increase in methane emissions.
Animal wastes.In 2007, the number of cattle was 232 thousand capita, pigs - 299 thousand
capita, sheep and goats - 853 thousand capita, horses - 58 thousand capita, poultry - 17
million capita of poultry. In 2007, the estimated volume of the produced animal manure was15890900 cubic meters. The breakdown of estimated volume of the animal manure in 2007 is
presented in the Table 3 below.
Table 3. Estimated annual production of livestock waste
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Livestock Cattle stock Daily Waste
Produced
(l/day/
capita)
Yearly
Volume of
produced
waste
(m3/year)
Dry
Matter
(%)
Animal Solid
Waste
(tons/year)
Cattle 232000 42* 9744000 9* 877
Pigs 299000 4,5* 1345500 6* 81
Horses 58000 27** 1566000 9** 141Sheep/
goats
853000 1,8* 1535400 10* 154
Poultry 17000000 0,1** 1700000 55** 953
Total 18442000 15890900 2206* Source: Tacis project Prut River Tributaries . Nutrient Management Study, 2001.
** estimate data
Animal waste significantly contribute to groundwater and surface water pollution mainly by
nutrients, organic matter and pathogenic microorganisms when it is improperly stored or left
uncovered, and applied in the fields. Within last decades, the nature of farming activity in thecountry has changed from intensive farming to keeping of a small numbers of animals by
individual households, and on mainly small farms.
Groundwater pollution. In rural areas, improper waste disposals, application of fertilizers,
improper raw animal manure handling and application, and household septic tanks are the
main sources of the microbiological, nitrate, and heavy metals contamination of thegroundwater.
6.2 Economy
Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. In 2008, GDP per capita was at the
level of 2400 US dollars. The economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits,
vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Moldovan economy, in2008 accounting for about 22 percent of GDP while industry 18 percent. Poverty is most
severe in rural areas, where 59 percent of the population lives accounting for 68 percent of
total poverty. In the total agricultural production structure, the share plant production makes52%, animal production 42%. The structure of the animal production is presented in the
Table 4 below.
Table 4. Structure of the Animal Production
Animal production, of which 41,9
Production of livestock and poultry, of them: 21,6
cattle 3,2
Pigs 11,5sheep and goats 0,5
poultry 6,4
Milk 13,3
Eggs 5,4
Wool 0,1
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, 2008
6.3 Energy sector
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Moldova is almost totally dependent on the imports of fossil fuels. The country imports bothprimary energy resources (natural gas, petroleum products and coal) and electricity. Nearly
half of the energy import is natural gas, about 25% are liquid fuels, and the rest is mainly
represented by electricity and coal. Most energy resources (over 70%) are used for electricityand heat production.
During the last decade, only about 4% of the consumed energy was covered from internalsources. The rest of 96% of primary and electrical energy was imported: natural gas from
Russia, electricity form Ukraine (30%), Romania (10%), Transnistria (30%), and only 30%
of electricity was produced from internal sources.
Moldova has minimal oil and natural gas reserves. A small coal industry produces low-grade
bituminous coal. The majority of the population lives in rural communities, where living
conditions are especially difficult in the cold winter months. In rural area, traditionally, coaland firewood is used for heating. Price of fuels, including coal, increased dramatically
resulting in collapse in coal consumption.
Total countrys hydropower potential is estimated at 2,100 GWh/year. Moldova has a
potential for production of energy from renewable sources however common use of these
technologies linked to lack of funds and skill. The technical potential of the renewableenergy sources available in Moldova was estimated at 2,7 tCO2 from which biological
sources including manure - 0,5 tCO2, hydropower - 0,3 tCO2, solar - 1,2 tCO2, and wind - 0,7
tCO2 (source: Energy Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2020).
7. Environmental Guidelines
7.1. Environmental Guidelines Scope
Environmental Guidelines is a document which contains specific measures to be followed
during assessment of and potential impacts prior to project implementation to identify andmitigate environmental risks. Although most renewable energy technologies are
environmentally sound, all of them can have negative impacts on the environment if poorly
planned and implemented.
These guidelines are specifically intended for systems in which a process of anaerobic
bacteriological fermentation (anaerobic digestion) converts a manure into a biogas andconsider environmental impacts associated with the processes of anaerobic digestion and
biogas collection. The document do not takes into consideration potential impacts associated
with the agricultural activities that originate the organic waste used for anaerobic digestion.
7. 2 EMP Approval Procedures
As mentioned above, site specific EMPs for two pilot biodigesters will be prepared once thesites for project locations will be selected and concrete technology to be used for biogas
generation will be identified.
According to the national requirements, biodigester construction project is a subject of the
State Ecological Expertise (SSE) before implementation. Hence, procedure for the national
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EMP approval will consist of the following steps:
Step 1. Getting location approval. Project applicant submits project proposal/description to
the local Council (where the facility will be located), gets approval of its location and
proceeds with the project design.
Step 2.Preparing the EMP.
Once the projectproposal
receives mentioned above approval,the applicant shall hire a consultant to develop site-specific EMP on his/her behalf using this
EMP as a format with considering of features of the territory where the biodigester will be
located and biodigester technology to be used (items to be addressed while conducting a
baseline analysis and updating the EMP in relation to the concrete territory where the
biodigester will be placed are provided inAnnex 2);
Step 3. Getting operation permits. The applicant shall initiate obtaining of permits/
endorsements from all concerned institutions which will form a part of projectdocumentation to be submitted for SEE.Notes: i) The applicant is responsible for obtaining all relevant permits; ii) Institutions issuing
relevant permits are: SEI (pollutants in effluents and emissions to air; volume of discharged
wastewater, water use from surface and underground sources); Agency for Geology and MineralResources (numerical limits for abstraction of underground water), Agency Apele Moldovei
(numerical limits for abstraction of surface water); local public authorities (construction certificates),
Ministry of Health (resolution of sanitary inspection); Ministry of Construction and Regional
Development (certificate of compliance of the equipments technical conditions with national
standards in force), etc.
Step 4. EMP disclosure and consultation. When the EMP is ready, the borrower organizes its
disclosure and public consultation with stakeholders (potentially affected groups, NGOs,etc.). For this purpose, the EMP have to be submitted to the local authorities they to provide
access to EMP in a publically accepted manner. After the consultation, the consultant
incorporates received recommendations into the EMP.Note: Formal minutes of the consultation meeting recording the participants as well asrecommendations raised towards EMP should be prepared by applicant. Before disclosing the draft
EMP the document should be submitted to the WB for no objection.
Step 5.State Ecological Expertise. The EMP should be included in those chapters of projectdesign documentation which contain environmental protection information. Project
documentation will include also description of the technical conditions for project design, its
location and map-scheme, engineering provisions, description of technology, equipment, etc.This documentation as well as permits/ endorsements and public consultations minutes are
submitted to SEI for conducting of SEE.Notes: i) if the biodigester technology was not applied in Moldova before, then it is a subject of prior
formal approval of the Institute of Ecology which has to be included in the set of documentssubmitted for the SEE; iii) if the biodigester equipment is imported in Moldova, the detailed
description of biodigesters technological process and its environmental safety from the foreign
company has to be provided.
Step 6. Project implementation. Once a positive decision of the SEE on projectdocumentation, and respectively, EMP is approved, the project can be commenced.
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The approved EMPs are disclosed in the country and will be used for further project
implementation. The EMP is to be also disclosed in the WB Infoshop.
7.3 Potential Environmental Impacts and proposed Mitigation Measures
7.3.1 General Remarks
Generally, all potential project impacts could be grouped as follows: (a) impacts on thephysical environment (e.g. air/ acoustic, water resources, soil, landscape/ aesthetic); (b)
impacts on the biological or natural environment (e.g. flora, fauna, micro-organisms); and,
(c) impacts on human socio-economic environment (e.g. in such aspects as human health,improving of living conditions in rural areas, more income, higher employment, etc.).
Of particular concern will be both constriction activities which result in wastes and noise
generation, and may affect workers health and those operational processes that may result in
air, soil and water pollution, and those linked to labor safety. The potential negative impacts
generated by project activities are expected to be easily mitigated through appropriate project
design, adherence of technological process and implementation practices, so the risk from
them is expected to be minimal. Properly conducted environmental supervision and
monitoring as well as appropriate institutional arrangements will further reduce the risk of
project environmental problems.
The project does not entail any direct negative social risks during its implementation, and
does not presume any job losses/ resettlement issues. On the contrary, it will create additional
employment and respectively income in localities.
7. 3.2 Positive Impacts
The project will generate numerous positive environmental and socio-economic impacts. The
main advantages of the biogas production are: uses of a renewable fuel; use of non-polluting
waste utilization technology which presumes consumption of methane that might otherwise
leak into the atmosphere and increase the greenhouse effect; biogas can be used on a small
scale, e.g. in livestock farms.
Positive Environmental Impacts. Currently, animal manure is mainly stored in open
anaerobic lagoons for about 3 months until it is applied on fields. Open anaerobic lagoons is
a source of direct release of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere as
the result of the anaerobic digestion process that takes place inside. Besides, currently used
and usually, improperly tightened open lagoons present also a severe environmental problem
due to groundwater contamination and severe odor in the surroundings of the lagoons.
Manure biodigesters consolidate the manure into large holding tanks, capture the methane,
and burn it. Captured methane could be used to offset fossil natural gas used for heating of
animal farms thus, reducing the use of non-renewable energy sources. The potential of
nonpoint source pollution resulting from heavy rainfall will be also lessened since the
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influent to the holding tank will have undergone complete digestion. Additionally, odor will
be controlled since all the gas will be burned prior to release into the atmosphere. Besides,when manure is stored in pre- and post-treatment tanks it is less likely to seep into
surrounding aquifers and pollute groundwater. Enclosed anaerobic digestion system for
biogas production is not subject to pronounced influences of the weather, making effluentsfrom digesters more stable and uniform than effluents from anaerobic open lagoons which
are currently commonly used.The remaining, non-digestable material which the microbes cannot feed upon, along with anydead bacterial remains constitutes the digestate (slurry) which includes potentially useful
materials and chemicals. To isolate and recover them the further processing is needed.
Particularly, from the slurry can be obtained NPK concentrate. As compared to raw manure,
the NPK concentrate has more valuable for soil nutrients (ammonia-N), is relativelyodourless, free of disease, germs, weed seeds and respectively, in case of application on
fields, is less prone to cause groundwater contamination. This type of waste may be used as a
valuable fertilizer, rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, urea, and organic matter. It should be notedthat in the past, biodigesters have been considered mainly as a way to produce combustible
gas from waste organic matter. However, because of increasing emphasis on the sustainable
use of natural resources in farming systems, it is now appreciated that biodigesters should beconsidered in a much wider perspective, and specifically in their potential role for the
recycling of plant nutrients what can help to reduce dependence on inorganic fertilizers and
make it easier to grow organically.
Manure biodigester facilities installed at the animal farms will generate GHGs reduction.
Methane (CH4) is a more severe greenhouse gas; it is 25 times more potent than carbon
dioxide at trapping heat and it lingers in the atmosphere for 12 years. Methanes longevity
and high infrared absorption properties contribute to about one-sixth of the net greenhouse
effect. Capture of the methane in biodigester can reduce the net greenhouse gas production
thus promoting the carbon trading under the Kyoto Protocol CDM.
To summarize, the construction of on-farm biodigesters with connected power generation
facility and effluent treatment facility will result in: (i) improvement of local waste
management; (ii) improvement of local air quality through reduction of odor; (iii) reduced
soil/ groundwater and surface water contamination, (iv) pathogen reduction from waste
stream; (v) improvement of local nutrient management; (vi) improvement of soil fertility
though application of high quality fertilizer, and (vii) reduction of GHGs emissions (mainly,
CH4).
Positive Socio-Economic Impacts. The project implementation will contribute to
improvement in the local economy. Effluent from biodigesters (waste heat) can provide
such services such as power generation that can be used on site(to heat nearby buildings, for
lighting, water heaters, the manure tank itself, and for water-pumping) or sold back to the
local utility. Additional income may come through reduced purchases from electric and gas
suppliers because of substitution of fossil fuels and sale of high quality fertilizer.
Implementation of the project will promote production of on-farm energy, contribute to
development of local infrastructure; improvement of human health due to reduced impact
posed by inadequate handling of manure, increased employment due to creation of new jobs,
increased income of local people due to selling of increased yields from improved soils.
Additional income could be also possible through production and further sale of high quality
fertilizer. Use of biogas can reduce also the consumption of natural gas, coal, propane, or
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power from commercial sources thereby reducing the running costs of operation of the power
generation facility.
Capture of the methane for use as a fuel can reduce the net greenhouse gas production thus
providing potential opportunity for earning carbon credits under the Kyoto Protocol CDM.Hence, the project will generate revenue from greenhouse emissions offsets, promote use of
renewable energy technology and create awareness among private sector businesses toduplicate similar activities throughout the country. Given biodigester technology on a widerextent, Moldova has a potential to diversify its power generating capacity thus reducing
dependence on imported fossil fuels using local energy resources.
7.3.3 Potential Negative Impacts
In spite, most renewable energy technologies are environmentally sound in theory, all of them
can have negative impacts on the environment if poorly planned and implemented. Duringthe construction phase, impacts can arise from improper storage and handling of construction
wastes, these are also a risk of acoustic pollution and issues related to the occupational
safety. During the operational phase, the most severe impacts on environment may arise fromimproperly maintained manure storage and processing facilities, and biogas system
infrastructure. Of particular concern would be those facilities operations which may result in
air pollution and explosions which can occur during raw gas leaks and generation of mixtureof methane with air in limits of highly explosive methane concentrations of 5-15 vol.%. All
these impacts are expected to be easily mitigated through a good projects design and
implementation practices, adherence of technological process and labor discipline. As a
biodigester is a closed system and treated materials are not in contact with atmosphere, thetypical negative impacts can be easily minimized.
Summary of biogas production positive and potential negative impacts is presented in thetable 6 below.
Table 6. Summary of negative and positive impacts form the biogas production
Positive Impacts Potentially Negative Impacts
Quantified- Reduction of odor by on average, 80%
- 100 to 1000-fold reduction in pathogens
- Reduction of viability of weed seeds 70% to
90% (resulting in less herbicide use)
- Greenhouse gas reduction by 2 to 4 tones CO2equivalent per cow per year/ biogas generation
from 1 tone of manure will prevent emission of33 m3
of methane into the atmosphere
- Reduction of soil/water contamination by
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 40%, and
nutrients through seeping of manure
- Potential increase of nutrients emissions from
storage facilities (mainly, of ammonia - by 10%
to 20%)
Non Quantified- Generation of green renewable electricity orrenewable natural gas
- Diversion of solid and liquid organic waste
from landfills
- Increased truck traffic (during the
construction phase of the project and in caseof manure transportation by road vehicles)
- Increased nutrient load on farmland (if off-
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- Rural development including investments,
increased tax base, and job opportunities
- Additional revenue stream for agricultural
producers
- Additional revenue stream from sale of
produced surplus electricity into the national
grid.
- Improved local air quality (especially ifrenewable biogas is used to substitute fossil
fuels)
- Contribution to the value of the standing forest
saved
farm waste is imported)
- Potential for increased noise in the
immediate vicinity- Emissions from biogas combustion
(similarly with natural gas emission levels)
- Risk of expulsions (through generation of
mixture of methane with air in limits ofhighly explosive methane concentrations)
Source: G. Rogstrand, Waste Management Factsheet. Overview of on-farm biogas production. Ministry of
Agriculture and Land, Canada, 2008
More details of positive environmental and socio-economic impacts arising during project
implementation are provided in Annex 3, while details of potential negative impacts - in
Annexes 4 and 5.
Cumulative Impacts. Cumulative impacts result when the effects of an action are added to orinteract with other effects in a particular place and within a particular time. Project activitiesmay require additional water consumption which might result in some lowering of
groundwater table and contribution to surface and groundwater contamination. However,taken into consideration that (i) the scale of activities will be very small; (ii) construction and
operation technologies will be applied properly, and (iii) mitigative measures will be taken
appropriately, cumulative impacts are not likely to be an issue for the project.
7.3.4 Mitigation Measures
The EMP proposes a set of mitigation measures for both construction and operational phases.
Mitigation measures during construction phase will relate mainly to appropriate wastehandling management and noise prevention/ mitigation.
Mitigation measures during operational phase will be directed mainly at the prevention of
soil and groundwater/surface water pollution from pre- and post storage tanks and
bioigesters loading tank, prevention of air pollution by methane emitting from biogas
storage system, gas leakages from pipelines thus minimizing risk of exposure as well as at
the occupational safety.
The matrix identifying potential negative impacts which can be generation during the
construction and operational phases of the project along with recommended mitigation
measures are provided inAnnexes 4 and 5, respectively.
7.4 Monitoring
After implementation, it is important to continually monitor and evaluate the appropriateness
of the mitigation measures employed. Monitoring aims to assess the compliance with the
EMP and trace anticipated and unexpected environmental changes resulting from a project
activity, to assess efficacy of applied mitigation measures and take corrective ones, if needed.The results have to be reviewed by the management.
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7.4.1 Monitoring Activities
The EMP provides information on monitoring activities and in particular, on: what has to be
monitored, which parameters have to be monitored, monitoring frequency, institutionalresponsibilities, etc. at the construction and operational phases of projects implementation to(i) ensure early detection of conditions that require corrective or additional mitigation
measures, and (ii) furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation activities.
Any unexpected change from baseline conditions should initiate remedial action, or a change
in mitigation or management approach. Performance monitoring could include both the
collection of physical data, as well as input from potentially affected neighbors or parties.
During construction phase emissions to air (dust and emissions for vehicles) and noise should
be monitored to evaluate whether mitigation is sufficient and construction activities do not
affect environment and population or workers. Anaerobic biodigesters require close
environmental monitoring and also equipment maintenance. Hence, once the project is
commenced the following should be monitored regularly:
Ambient air quality (construction and operational phases);
Construction wastes (construction phase);
Noise levels at the site boundary (construction phase)
Biogas pipes and storage facilities checked for leaks and corrosion (operational phase);
Effluents (operational phase, if presumed by the technology).
7.4.2 Monitoring Plan
Monitoring of the environmental impacts within the implementation of the project will be
funded under the Project. Permanent and regular monitoring by PMT and record keeping willbe required to ensure that mitigation measures are being implemented, to determine whetherthere are no additional environmental impacts, which were not identified or overlooked in the
projects environmental assessment/ analysis. Periodic site visits will serve as the monitoring
mechanism both during construction and operation phases.
A sample of a Monitoring Plan for biodigesters construction is presented inAnnex 6. Since it
is not anticipated that the project will have a well definable decommissioning phase,
monitoring activities associated with decommissioning phase were not included in the Plan.
7.4.4 Monitoring Implementation Schedule and Reporting
Once the Monitoring Plan it is put in place in the context of site specific project, information
gathered by PMT during the monitoring activities, as well as the action taken, or operational
adjustments made should be recorded and reported quarterly to WB; these reports have to be
available any time at the WBs request and to the Banks staff during supervision missions.
PMT would prepare also short progress reports with regard to EMP implementation.
Furthermore, the PMT will ensure annual publishing of the results of the project monitoring
on the project website as well as dissemination on environmental issues related to the project
to all interested stakeholders and parties (e.g. NGOs, general public etc.).
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8. Environmental Management Plan Implementing Arrangements
8.1 Project Management Team
PMT established under the MOE will serve as the implementing agency, responsible for the
overall management of the project, planning and budgeting, use of funds and generation ofoutputs, accounting, reporting, monitoring and evaluation of the project, TORs preparation,
tendering and supervision of the sub-contracts, environmental safeguards and audit of
financial resources. The main objective of PMT will be regular monitoring of project
activities to ensure that mitigation is carried out, and identification and assessment of
unanticipated impacts. PMT will report on: (a) compliance with measures agreed with the
Bank on the basis of the findings and results of the site specific EMPs,; (b) the status of
implementation of mitigation measures; and (c) the findings of monitoring programs. PMT
will work also in close contact with the CFU under the MOE which is a National Focal Point
for implementation of Kyoto Protocol and will be responsible for BGAMPPs technical
implementation.
8.2 Institutional capacity of the PMT
The PMT has an assigned staff member with environmental safeguards responsibilities, and
adequate experience, as the PMT is also the implementing unit for the full-size GEF POPs
Stockpiles Management and Destruction Project, which is a Category A project. The results
of implementation of the GEF POPs project environmental safeguards were considered as
very positive.
9. Integration of EMP in project implementation
The EMP provisions will be integrated into the Project Operational Manual, as well as in site
specific EMPs to be prepared and used as part of all contracts involving equipment and
works. The site specific EMPs will be also integrated into the construction contracts for
individual sites, both into specifications and bills of quantities, and the Contractors will be
required to include the cost in their financial bills.
10. EMP Disclosure and Consultation
EMP disclosure occurred on March 1, 2010 through EMP Summary posting on the PMT
office website (www.molodvapops.md). At the consultation meeting representatives of
various ministries, State Ecological Inspectorate, NGOs, farmers, and other stakeholders
were invited. Consultation took place on March 9, 2010 at the MOEs premises.
At the consultation meeting were present representatives of the PMT and CFU Offices,
Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry, State Ecological
Inspectorate and NGO.During the consultation, the Client has presented the EMP Summary.
Particularly, the public was informed about the project and its objective, EG, including
potential impacts which may by generated by project activities, measures to be taken to
prevent/ mitigate potential impacts and project monitoring, etc. The consultation meetings
attendees participated actively in the discussion which was focused mainly on the biodigester
technologies applicable for Moldova, affordability of biodigesters for farmers, monitoring
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responsibilities and costs, possibility to sell surplus electricity into the national grid as well
as projects sustainability.
Final version of the EMP approved by WB will be posted on WB InfoShop for its disclosure
and on Moldova POPs Office website.
Minutes of the EMP consultation meeting with stakeholders are presented inAnnex 7.
ANNEXES
to Environmental Guidelines
Content
Annex 1. Types of biogas plants and Anaerobic Digestion Configurations
Annex 2. Field Site Visit ChecklistAnnex 3. Positive Impacts
Annex 4. Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures (construction phase)
Annex 5. Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures (operational phase)Annex 6. Environmental Monitoring Plan for biodigestrers construction
Annex 7. Summary of the Consultation Meeting
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Annex 1
Types of Biogas Plants and Anaerobic Digestion Configurations
1. Types of Biogas Plants
The most commonly used types of biogas plants are:
Fixed-dome plants
Floating-drum plants Balloon plants
Horizontal plants
Earth-pit plants
Ferrocement plants
Of these, the two most familiar types in developing countries are the fixed-dome plants and
the floating-drum plants.
Fixed-Dome plantconsists of a digester with a fixed, non-movable gas holder, which sits ontop of the digester. When gas production starts, the slurry is displaced into the compensation
tank. Gas pressure increases with the volume of gas stored and the height difference betweenthe slurry level in the digester and the slurry level in the compensation tank. Its Advantages
are the relatively low construction costs, the absence of moving parts and rusting steel parts.If well constructed, fixed dome plants have a long life span. The underground construction
saves space and protects the digester from temperature changes. The construction provides
opportunities for skilled local employment.Disadvantages are mainly the frequent problemswith the gas-tightness of the brickwork gas holder (a small crack in the upper brickwork can
cause heavy losses of biogas). Fixed