Plant Dichotomous Key

With All This Life Out There, How Can We 1st: Classify the organisms in genres?2nd: Discover Evolutionary Relationships?

Evolution: ClassificationPhylogenyCladisticsDichotomous KeysClassificationHow do scientists classify &identify organisms?Scientists identify organisms by studying their structure and functions.What are the reasons scientists do this?A lot has to do with first, discovering our ancestry and second, helping to identify new organisms.But most importantly, it helps us connect with the world so we can do things like find cures and treatments for diseases.How Do We Name Organisms?With all the diversity, how do we name organisms?Taxonomy:The science of naming and classifying organisms.We group species based on what we know about their evolutionary relationships.How Do We Name Organisms?Ideally, classification should be based on homology; that is, shared characteristics that have been inherited from a common ancestor. The more recently two species have shared a common ancestor,the more homologies they share, andthe more similar these homologies are.

ClassificationWe use The Linnaean System Its in Latin = so globally, everyone can understand what youre talking about.

SPECIES ARE GROUPED INTO SUCCESSIVE LEVEL OF HEIRARCHY.Linnaean ClassificationCarolus Linneaus ranked organisms into ever more inclusive categories (taxa)SpeciesGenusFamilyOrderClassPhylumKingdomDomain

7The 3 Domain Classification System

The 6 Kingdom Classification System

Dog Taxonomical ClassificationDomain

EukaryaKingdomAnimaliaPhylumChordataClassMammaliaOrderCarnivoriaFamilyCanidaeGenusCanisSpecieslupus(Subspecies)sometimesfamiliarisNaming SpeciesIn the Linnaean system, each species is given a unique, two-part scientific nameThis is called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATUREExamples: the dog rose, Rosa caninaThe wolf, Canis lupusThe dog, Canis lupus (familiaris)Humans, Homo sapienThe first part is the genus name

The second part is the species name11The Challenge With Taxonomy & The New SolutionBecause of the fluid nature of evolution and speciation, it is difficult to properly name and classify organisms. There exists challenges that make it less than 100% accurate on how scientists classify organisms.Deciding which traits to focus on.Missing links.Unknown organisms.What was once based primarily on homologous structures is now being updated with the use of technologies that allow us to see similarities on a molecular level.DNAProteinsThe benefit of using molecules is that they mutate at a reasonably constant rate.Still, what is the better way to determine phylogeny; molecular or morphological?Remember, natural selection only acts on physical traits.

The Challenge With Taxonomy & The New SolutionIdentifying Species RelatednessThe difficult task of the identification of species is under the discipline of systematics.Accomplished primarily through discovering phylogeny.Phylogeny = The ancestral relationship between species.

Phylogeny is united with systematics through cladistics. Cladistics = Analysis that infers phylogeny through the careful comparisons of related characters (traits).

Phylogenetic TreeA phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics. The taxa joined together in the tree are implied to have descended from a common ancestor.-wikipedia.orgThe common ancestorHumans15Phylogenic/ Evolutionary Trees

Interactive http://itol.embl.de/itol.cgi

CladogramsA cladogram is not, however, an phylogenic tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants or how much they have changed; many evolutionary trees can be inferred from a single cladogram.Wikipedia.org

A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistics which shows relations among organisms. CladogramsCladistic analysis is used to select the most likely phylogeny among a given set of organisms.The logic of establishing the phylogeny is based on interpreting the evidence that establishes the relationships.Morphology (Structure)Molecular Evidence (DNA & Proteins)Order & Time (DNA mutates at a constant rate so divergence can be approximated)

You will construct both kinds.Comparative MorphologyWe can look at similar traits in different organisms.These traits must result from evolution.Homology strongly implies relatedness.

Using Proteins as a Molecular ClockHuman beta chain0Gorilla1Gibbon2Rhesus monkey8Dog15Horse, cow25Mouse27Gray kangaroo38Chicken45Frog67Lamprey125Sea slug (a mollusk)127Soybean (leghemoglobin)124This chart shows the similarity among organisms based upon the number of amino acids that are similar in hemoglobin.The human beta chain contains 146 amino acid residues, as do most of the others.What kind of evidence does this show?How Do We Decide the Relationship Between All Of Lifes Diversity?

HOW?We need data to compare

TRAITSCladistic AnalysisFocuses on Shared Traits (Implies shared ancestry)& Identification of Derived Traits (Implies divergence)

SHARED trait for LIZARDS, PIGEONS, MICE, & CHIMPSDERIVED trait that evolved after BIRDSNode: where divergence occurs to cause speciation 23How Do You Construct Cladograms?To make a cladogram, scientists first collect data on the features of all the organisms they hope to classify.This data is then analyzed to determine which characteristics were present in what could have been a common ancestor and which might have been developed in later times. SO: You need to know/observe/discoverWhen the species evolved (oldest to youngest)Good traits to focus on.Parsimony Analysis

What If The Organisms Are Very Similar?The Parsimony PrincipleMost obvious answer is the most likely.

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Fig. 19-11a, p. 310A To get a sense of how parsimony analysis works, think about a few items that differ in measurable properties. For example, the following three objects differ in two characters, color and shape:26Figure 19.11A simple example of parsimony analysis. The evolutionary pathway with the least number of steps between states is the one with the highest probability of occurring.B If you shuffle these objects, there are only three different ways to put them next to one another:

Fig. 19-11b, p. 310oror27Figure 19.11A simple example of parsimony analysis. The evolutionary pathway with the least number of steps between states is the one with the highest probability of occurring.C Now think about the total number of differences there are between each pair of adjacent objects. In this example, the middle arrangement has a total of two differences. The others have three:

Fig. 19-11c, p. 3102 differences1 difference1 difference1 difference2 differences1 differenceD If we were to create these three arrangements by changing one object into the other two, one difference at a time, the middle arrangement would take the fewest number of steps. The likely evolution of the shapes is the middle arrangement or the reverse. 28Figure 19.11A simple example of parsimony analysis. The evolutionary pathway with the least number of steps between states is the one with the highest probability of occurring.A Character Matrix

Which are most similar?A. a & eHow would you order these organisms?AE(B or D)C29Constructing a Cladogram1. Identify the outgroup. The outgroup is the group that does not share any of the characters in this list. [remember that a character is also called a trait] Draw a diagonal line and then a single branch from its base. Write the outgroup at the tip of this first branch.2. Identify the most common character. Just past the fork of the first branch, write the most common derived character. This character should be present in all of the subsequent groups added to the tree.3. Complete the tree. Repeat step 2 for the second most-common character. Repeat until the tree is filled with all of the groups and characters from the table.

Type of PlantsVascular TissueSeedsFlowersMossesNoNoNoFernsYesNoNoConifersYesYesNo Flowering PlantsYesYesYes Draw on board as an example.30

Type of PlantsVascular TissueSeedsFlowersMossesNoNoNoFernsYesNoNoConifersYesYesYesFlowering PlantsYesYesYes Cladogram ConstructionFollowing the directions on the handout, construct cladogram for the 2 examples. Answer the analysis questions.

Take 5 minutes then well take a look at what you come up with for the 1st example. First Practice ProblemTUNA4 LEGSFROGAMNIOTIC EGGLIZARDHAIRCATTaxonTraitJawLimbsHairLungTail lossLampreyNoNoNoNoNoTrout YesNoNoNo NoCat YesYesYesYesNoGorilla YesYesYesYesYesLungfishYesNoNoYesNoLizardYesYesNoYesNo Construct a Cladogram of the following organisms.

Cladogram Conclusions

TaxonTraitJawLimbsHairLungTail lossLampreyNoNoNoNoNoTrout YesNoNoNo NoCat YesYesYesYesNoGorilla YesYesYesYesYesLungfishYesNoNoYesNoLizardYesYesNoYesNo LAMPREYJAWTROUTLUNGLUNGFISHLIMBSLIZARDHAIRCATTAIL LOSSGORILLACladograms come in all shapes as long as the criteria are all accounted for.

9. True or False. The cladograms below are exactly the same, only drawn differently.

a.

b.

ClosureQuestions?My questions.What are the evolutionary relationships called?How are they chosen?Do you notice any limitation with the classification processes?What are the most important traits?How are missing links established?What is the most reliable method; morphological or molecular?Reflect.What did you learn?Dichotomous KeyA dichotomy is any splitting of a whole into exactly two non-overlapping parts, meaning it is a procedure in which a whole is divided into two parts. It is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets) that are:jointly exhaustive: everything must belong to one part or the other, andmutually exclusive: nothing can belong simultaneously to both parts.Wikipedia.org

Dichotomous KeyIn biology, a dichotomy is a division of organisms into two groups, typically based on a characteristic present in one group and absent in the other. Such dichotomies are used as part of the process of identifying species, as part of a dichotomous key, which asks a series of questions, each of which narrows down the set of organisms. A well known dichotomy is the question "does it have a backbone?" used to divide species into vertebrates and invertebrates.Wikipedia.orgThis either-or technique can be used to help identify and classify individuals or groups of organisms.

Dichotomous KeyFollowing a key is relatively easy.Your put into a position that makes you decide one of two choices.Just read the steps and make your selection.The difficult part is making one that someone else can followSHARK Dichotomous KeyWorking in PAIRS.READ THE DIRECTIONS for the dichotomous key.Directions page (on your table) is a class set. Dont take it.The worksheet with the corrections is yours to write on. 2 students per worksheet.Conduct the analysis to determine the species of shark illustrated in the given picture.Do this quickly as you will need to come up with a key that helps someone else near you identify the 5 fish. The Dichotomous Key you create needs to be used by another group to see if it works or not. Theyll initial if they can successfully navigate the key!This is worth 50pts.Its due tomorrow.

Plant Dichotomous KeyFollow Directions on Worksheet

SpeciesAmino Acids SequenceAGDAEKG1BGSVKKG4CGDVAKG3DGDVEKG2EGSVSKE5

GDVEKGGDAEKGGSVSKEGSVKKGGDVAKG