MONETERSOF THE LATE ANGLO-SAXONCOINAGE 1016-1042 by Veronica J. Smart, M. A.

Thesis degree

submitted of Doctor

to the University of Nottingham October 19B1. of Philosophyp

for

the

ST

COPY

AVAILA

L

Poor text in the original thesis. Some text bound close to the spine,

CONTENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHT and ABBREVIATIONS' INTRODUCTION Scope and method Dating Localisation Double PHONOLOGY ALPHOLTIC, AL , NAME LIST names of dies

i-x

I 8 19 24 33 61 191 193 200

RMIONAL ANALYSES Western York The Five Southern Lonclon Boroughs Danelaw mints

203 210 218

Southern Englancl General SummaryAcknowledgments

223 243

xi -Xii

0

Abstract the moneyer-s' names on the late study ofby the This same writer study concluded the with the to

previousSaxon coinage Ethelred , Il.

Angloof

death

continues

survey

the

accession the sources

of Edward the for the coins

Confessor. of this

The Introduction period, current of

summarises on their

research double

dating appear

and die-cutting, on the coins.

the and

function

names which

A section

on Phonology

discusses

in

detail

the

spellings

used

in the coin-legendsp to carelessness but reflect

how the numerous forms are not due showing on the part of the die-cutters, are also

or illiteracy

sound-changes and spelling Several

conventions-which

found in documentary sources. hitherto been attributed

sound-changes which have appear on the in fact taken

to Anglo-Norman influence for their having

coinsp reinforcing place in native

the evidence Old English.

The individual Name List information ulation with for their

names are then examined in an Alphabetical derivation, and in the final section this

is used towards

assessing

the composition region

of the popby region, and the

in the towns where mints to the density

were situatedp

regard

of Scandinavian groups. had little

settlement

presence of other non-English The Scandinavian of the mints) ruling

dvnasty

effect

on the manning names changes of of geo-

the proportions

of Scandinavian

to English

being very similar in the southern Ethelred's the eleventh graphical

to those under Ethelred. Danelawp which it is

There are small

suggested may be a legacy in the early reflects years

anti-Anglo-Scandinavian century.

policy

The coin-evidence

the general from place-naze

patterns

of settlement

to be inferred

and other towns,

material.,

rather

than

suggesting status,

that

the

minta more

because

of their population.

commercial

had attracted

cosmopolitan

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS SoUrces: puhlished collections of coins i Sveriges of jord Coin

BER

Ani,-Iosachsiska j3. E. Hildebrand, k1881). 2nd edn. Stockholm of the Systematic catalogue Cabinet, Stockholm)H. A. Grueber the British

Mynt funna Collection

the Royal

B14C

A catalogue and C. F. Keary, Huseum, Anglo-Saxon series,

of

English coins Londlon U893)

in

Brettel

Brettel Collection Catalogue of of the R. M. of coins ter, and Co. London 28th October sold by Glendinning by B. H. I. H. Stewart. 1970, with an introduction Corpus Nummorum, Sa3culorum IX-XI qui in Suecia Stockholmk1975ed. N. L. Rasmusson and B, Kalmerv (2 vols. 1: Gotland A-B published) parishes 16: Dalarna Catalogue of of the collection jones Esq. formed by F. Elmore I; ondon 12th and 13th May 1971 Sylloge british 1. 2. of Coins Academy, of the Lond7n' Museum, and Coats (1761) British U958-) Cambridge, Collection, reerti sunt

CITS

FEJ

Anglo-Saxon pennies silver Co. sold by Glendinning-and

SCBI

Islest

published

for (IM)

the

Fitzwilliam. Hunterian Robertson

by P. Grierson Glasgow,

by A. S.

4t, 7 ..

13-15,1B.

Royal Danish G. Galster

Collectiong (19&4*? Z)

Copenhagen,

by

5. 6. 8. 9.

Grosvenor 14useum, Chester,

by E*J*E. Pirie

(1944) Edinburgh,

National Museum of Antiquities by H. B. K. Stevenson (19&&) Hiberno-Norse Doley (iqt4)

of Scotlandt

coins in the British

Ifluseum, by R. H. H.

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford,Univeroityq

by J. D. A. Thompson (1947)and R. H. N. Dolley by C. E. Blunt, (1971) C. E. F. (oq&q)

11. Reading

by C. E. Blunt

16. Mrs. Emery May Norweb collection, Elmore Jones and R. P. Mack (1971) 17. Midland Museums, by A. J*II. Gunstone 19. Bristol and Gloucester Blunt and N. Dolley 20. H. P. Mack collection, 21. Yorkshire collections,

Museums, by L. V. Grinsell, by R. P. Nack (1973) by E. J. E. Pirie(197S)

24. West Country *. 21, National (lial)

Nuseumst by A. J. H. Gunstone (177) by Tuukka Talvio (117S)

Huseum, Helsinkip

Vols. 1-20 are indexed in vol. V. JO 'Smartk, where all forms of

28, Cumulative Index, by the moneyers' names are

;i

references. given with volume and plate 21- are given here with volume in vol. added. Uppsala Studier ofver Uppsala Universitats sammling, by digurd Holm, Uppsala

References to coins and plate-numbers Mynt

Anglosaxiska U917)

Unpublished B14

material a large proportion of which the publication of BNC

British Museum collection, has been assembled since

Swedish hoatda: CNS has only just begun to publish the from the Viking found in vast material Age coin-hoards Sweden and the great majority of these finds are still Instances in detail. known only from this unpublished source are cited with find-spot, and province, parish Fole parish, Gotland. e. g. Stora Sojdeby find,

46

Other Works Consulted ------------------de4Gautries,, J. Les noms de personnes Migard Hormandie de 911-1066,, Lund (1954) enASC

-schndinavesparallel, trans.

The Amdo-Saxon Chronicle: Two of the Saxon Chronicles j. Earle, (1892-99), C. Plummer Oxford in and also ed. G. N. Garmonsway, EverymarisLibrary 1960. Anglo-Saxon Coins. ed. R. H. H. Dolley, Arglo-Saxon Enpland Presented studies London (1961) I C'Lrnbri to Sir Frank

ASCoins

Stenton,

ASE

Blick, H. The synonyms for Lund (193-4T(Lond 544145 Bede

Child. Boy Girl lr% En5lit-h 2. )

in

Old English,

History Ecclesiastical of the-En, -,lish R. A. B. Hynors, Oxford (1969) and Biddle, Oxford 14. (ed. ) Winchester (1976) in the'Early

People,

ed.

B. Colgrave

Middle

Ages,

BjUkman, E. Scandinavian-Loanwords in Middle English, (19021 ONAAitxv Halle 1014P. '71,11) tt. xur erw scsrq pvm: !f w.Nordische und frhmittelengliacher '7) ent'C%tchtt%Philolotte Personennamen Zeit, Halle in Enrland (1910) in altr&%06.

Zur enZlischen Blackburn, 19-22 14.A. S. "The mint

Namenkunde (ZEN), of Watehet"

Halle

(1912) (1974)

BNJ XLIV

BCSBITJ Bosworth-. and Toller

Blunt, C. E. "The St. Edmund Memorial Coinage" Proceedings the Suffolk Institute Archmologry XXXI (1968) 227-33 of of A V06. Birch, W. de G. Cartularium Saxonicum, London, ', 1883-99)British Numismatic Journal

Dictionary. An Anglo-Saxon based on the 14S collect by T. N. Toller, J. Bonworth, Oxford (1898T. edited Supplement and addenda by A. Campbell (1972) Brooke, . C. N. L. The Saxon and Norman kings, London (i963)

London 800-1216. London (1975)Brooke, G. C. A catalogue Norman kings, Huseum. -the

the shaping of a citv,,in the British

coins of English London (1916)

Englif3h Coins,

3rd edn. London (1955)pennyt

"The metrology V. J. Butler, of the late Anglo-Saxon 195-214 the reigns and Cnut", ASCoins of Athelred Smart, i. V. act also

iv

----hoard

R. H. M. "A note on the Viking Dolley, and NC (1961) 59 from Lindores"

Age

Campbell., A. Old English

Grammar, Oxford

(1959) and

Carlyon-Britton, P. "Uncertain Anglo-Saxon mints BNJ VI (1909) 49-54 some new attributions"

Carson, R. A. G. "The mint of Thetford" 257

NC IX (1949) 189dictionand complet-

Cleasby., R. and Vigfusson, G.. An Icelandic-English by R. Cleasby, aryv initiated revisedp enlarged 2nd edn. Oxford (1957) ed by G. Vigfusson, Commentationes CTM

Commentationes

Stockh olm, 1 (1961), 11 ' 1968)4K%jo% %NtLc, it f('5XOL -hLt* I WKVl.L&tA ri k -aevv%Inv% Re.. sarlq. rLtlz%: See Smart, V. J. "Cnut's Tork moneyers'l-

de nummis smculorum

IX-XI

in

Suecia

repertiOcK

0104fle

90 19

DGP

Danson, E. W. "The Anglo-Saxon and Norman mint of Tamworth Transactions Staffordshire" of the South Stafforaahire Archmological Societ V XI (1969-70) -1-32-56 and Historical See Knudsen and Kristensen Dinneeng P. S. An Irish-English dictionaryDablin and London (1904) Dolley, R. H. M. "The Jewel BNJ XXVII (1953) 266-2;. 5 Cross coinage of Elfgifu-Emmall

"The sack of Wilton and the chronology -----of the Long Cross. and-Helmet types of Ethelred IVI VNM (1954) 152-6

"A note on the mints of Sudbury and Southwark at the end of the reign of Ethelred III' BNJ XXVIII (1955) 2649 "A Severn variety -----(1956) 321-5s 373-6.11 Some Reflections (Antikvariskt Arkiv-! "The mints

of cnutts

Quatrefoil

'type" SNC

on Hildebrand Type A of Nth . -x-) Stockholm (1958) Southampton" SNC (1955)

-----159-61

of North-ana

"An unpublished ILC (1960) 191-3

Chester penny of Harthacnut" of Harold

"Some misattributed Fleur-de-lis (1964-) 45-7 III BNJ XMII

coins

110E*Christthegn - an unsuspected instance of early Middle Irish influence on OE name-giving" BNJ XXVI (1967) 40-5 "Some Irish-evidence for the date o;. the Crux ASE 11 (1973)145-54 coins of Athelred III'

V

r

II" "An introduction to the coinage of Athelred Athelresithe-Unready, conference, papers from the millenary British Reports# British Archreological Series LIX (1978) "Roger of Wendover's date for BXJ XLIX (1979) 1-11 reform" Blunt, C. E. and van der Meer, element in the 1967 Burge hoard from Gotland" BITJ XXXVI (1967) 81-5 and Butler, -MIUM (1961) 1-4 V. J. "Tre engelska Jones, Eadgar's coinage

G. "The Anglo-Saxon Lummelunda parish, pR Gotland"

mynt funna F.

D. J. and Elmore Elliott, --(1965) 46-52 BNJ =V ind

"The Buckingham

mint"

"The mints wt Gothabvrig Elmore'Jones, F. -----(1956) 270-21M BIIJ XXVIII -Il mt-SithmestebVrip. -----English "The engraving Ingold, J. and coinage c. 10251' Commentationes of the dies 1 187-211 for

and

the

-_ --their relevance-----of the parish

J an

"Viking-age coin hoards from Ireland to Anglo-Saxon studies". ASCoins 241-265L, and van in element BIIJ XXXVI G. der Neer, the 1966 find (1967) 62-80 "A preliminary from TingstRde

and

LundBtr8m, AgZR-Saxon on Golandll

account

---under - ---cabinets -----coins 26-59

and Metcalf, D. X. "The reform Edgar" ASCoins 136-68 an4 of the eiChteenth

of

the English

coinage

"Cnut's Quatrefoil type in English BNJ XXIX (1958) 69-81 century"

J. S. "The provenances and Strudwick, of the Anglo-Saxon (1955) Nuseum Catalogue" in the British BIU XXVIII recorded

and van der Meer --found at Sudeley Castle Ebsworth, 131IJ =V

G. group of Anglo-Saxon NC ("A 1958) 123-9

pence

N. J. "The Anglo-Saxon (1965) 53-85vO*nsK*p5san%+u^ae_t

Norman mint at Warwick" and

(1947)(Slviffer, Ekwall, E. Narnes,. L=4 EarlX London Personal Ksjn5l. Rumanittis" Elmore Jones, F. "The mint of Axbridee" BXJ XXX, (1960) 61-9i Eunck 43! )

Rerinm ed. for the Royal Historical Encomium Emmm Campbell, London 1949) (Ch"41% Irtt Series LYAit. ) A. EP-IIS English Place-Rame Society, county surveYst (1924-)

Society

by

"On a hoard of Saxon pennies found in the City Evansp J. London" KC (1855) 258-9

of

Wi

0. von Feilitzent rtor%; Book, noj-----Studia

The Pre-Conquest Uppso-6

Personal (193,7)

Nameg of Domt2ja-y

"Some OE uncompounded personal XL (1968) 5-16 Neophilologica

names and. bynames" Domesday" Winchester

"The Personal Names of the Winton --Early Middle Ages, ed. M. Biddle. in the

Names on the coinage of Edgar" C. E. "Personal Blunt, and in primajZ sources presented studies England before the Conquest, (v)7i) P. Clemoes 6n-ei Whitelock., ed to Dorothy Fellows Jensen, G. Scandinavian Copenhagen (1968) and Yorkshiret (1972) review 183 Personal Names in Lincolnshire

of H. Hossop et al

"The Lincoln

Hint"

BNJ XLI

O-SterIen see Stefansson,T. Forssner, Old and Early F8rstemann, E.

J.Names in Germanic Personal Continental Uppsala k1916) Middle English times, Altdeuts4D Ifamenbuc Bonn (1900) England in

Galster, Grinsellv (1973)

Rex" MTMT(1974) 189-90 G. IlCnutr L. V. The Bath Mint. a historical outline,England

Londonand the

C. R. The early- charters of Northern Hart t t1975) Leicester Midlands, North

Hauberg, P. CO Myntforhold Copenhagen (1900) 1146, Hildebrand, Hillt J. W.P.

og Udmyntninger

i Danmark indtil

B. E. see Sourcesq BEH Mediwval Lincoln, (1948) Cambridge

Holm S. see Sources, Uppsala Holthausent F. Altenglisches berg (1931-4) etymologisches_WBrterbuch,Scandinavian

Heidelin

"Regional variation in Insley, J. 111 (1979) 52-60 England" Nomina J. H. Kemble Codex Diplomaticus_ King, H 11. "The Steyning Aevi

nomenclature t839-48)

Saxonici,

London". 1-7

(KCD)

Mint"

BNJ XXIV (1941)

"Coins of the Sussex Mints"Kinsey, EL. S. "Anglo-Saxon Law and Practice BIT-TXXIX (1958) 12-50 Moneyersit

BITJXMIIrelating

5121A (1955-7)&0-74,X4? -ZG?,to mints and

Kisbyet T. "Plod&got, the provenance of some names in -ro_d Publications ii the light reassessed of of numismatic evidence" (1979)II-IL Department of Englishp VIII University Copenhagen of -the

G. and Kristenson, Knudsen, (1936-48) Copenhagen

14. Danmarks

gamle

Personnayne,

L. O. "The coinage at Sigtuna in the names of Anund Lagerquist, Commentationes 11 383-413 Jacob, Cnut the Great and Harthacnut" R. H. M. and Dolley, coins on the Sietuna L. M. Canute the Great, "The problem of the Fleur-de-lis Cnut" BNJ XXX (1961) 252-61 of New York and London M (1897) (1912) 302-8

sceptre Larson, Lawrence,

L. A. "On the mint

of Barnstaple"

donamn och fingerade Lind, E. H. Norsk-islUmdska Uppsala (1905-15) medeltiden,

namn froan

Lindsay,Loyn,

J.

A view of the coinage of the Heptarclvv,The Vikings in Britain, London (1977)

Cork (1642)

H. R.

---- 1

"Boroughs and mints A. D. 900-1066"

ASCoins 122-35,(1841)

Luick, K. Historischen Grammatik U914t Stuttgart 1964) reprint &s,. ttms rb - -41& Sad LVD LVH Abbey, Winchester,

der Englischen_Sprach

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kLondon

ed. W. de G. Birch,

London

and Winchester

(1892)

Lyon, C. S. S. "The significance of the sack of Oxford in 1009/10 (1966) for the chronology III' BNJ XM of the coinage of Ethelred 34-7

"Some problems in interpreting V (1976) 173-223 Lyon et al.

Anglo-Saxon

coinage"

ASE

van der Meer,. Q! and Dolley, R. H. K. "Some Scandinavian --Cnut and Harthacnut attributed in the names of Ethelred, coins BNJ XXX (1961) 235-51 by Hildebrand to English mints" Malmer, B. The coinage of Cnut the Great in the northern countries Dorothea Cok-e-Memorial Lecture, Universiy College 1ondon (1974) =X review of H. B. A. Petersson (1970) 174 "Anglo-Saxon Currency" BIIJ

Martin, J. S. "The supposed finds BITJ XXVIII (1956) 414-5 1832"

of Thwaite and Campsey ksh

Hontague, H. "The Anglo-Saxon mints of Chester and Leicester" NC IX (1891) 12 Morlet I M-T. Les noms d personne sur le territoire Gaule du VI-X_IIW_siKle, Paris (1968)Hossopp 11. with contributions Hint c. 890-1279, The Lincoln HC Numismatic Chronicle

de l1ancienne

by-. C. S. S. Lyon and V. J. Smart, (1970) Newcastle

I.

'

NED

(A New English Dictionary The Oxford Ent'llsh ) 'Oxf oral 1-9 SS-i gtg, historical princi2le on Napier, 274-7 A. S. "On Barnstaple as a minting-place" Medlemsblad Coins found

DictionLU i933, iuslt7g) NC (1893)

NMI

Nordisk

Numismatisk

Unions

Nordman., C. A. Anglo-Baxon (1921)North,, Okasha,, J. J. Thglish

in Pinland,

Helsinki(1963) inscrip-

Hammered

Coinage

I,

London

-tions. Parsons, 21-55

E. A Hanalist of (1971) Cambridge

Anglo-Saxon

non-Runia

H. A.

"The coinage

of Hafthaenut"Curr2no

BNXXI

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H. BoA. Liber Berlin

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y,

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(1881+1 -00-vme

Aukiensis S, Galli nU Germ ant M HlsforicsO

PNDB

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Domes-

sideration

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witk

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fr cleutsches AltelilMCambridge (1891+)

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I )((forma'ly

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13'.Ar%tr' V.) O.

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sf.e. aiso

U-61 Isin Yorkshire" Saga-book of the

I'Danes'and A. H. Society X (1929)

--Celtiqike

"Some aspects of Irish XLIV (1927) 31v-96

influence

in Yorkshire"

Revue

"Early northern nicknames and surnames" Saga-book of -Viking Socitty XI (1936) 30-60 thesm (Spinkts)Stainer,

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Personai Npmr Pennies,, (1904) Oxford

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Thompson, J. D. A. An Inventory TI-956) 600-1500, London

to and comments on B. E. van der Meer, G. "Some corrections Hildebrand's catalogue Of the Anglo-Saxon coins in the Swe&ish Roj hl Coin Cabinet" ASCoins 169-Er7

Wainwright, F. T. "North-west Mercia A. D. 871-924" Transactions the Historic SocietZ of Lahcashire and Cheshire XCIV (19 ofWUtelock, D. Le nlcn kl? 7 English Historical Documents I C. 50G-1042

-4s

x

------

The Beginnings "The the numismatic legend of

of

English

Society of an Old Sleepers"

London

(1952)

interest the Seven

English version of 183-94 ASCoins of Anglo-Norman

Zachrissonv influence

R. E. iL contribution Placenames, in English

to the studZ Lund (1909)

Other CG CE Continental Old English

abbreviations

Germanic

DEN OGOIr ONOWN

Old East Norse Old GermanOld Irish Old NorseOld West Norsebroken coin +* 'Menalets or illegible; C-971- 10146. &Isc, "3aA to

legend: in lacuna Atm-taI-Ca-L-ULS

.a (Guildford, Nottingham Cn 3) GOD14011 (Tondon, Hr 1), LEMON (Ipswich Cn 1) LEOFSTAI (London Cn 1) probably ALFSTAI, do not represent PNDB ai for A. 3 for A as an OFr substitution, gives which woula not apply here. -ai _a is that the, single explanation more likely vertical an accidentally represents N. letter uncompleted 4 LEOFSTEGEN(Ipswich ECn 2) shows the subptitution For ON ei represented as ja sqe below stan.

of 66

ON steinn

for

OE

5 Final in uncompounded names is -A in ADE< OE Ada.

frequently

levelled

(PNDBJ 45) as to e

ON a and

ow a

CNumerous

examples are found aNGRIM9 SVARTBRAND.

of ON a remaining

unchanged

as A, as in

7Anglicisation

for forms of names ly, association with OE cognates accounts Names in place of ON a as in EARNGRIM, EARNCTTEL, SPEARTBRM. with ea thus anglicised as OE show the same developments and spelling-variations (q. v. ) to give forms in j& and e such as ARNGRIM, ERNCTTEL, SPERTBRAND. ja -to ,Forms in P-s-for ON but cf. SPLY 11. may. be due substitution, -Is

fpr ON a may be explained by OE cognates inj%: FASDVLF Some forms with _M FESTVLF is more difficult OE fmst. to explain unless this instance of if the name derives from CG Pastolf, and 9. with CGInterchange of .1 is FAREMAN to be derived from ON Farmann then the A may have ailsen from thus also FARBEIN, FARGRIM. with parts of OE faran which have analogy _M; inverted from the Alternatively. may in some cases be an spelling t fora late CE sound-change p_>.a; this is probably the explanation of CAMA if this name is to be derived from ON Karli. 9STIRCER aypears alongside STIRCAR (ON St-vrk6rr with about equal frequency. AN er for ar which would explain the forms in -cer appearing in Domesday is to be an adequate explanation, here,, and the explanation would not appear % >.t (jIP? P. 2, Luick, 440). OB levelling of unstressed, probably the late Some ON namea in-A_rr however appear anglicised as -here in the prototheme (usually Where ON has; j finally as a genitive plural ) this unstressed. vowel also appears as SelakolIr in BretakolInt ending as SELECOL. BRETECOL, SL: f

39OR z

(OOE

M appears on coins of the OE period and beyond, -isolated examples being At the time of Cnut and his sons the letter up to the coinage of Stephen. E with the A component unbarred, is represented as, so that it is often difficult to be certain whether E or E is intended.It The late OE sound-change the unmintsigned coins of vae j QNM 5) possibly > appears on coins -4 in iLDELVLF in Alfred and under Ethelstan

found

f irst

in

OELPVLF, though here the influence of CG names in Adelcannot be ruled out. , X is In the post-Edgar ' ALFNODP for late, coinagea rare and generally e. g. ALFNAD (Lincoln ECn 2, Edward III BEH Type H), ALFRI (Wm II, Norwich), ALFPINE (IPBWich Edward III's last type and Wm I). ALFSTEAW appears early (SCBI Index). in Ethelred's In the period reign under review we have ALFGAR, ALFPARD (both London Cn 3), ALFRED (Hastings Cn 3) and ALFAN (probably for ALFAH < JElfheah, Stamford Hr 2). Alfweald however is exceptional in that ALF forms are prolific and begin comparatively ALFPOLD is found at Lymne first last in Edgar's early. type, early in AthelreJs in the reign later reign at Stamford and is widespread and under Cnut. 5 notes the frequency forms in-Domesday where of Alfand Athel'12, the second element contains This ten3`e`n`c`y is not marked'in the o or u. ! LPPOIS instances coin-material except in the above, and to some extent with ABEVLF, A3)VLF (Athelstan, Edwig, Edgar, early Ethelred) but not in the period under review here. All the coin-forms for OE Hwmtman have A: RATAW, (Dorchester Er, HCn; Norwich Nthelred-Cn 2) JjpATMAN, etc. 9 PNDB

13 As 10, the noted above, representation of OE jt by E on the coins is because of the similarity always certain in the letter-forms; -not there are frequent having been read variously exTples ofa;. e-duplicates as E and A. There does seem'to be a body of usage of E for X as early as Alfred's reign and through to the Conquest, though post-Conquest examples may the Norman substitution represent of e for M.

. 114- true dialectal A e for E is evidenced in some Southern and We Midland at In Kentish- and West Midland the corresponding dialects. vowel to West Saxonj% was e (Luick 180,364) which would account for the early ELF-, EDEL- forms on coins of Alfredv Burgred etc, which were struck mainly in This accounts too for forms such as ELFEH at Lonaon or Canterbury. (Cu 1)9 ELFPINE at London (Cn 2), and EDELPERD (london Cn 1). Rochester 15 More Ndrwichq ELF-, EDEL- forms from Bristol, are problematical Torko where the usage Winchester, Oxfordq Cambridge, Lincoln and especially is very markedt and where the EDEL- spelling of the king's name at times Some of the instances may to be linked with local die-cutting. seems indicate currency of the feature than has been noted in a wider dialectal documentary sources.

4c 1; 1 OE M

[Z160, Tj develops E to slack j bearing in mindi apigraphical uncertainties ( 10 in LEOFMER (London Cn 2), above) this change seems to be reflected EDMER (Exe ter Hr 2)the element Lre9d the change to e seems to have taken place quite VVLFRED, ADERED, EDILRED are f ourd_ on Ndrthumb#an early; of the 9th stycas Forms in in century. on the post-Edgar coinage are exceptional -RAD they found in the king's are frequently names though poneyers' name. ALFRED and EDRED occur in Cnut's coinage at London, and a few isolated (ALFRED, Canterbury, London) in Oxford) and BRIETRAD, examples persist 1. the reign of William In

17

LEOMAR(London Cn 2) seems to be the'only of example from this period Pre-conquest A ej are rare but LVM examples of -W appears at . Hereford in Athelred's t pe and PVLMAR at Exeter last in Edward the early (SCBI Inde,,, Post-onquest Confessor's x. reign examples of -MAR and and explicable as AN interchange also BA- for OE Le- are frequent of a The earlier forms probably reflect a shortening and a. of the vowel in OE (PNDB 8) after Sue to lack of stress the development of which, it follows a above 0 (Cn 1) and The element -rSM appears as -RYD in ALFRYD at Canterbury This is paralleled byNLFRYD, A2DERYD,LEOFRYD9 PVLFRYD (London Cn 1). Since from London, Canterbury PVMTD on coins of Ethelred and Lydford. in the the element seems at this date to have been firmly established to be an inverted form, -RYD is likely spelling of the predominantly -RED (Wyld 158) Kentish feature y>. MOEV

7

19OB t appears on the coins20 Ah apparant variation of

as E;: and occurs in SvTet/Swot, Sweta/, Swota.

but SPOTforms alone are found at Shrewsbury and SPET alone at Dorchester, Bedford, although with mainly SPOT forms also has SPETE (Cn 3), which suggests This is not a general that they may have been vaiiants of the same name. from which the name derives but occurs in the adjective vocalic variation The adverb is usually formed in OE by the and in a few other adjectives. addition of e to the adjective; some advers have an unmutated vowel where :et, adve gw-otel. The adjectives the adjective's is mutated, thus ad Aw vowel `hence swoi -(Campbell 663 and n. ) then adopted the unmutated form by analogy, I IV is lost in 21 finally in ALYPIN, LEOFPIN, GODPIN, an unstressed position in -s It is probably as an frequently Aer AWSIG, ALSIG, DTMIG etc. more inverted spelling of this development that f orms suchnas LEFPIGE, LIOFPIGE have ari-sen.Heri-. final 2Z > t) in the p-rotothemes pXniThe original 9, .1the formation (Campbell -f4-8)so' jg1L- was lost early in of compounds LMej&- are found alongside gy_n-, 1jerate. On coins of that and CINSIGEv CINSTAN, CTMSTANwith one example of CNINESTAN, this period we find die appears to have the archaic One Lincoln CINEPIG9' CINEPINE. but CIIWOLD, form CINIPIG. (later

-Z;

AlON e

21, ON Oeis represented kell, ketill, elemeit--:

on the coins by E; it is found chiefty as in VLFCETEL, ARNCETEL, DORCETEL.

in

the

J, 24 This in ARNCYTEL, EARNCYTEL (Cn 3), ERNCYTEL element appears as -XYTEL (Hr 1) at Tork, and as an uncompounded name CTTEL (HCn 2) also at Yok, (Hr 1-2) at Canterbury. in This is due to the substitution of possiblydies for Anglian

the WSax cognate appelLative forms that are not -CYTELthe form York cetel mint as

cytel in found

for the

ON -ketill. types earlybut this

It

ofmay

be significant may well Cnut for which thedue as much to the

locally were Norse to the

cut form.

be

, ZS A further which probably form -CYTEL

variant reflects

form is -CIL in the unrounding

(Stamford, York), ARCITELL (York) ARCIL in late OE, in the substituted of

v OE i

is

represented

on the

coins

by I a3 in

SUPINE,

PIRTSIGE etc.

27 In

the OE -element which was and this was accompanied by metathesis, found on coins of this period as -FERD, form is found in BRIHTFRED.

'riginally

(PNDB 14) became e early rith, -f .1 so that the eleme t is normally The unmetathesised as e. g. MELFERD.

(Cn BEH Type Q. 28 An E for OE 16 appears in BRIETPEN at Oxford in apparant for Beorhtwine intended This is almost certainly who is a Wallingford the element -=, for Buckingham moneyer for Harold and Harthaenut; and in feminine is found as a deuterotheme names would be normal, which -PEN PNDB 13) notes a tendency forre to appear in Domesday Feilitzen only. to AN substituti6n. this for OE i but attributes

ON 2-90N i is freguently CN Sumarlithi. < represented Arngrimr.

and on the coins as 1, as in SVMERLIDA, iMGRIM

3OIn the element frequently appears as e, as in SVMERLED,SVMERLED. -1_i_thi, 20 this tendency in pre-Conquest sour-ces, where it cannot be SPLY notes 7PNDB S13. the result of AN substitution; cf.

42-

31

This variation Forms in -LTD, LYDA are also found for ON -lithr, -_1ithi, (SPLTS 22 nd does not imply any in late OE orthography is found already from forms in7i. in pronunciation difference

5Z

in uncompounded and original bynames seldom appears in that form ON i finally though it is preserved tl7e coins, at York in SVMERLE3)1, SVMRLEDI in on (AIF? INE) TOSTI at Oxford (Cn 3). More type, and in last Ethelred's into the pattern ON names ending in -i are assimilated of OE uncompounusually TOCA< ON Toki ded names in -a such as COVfA< ON Gauti, of and some instances MANA which may be from ON,Mani. 33 the late OE sound-change led to the use of iy_ In few instances iL& >i for. 1, thus BORSTIG < ON *Borsti, London (Cn 1), cf. spelling as an inverted CARIG. t at an early OE -frith in (SPLI 21) by reduction This in PrimGerm. date of stress or by A-mutation to forms in -ferth which gives rise such as was ac7o"Mpanied by metathesis, 3)VRFERD< ON Thor rithr. It appears that this ASPERD< ON Lsfri_tj=,, ON -Lr Jthr, together or'was confused with since alongside element fell 50 ASFERD we find ASFORD; see below (above 27

3A-As

OE350E V i on the as 0, GODPINE,

usually

appears

coins

e. g.

AUNOD.

36 Occasional forms are found in place of LEOFNAM Gloucester -NAD -iioth: (Cn 1). LEOFENAD (HCn 2) (HCn 1. Northampton PVLNAD, Leicester at Hereford; (HCn 2; there are in addition forms BYRHT/BERHT/BEREHTNAD at Winchester Athelred and ALFNAD at Lincoln under Edward the Confessor. This, under Germanic element nanth which back to the original became goes generally in OE, but in these examples the oriji-n-al n8th vowel has remained (Schr8der, Altertum 73 196) Z. ful deutsches

-"44

ON 37 "6 ON usually

and TOCA < ON Toki.

appears as 0: STIRCOL < ON Styrkollr,

3% In the element Thor- however, forms in DVR- greatly outnumber those in DOR- . For many of the TIL6r- names on coins of this period only -BVRforms appear only on the forms are foundq and most of the supposed Tl&imitative Beriesp on coins which may have been struck in Scandinavia though English prototype now lost. perhaps copying an The forms in. U go back to a PrimScand ThunraR,; in Scandinavian sources they

43The variation from to the EScand area. may derive confined are virtually took place, or forms in which the a of ThunraR was lost before _a-mutation (SPLY 28). in ODan development dialectal to di7fferent alternatively

OE 3OE is represented on the coins by V: PVLFPINE, HVNEPINE. Q-P

50) 40 Final unstressed in -sunu becopeg--e, by a late OE reduction u Cambricl7g-e (HC-n--2-7< Mbo'dsiinu, though forms in -SVNV are in GODESVNE, '; 7-reign Where the I. he found contemporaneously and well int of William in u it is also reduced to e as in SIDEMAN, SIDLTINE < OE ends prototheme Sidu-.

41 to be represented u appears

(for which see\Moneyers (Cr_2) azjA several forms at Northampton Athelred c. from OE Bz,7ning. It is not always possible to 973-1016p248) presumably V and T with any certainty. but a number between the coin-forms differentiate T. these examples definitely seem to intetid of

as I in BRYNINC, London(Cn I)t

Vottingham

ON

%o u

odo

and u

by Vp remains on the coins vepresented SCVLA< ON Skli. SVKERLIDA< ON Sumarlithi,

generally

without

variation:

the variant"form, tkWhere ON -iilfr appears as a second element, -OLP -is also The pattern The -ulfr is curious. found. of this variation names found HildulfxtFastulfra Giimulf under review are: Arnulfr, on coins of the period 9 (which ). ? Svinulf All of Sunnulf be an error for Sunnulf and may is known also at Ipswich these are Tork moneyers; Pastulfr at and jaildulf (Cn 1-2) but In all these names the pattern Lincoln. is in -VLP -OLF (Cn 3) and thereafter. in This except iri_? =tujf which always has -VLF. may be connected change in orthography with the change at Tork. from local (see die-supply to external ith influence from OE -wulf. above p.2Z) possibl (PNDB 17, SPTT 32Lw Jig an OScand variant __01f

I

A4OE 440E is usually found on coins as T: CYNSTAN, PYNSIGE.

450ccasionally OE y appears to be represented V (i. e. u) as in PVNSI as (London Cn 1). It is extremely difficult the 'two letter-forms to differentiate in all cases and in fact in a number of on the coins with certainty the same die has been read variously instances as T and V by different * Any examples appearing for the here would seem to be too early transcribers. (ENDB 22). for OE. X AN influence of u as a spelling 46 OE I, is re. 0 reteqti: y (Dover; Athr BEH Types CENEIM respectively), by side with the CENthat the etymon is OE in PESIG (London Cn 1) cf . CENSIE, CENSIGE e , -7e D-E7 CENRIC (Dover, Norwich Athr BEH Ty s CO A (Norwich Edward the Confessor BEH Type EE5. Side forms with CTN-, CIN- also appear, suggesting examples, Cvn(a - rather than Coen- >an:. V %) The CE sound-change'l in >-;, though mainly Kentish, appears more widely (PNDB 20 to Norfolk England and exelds south-east

SOThe

unrounding ofy*' to i before n in West Saxon c. 900 appears in the numerous examples of CIX-, PIN-v e. g. CINSI, CINSTAN9 CINEpOLD, PINSTAN. (PNDB 20)

ON 430N 10 for e and7the association with latinised names in -Inus-may have reinforced this usage in postLCo: Qque6t'times but a pre-Conquest use of ]: in Kentish Eas t Saxon (PNDB434) This and , (Maldon J-fo-CILNOD Cn 1) and CILPIGE (Thetford*Cn also accou. would 2) < C; oln! Yth, Cgbly: C. T:

OE

LIFSTAN9 LIFPIEv LIPINE at Shrewsbury and Chester demand a different for the disputed West Midland and may provideevidence explanation, PNDB 34 development -go >g > Wy1d 6t 168). It is difficult to s be certain exactly how these T-o-r'm"s have arisen since the transitional During the reign of Edward the stages seem not to be represented. Confessor LIF- forms become more frequent and as may be seen from the table$ they are common and widespread on the early Norman coinage. 7k The Veofinp, appears very rarely in a LEOF- form, LMHO, LIFING name is much more frequent; LIFINC also occurs but is not co=on. LEOFforms occur at Chester, Warwick, Lincoln, but also Southvark. Feilitzen 4 derives laf ing -4 I; -eofin through an :L-mutation of T'o 2-0 > in > 0 . -e West Saxon, ftt this-f orm of the-name, obvi-ouoly pbtain6a acceptance widely For unrounding of y in late OE see outside the West Saxon area. above. 76 In some names LVF- appears as a variant for LEOF-. Fe. ilitzen(PNDB 3k) DB Lufinc as an AN u spelling for y., and postulate's an ' explains OlAnglo-S/candinavian *MOfketel to account for DB Lufchel, with possible forms Luuare, Luuede for Mofwaru, 17eofede. In pre-Conquest instances we may have to take into consideration the OE feminine noun lufu which't

st

(of. PNDB 322) in feminine as a second element names appears occasionally form Lufd feminine in its hypochoristic both a masculine and name and as (cf. Holm 52-3). As. a prototheme it appears to fall together with j=eofThe moneyers' in some names. names LEOFSTAN and LEOT?INE appear and Dover, with LVF- forms at the mints of Salisbury contemporaneously but elsewhere any at Western mints LV- and LVF forms appear without LEOF forms: Hereford Worcester Salisbury Dover LVM (Athelred last type)

LVFERIC Cn 2, Hr 2) LVFRIC kHr 1-2) (Cn K, Edw BIM Type A, LVFESTAN second type of reign) Cn 2) LVFEPINE Ch 2, Edw BEH Type C, third type of reign) LVFPINE as an element separate was still recognised the remains of the weakened terminal than the parasitic interelemental vowel from

If in the western area LufuLVFE- may here exibit Leof, (see 4o above) rather vowel (m above). 76

forms. The OE element Beorhtappears in a number of different The usual form on coins in the period under reviem is BRIHT-. is very rare for Cnut, Harold and BTRHT-, which is common under Ethelred It appears only before Harthaenut. Mi&e as BYRRSIE, BYRHSIGE and in -. SZ however stand for OE Burh- rather than Beorht-; BTRIHSTjtN which may cf. forms in form ArehtThe Anglian appears at York in BRERTNOD alongside in BBEIITNOD and at Malmesbury BREHT- is also found at Winchester BRIHT-. is also. found in BRERTNODand the unmetathesised in BREHSTAN. Brehtin BERETNAD at Winchester Berhtunder Athelred. BRIHT- continues to be the usual form except Under Edward the Confessor before where at the London mint the forms BRICSIE, BRIXIE etc. again in the middle of the reign. appear begin to appear 31) forms in Pyrhtto reilitzen According The change arose from in the tenth century and supersede Beorhtearly . b and before y+consonant. West Saxon and Kentish eo, j_o -> y after by y >16 before h, which is to Brihtform Brvht gave rise The metathesised in the second half of the 10th cent. first recorded 77 BREHT_ at York is probably a metathesis of the unbroken Anglian is needed for the Winchester but a different Aerhtexplanation form . and The die in the Malmesbury example is of Winchester style groUP6 not from the same source as the dies of the Winchester mint*if emanated Except for one instance itself. of BERETMARat indeed from Winchester Breht are not BER Type C (c. 991-7) formd in Berht, Rochester in Ethelred's ia-ny York under Ethelred oi the forms found outside or subsequently. is relevanto die-cutting types for which no regional pattern appear on (PNDB

byt those occurring on 7 1354) are on dies of than Southern B rather with the Cnut examples phenomenon. -

Ethelred's last type (BEH Ethelred 4115-6, SCBI the Southern*A style associated with Winchester itself Taken together had a wider distribution. which the use of BREHT- seems to be a Winchester

This may be linked with the fact that Winchester is the only nint appear there from which coins reading BEOPJIT- are known. BEORRTNOD coins

SI.,

This may be'regarded spelling for Ethelred as a traditional C. 979-97. that West Saxon scribal but it is possible in a stronghold of orthodoxy from eo forms by the llth forms in e may derive directly the Winchester (above -70 of eo cent. monophthongi s ation

ON J (WScand jo, ON 4

Lu,

EScand 17u)

(WScand Jo La, EScand ja, ja) Co 78 The original Cn 1-2) IVSTAN (Lincoln, ON variant i'l is found in in 'Its OE tLincoln & has resulted The vocal7isation ICsteinn. ON alatal of Cn 2) being used as a graph for i in GVSTAN by E as in OSBERN (Derby Cn 1), ON is usually represented 54. OSBARN kYork Cn, 2) is irregular but Anglo-Norman SPLY in OE, and the interchange at this period of e and a is unlikely form probably an anglicisation of the elpment as -bearn. representsI

,

, ft.

k

4

SS Simplification of consonant-groups in te

conjunction

of

elements.

79 In the formation of personal-names where the first element ends and the unusual second begins with one or more consonantsp groups of consonants The coins bhow a general tendency to simplify these may be formed. by the loss of the medial consonant in a group of three, groups either or by the assimilation consonant of the first of a pair. The elements Wulf-. Al-,L L_ which end in two consonantsp ald-, are in such forms _A PVLPIVE, PVLSTANj, EALG,iR, ALPOLD (< OE Rlfweald) reduced as The reduction falls together > ALetc. of Elfwith M, - : (nm>mm, m), LEMITAN, LEMON< OE L-eofman-n LEOMER< IDE 1;-eofr; (f: m7-, > m), fm-> mm r LFofrgd. LEORIO, LEOOREDd probably occurred -_ late to Ii-a-ve influenced the forms found here.

t in

-Zautr

frequently

appears

as d as in

ASGOD get in is development OE Ath el AEel- eat the similar -BiLat In RGELETZ, RGLOET)>. let ;>2_t.

OE h

99 Initially hD hw, h was, disappearing in the combinatioris in the late loth cent; cf. RINCVLF< OE or ON HnErLin&-, PJFEN< OE H-rafn with almost consistent HFAT f orms -'- OB IlRe t-

in the combination ht the sound of OE h LlIbecame [k] (PNDA 142) Internally loo thus BRICSTAN(Malmesbury Cn 1)ZO-E Beorhtst'gn; ALC-SI'lCn 1 Cheste -< OB Ealhsige. 10 . Initially PNM 140). but Llfheah. in the weakly-stressed second element of compounds h disappears hence PVLFELM< OE %lfhelm., ELFEREe, OE Rlfhere,, E_LFEH-_OE cf. LIOFHEH. s

IDZPinal

h is usually

retained:

ELFEH,, LJOFHEH.

Doubling and simplification

of consonants

and, vowels.

103 Doubling of letters appears with some frequency on the coins of the period to see any systematic pattern in this under review h'ere and it is difficult Some examples seem to reflect the quantity of the vowels either by usage, doubling the vowel e. g. IPVLFNOOD(London Cn 1). C lbs t TOOCA4 ON T ki (York -_n6. Cn 2) or the consonant after a short vowel e. g. *PVLFPIM (Bristol-"R-n 1) %0pe, ETSIGGE< -slges but cf. LEOFPIINE (Hr 2 Chester, -W3. Northampton)s (=ork Cn 2) TIDREDD kCn 2 Thetford).. (Dover Hr 1). WPIM TOCAA

The only explanation of this of the die-cutter could be that from another rather as pellets,

practice other than pure caprice on the part it had some usefulness in differencing one the annulets and other markings were sometimes used.

ALPHABETICAL

NAME LIST

II

Ada ADA (Cn 1-2) SOBT Cambridge ADM (Cn 1) SGBI , ADS On 1) 3)CK I Cn 3 SCBI ADA M Huntingdon ADE 2 BEH

Ada uncompounded namej Redin 81; in use in OE, cf. .,, does not consider it - Germanic in origin. For final -a >7e see j9.

Searle

2j3y but Redin

ADEA may be a compromise spelling. Moneyers c-973-1016 Lincoln

CG Adel: - but Adelaver -also Feilitzen '236; 3ee:if ic r-_

s! conA element uncertain: Edgar and SCBI lla xiii.

]

Exeter EFIC On 3) SCBI (Cn 3) BEH EFICC , Norwich EFIC (Cn 19 Hr 1) SCBI (Hr 1) SCBI EFICC EFIC (Cn 1) SCBI i -I-C- Suffixg Redin 150-1 PNDB 172. of OE Effa which may be a hypochorism

OB Efic, uncompoundeaname with Accorling to Redin a derivative names in AlfOn e for w see (Moneyers c-973-1016 [, EEenulJEgfrye AGFRYE (Cn 2) SCBI London'. I,,

for

Shrewsbury 221] 221p London 250]

e CG: Moneyers C-973-101? Stafford

Uncertain.EISMAN

PossiblyAgisman

CG Agfrid,

Morlet

21 ?

see

Alef fe

London MEPM

(Cn. 2) SCBIhere is doubtfulp probably some n&me in F-If-. I ALFERE see Elfhere,

The name intended

sea -Rlflreah R. FF see &f-

ALFELM see Elfhelm

lz

Elfferth NorwichPossibly moneyer

'.? ALFERb (Cn 3) SCBIOE Alfferth in this type. but more likely a form of Athelferth, the. ns-ne or a No.rwich

Elf gar Barnstaple Huntingdon London ALFGAR (Cn 1-3) SCBI, (Hr 2) BEH I

ALFGAR (Cn 3) SCBI

JELFGAR(Cn 2 SCBI ALFGAR (Cn 3 3CBI (Cn 1) BEH, (Cn 2) SCBI ALFGAR ALFGAR (Cn 3) BEH PNDB 172. For Alfsee II 243P

Southwark Wareham

OE Elf ecir, rMoneyers

c-973-10167Tamworth London 250, Winchcombe 256,

221, Lincoln 2330 Stamford 236, Thetford do., Lewes 261, Wareham 2661 Aylesbury

JElfReat London fALFGET (Cn 2) SCBI

Oz Moneyers

PNDB173 c. 973-10le

0 '9a>'E>. 63 For -.get see t Hereford 223, Stamford 236, London 2501

Elfheah London *ELPEH (Cn 2) SCBI (Cn 3) BEH ELFFEH

Rochester

4JLFEGE (Cn 1) SCBI ELFHH (Cn 2-39 HCn 1) SCBI XLFFEH (Cn 3) SCBI ELFEHCn 1 SCBI JLFEJ Hr 1 BEH ELFFEH (HGn 2) SCBI ALFHER (Cn BEH Type B, i. e., Ethr Long Cross but in Cnut's probably Scandinavian) SCBI

Shrew5bury name,

Stamford

ILFFEH (HCn 2) BEH ALFAN (Hr 2) SCBI

Winchester

(ELFEH (Cn 2-3) ELFIEH (Cn 3)

SGBI -SCBI

JLong At Shrewsbury JElfheah was undoubtedly a moneyer in Athelred's that BEH 3359-61 and SCBI 7 1088 Cross type; there , is no reason to believe the prototypes for the imitations. and these are probably are not English from the same dies) BEH 3362, SCBI 2 861 and 17 243-4 (all on the other hand have an irregular obverse which is used elsewhere with "York" and "London" in Die-chain 1 of Long Cross imitations and the coins figure reverses The reverse, however, is not that used for teL(Cn B) Blackburn. see 40%lcp- 12. Lyon et al. 241, pl. XUG. imitation,

The Harthacnut coin with this moneyer's and mint. name seems to be unthe imit, tions and must be supposed English. connected withThe classical OE form in PNDB 174. is not found OE Elfireah -1'eah The initial h of the element is the moneyers' names of this period. amongst For found rarely coins but now seems to have disappeared. on Rthelred 101 h in unstressed Jnitial syllables see issimilation of fh_%. prevocalic . ff could account f or AMFF- f orms but see also St3 f or doubling of letters. WS diph. bhong has likewise disappeared The original and the usual form of in late OE of ha, " the second element is -EH showing the normal development 5*7 For -AN (? = AH) at Stamford dialects before h in most see the . 11 ; 7497X; Inglia-development Pa , r-II. T-3 For ELF- and JaY7-see The use of the symbol. & in JELFEGEat Rochester is fairly common and derives f rom a false of & and h in oblique ainalogy with the interchange cases in such latinised by forms of the and is perhaps reinforced as burh, burge, pairs name. fMoneyers Shrewsbury 221, Rochester 259, Winchester 268.1 C-973-1016) Elfhelm Bruton (Cn 1) BEH, (2-3) SCBI ALFELM (Cn 1) SCBI, (2-3) BEH ALFFELM FELFELM(Cn 1) SCBT Winchester FELFEIII (Cn 1)BEH Loss of in the second element is consist PNDB 174. _h -7? 101 For doubling of see 1103 . _f

Shrewsbury OE Elfhelm Rlfl; e-ah and

nt,

cf.

Noneyers I Winchcombe 256, Barnstaple 2649 Ilchester c-973-1616 Winchestor 268.1Elfhert.York ALERE (Hr 2) BEII (Hr 2) BEH, (HCn 2) SCBI ALPERE 4

265,

OE Alfhere, FNDB-171f . For less an error. fMoneyers 973-1016 York -c.fAlftetill, ODan: Moneyers

of h see

Ic>1 The first .

form may be

SCBI 7 221]Derby ] 240. 257, Exeter 262,

c. 973-1016

CMoneyers Elfm;; r OE: C-973-101 269. ] -. Winchester

Oxford

256,, Wallingford

lkEl f nooth , Chester 4ELFINODOn 1-3) , LLNOB (Cn 1,3) 33, BT SCBI

Huntingaon

k(Gn 1) BEH ELFNOD ALFNOD Cn 1) BEH (Cn 2) SCBI JELFNOD

nchester

Lincoln

On 1-3., Hr 1) SCBI, (Hr 2. F. 2) BEH Cn ELTWOD (Hr 2) Srj'BI ELFNONor ELFITOD (Hr 2) BEH ELITOTor EtNOD , ALFNOD(HCn 2) BEH

(Hr 1) SCBI London ZLFNOD (Hr 1) SCBI ELLYNOD Salisbury0

JLFNOD (Cn 1-2)

SCBI

f orm3 are uncertain; Tyo of the Lincoln ALFNON appears to have an original D; BEH reads ELNOT for 374., the coin is not to correct 11 altered erroneous from the same dies appears in to Mossop a cut halfpenny clear and according finds Vdstkinds the Lilla Rlintegoarda sn. Gotland, which gives a better known on pre-Conquest for -NOD is not otherwise coins) reading'ELNOD. -NOT though AILNOT appears on late coins of Henry I. OB Elftroth be this moneyer's PNDB 175. ELNOD at Chester can either loss ; Ffinterconsonantal f or a form of Itheln 3th, name i7ith q. v. For ALF- see 11 'see t03 letters For doubllng of ['Moneyem W 244, Sudbury 246, London C-973-1016 Chester 219p Huntingdon Lewes 261, Exeter 262, Salisbury 267.1

2501

Elfmd

Canterbury

ELFRED (Cn 2-3) SCBI., (Hr 1-2. ELFRYD (Cn 1 SOBI ELRED (Hr 1 SCBI (Cn 3) SCBI EURD Mn 1) SCBI ELFRED ALFREjy (HCn 1) BEH

T.

t 7b PNDB 198 OE Beorhtsige Probably see No coins forms f or the name at this mint are likewise The Athelred all BMlast two types at this mint seem to have this moneyer for Athelred'a of Just possibly it may = BVRH-m 79 see .

tc

ryloneyers c-973-10161London 2511

Birunr:e-clSouthwark BRVNRED (HCn 2)SCBI

Known from two coins, the SCBI example with-. the "Cnut" title and the other in BEH with HARDILCNV. The SCBI coin clearly reads BRVNREDbut Hildebrand reads the Stockholm example BRVHRED, though by my own reading the fourth to Searle the Harthacnut letter be N. According could equally for an OE *Bru_nriFd, and one must therefore - moneyer is th9I only evidence for wonder whether the coins do not contain an accidental metathesis

UM-I of W, Southwark moneyer in Edward the Confessor's Burhred,,,.! second type in the fo Iris BVRED,,BVRGREDIBVRRED. However, two reverse dies appear to contain the name and both elements are well known in OE.OE *Br-unrZd

BiUnstg7n. Stamford Thetfora (Cn 1)SCBI BRVNSTAN (Hr 1)SCBI BRVNNSTAN On 1-3; Hr 1-21 HCn 2)SCBI BRVNSTAN 4-(Cn 1)SCBI BRVNSTAN

Winchester

Frequent Searle 118. OE Bx: as a moneyers I name, found at London as u-nstgn, for Ethelred., I as well and Bristol and Stamford for 'William well as Winchester known only from the Hyde Abbey Liber as the instances abovet but otherwise Vitae, llth cent.

Noneyers

C-973-10leLondon

2511 Winchester 269)

BrMntZt

Lincoln

. Zd_ see '16,53. OE d OE -weard >-JjQX5iP-YA3: see 59. of Loneyers c. 973-1016)ThetfordEadwir, Dover EDPII London (Cn 3)SCBI (possibly stands for 4E"adwine

For the development 259, Lympne 2601

243p London 251, Rochester

) q. v.

( Cn 1 )SCBI EADPI EDPIE kCn 3 ?BEH EDpIG (Cn 2 )SCBI (Hr 1)BEII EDPIIE EDVIIG (Hr VBEH 2)SCBI, EiPIIGG-(Cn

(IlCn 2)BEH

Oxford

(Cn 1)SCBI EADPI EDVIG (HCn 2)BEII (Cn 3 HCn 2)SCBI EDPIQ EDPIGG (Cn 2)SCBI

Thetford

td-

see 16,53.

For the development

of OE -y: T&

98. though most'

The form EDVIG appears on a coin with

mint-signatureCAOXANA;

to

(RNJ XI lql have been given to jLxbridge a CAX mint-signature coins with in this case the legend probably p. 46,55) shows a confusion of the W for Oxford. form OC common

Loneyers c. 973-1016)ThetfordEadwine Cambridge EADPIIIE (Cn 2)BEH EDDPIIIE (HCn 2)SCBI EDPINE (Cn 2-3JSCBI EDPIIM (Cn 2)SCBI : is probably an to Godwine see above p. 2&. name as an additionali

iTigferth

OE: Moneyers

I

0.973-1016

Lonaon

2541

TiihtIlEeWinchester 'VIHTSIB (Cn 1)BEH (Cn 1-2)SCBI IPIHTSIGE

OE'WLhtRi&e Searle 495; for Wiht 98. For forms of -. ELe see

as a first

element see PNDB 413-4.

1 moneyers C-973-1016 Winchester 2703LWilbert, CG: Moneyers i 0.973-1016? lpswich 247]

I Wilmund OE: Moneyers c. 973-1016 Cambridge 245]line Exeter Tamworth 'Winchester VINE (6n l)SCBI TINE (Cn 1)Linde find, Amlings parisht Gotland

t

)

IPINE (Cn 2)SCBI INEE (Cn 2)SCBI INNE (Cn 1)BEH Wine appears In the Domesday entries 415, Redin 9. form of Wulfwine but Redin cites numerous independent 103. letters For doubling of see 2219 Stamford 238# Wallingford 2609 Lympne do., Bridport 26Q to

OB Wine be a7-sRort examples. t1oneyers

0.973-10leTamworth (? )259y Canterbury Southwark

257,

Winas Caclbury Cre, wkerne TINAS (Cn 1)BEH PINAS (Cn 1)SCBI (Cn 2-3)BEH ? IM connected with OE Wine as above? It seems almost

Problematical;

-I

tst to the same individual Winas and Winus, must refer that certain Winus alone could be a rare Crewkerne is a minpr mint. since For further is a plural. but Winas grammaticallY latinisation rMoneyers C. '973-10161265i Redin 10 and Holm (9. discussion see i A'oneyers Crewkerne 265, Ilchester 266., Cadbury c-973-1016

3 do.

lineclmg Canterbury 'pIILIEDEl (Cn 1)SCBI (Cn INTED2EG 2)8CBI INEDEI (Cn 2-3)SCBI INEDEIG (Cn 2)SCBI., (Hr 1)BEH , INEDEII (Cn 2)SCBI ,PINEDE (Cn 1)SCBI VINEDI (HCn 12BEH (Cn 1)BEH -pINTEIGE (Cn 2)SCBI EII -PINEID,

Known only as this moneyer's name at Canterbury as above andlater Henry Is and at Romney for William 1. Probably; OE for William I*1inedeg cf. 17eofclag above. Winer,ocl,lk

Warminster

(Cn 2)BEH s. "Worime", -VINMOD

(Cn 3)SCBIOE -E: ocl though Morlet 16.

0

CG Winegot PNDB 416. may be by association with -god in - &od, cf. Adalgaudus, Frankish forms are frequently . Winemanih Salisbury TINEMAN (HCn 2)SCBI P114M (Cn 2)SCBI PINE, M (Cn 2-3)SCBI , Searle 501.

Thetford

OE WinemarV f-

Wither7.1ne York pIIDERII\rE (Hr 2) SCBI PMER,INE (Hr 1) SCBI pj3DERpjbTE (Hr 1) SCBI , pIURIN (Cn 2)SCBI , PJTRN (Cn 2)BEH , pIUM7E (Cn 2)SCBI DgRpJNE (HCn I)BM

OE 'WitherwineFeilitzen SCBJ lla x from OE wither 'against'. Feilitzen suggests that the form Witherwinne is due to association 'adversary'. with OE withem-inna Mancthem Leicester PLACUgGN (Cn 1)SCBI

18Z

(Cn 2)SCBI VLANCDEGEN (Cn 1-2)SCBI PL.,iNCDEGN Probably For instance. an OE *Wlancthe, -,n but known only from this Wlanc-, CE Hlanc 'proud, cf. l7eofther-n glorious' appears -thegn -elberht'(858-66., in VLAREARD, a*moneyer of Atl; see SCIBI Index). also Searle iriNe-rs from Vlambreht, Piper Il 126 is a monk Wlancbeorht which Continental, Chiemsee and certainly from a different probably element of Piper 11 213, Flambertug. Flambraht Morlet 89. cf. altogether,

NA Ko: ie )r -orLincoln (Hr PORCRIE 2)SCBI

die with this is known with two obverses both of The reverse reading Mossop Pl. LXIII The SCBI coin from 17 and 18. see unusual style , to the helmet which BEH designates Copenhagen has the beaded crest (though not consistently) Type B var. *c. Van der Neer and the a variety is not English but it may be a this variety SCBI 16 suggest of editors Lincoln However this may be, the locally-made dies. peculiariti-oj-f"*some and the name obscure. are irregular coins

[Hulf

OEA4oneyers

c. 973-1010 Canterbury_ 260

Wulfgar

London

4--

(Cn 1)BEH PVFGR (Cn l)SCBI PVLFGAR PVLGAR (Cn 2-3, Cn K, Hr 1)SCBI PNDB 419. For loss 79 of f see

OE 'ulf

tKoneyers

234, Stamford c. 973-1016)Lincoln Cambridge do. t London 254P Wilton 2671

238

Huntingdon

245,

Wulf Eat Lincoln (-pALFET ,Hr 1)BEH PVLFGAT Cn 1) SCBI PVLFGET Hr 1 SCBI pVLCEET Hr 2SCBI pVLGEET Hr 2)SCBI (RCn 2)BEHinstance, by Hildebrand".

Cn 3)SCBI Shrewsbury - PVLFEET pVLFGET kCn 3. Hr 1)SCBI, PVLFGT (Hr 2)SCBI

Shrewsbury BEH has PVFGT for the same die as the last but as is noted in SOBI "the lif; ature )J. is overlooked

For -1ret seek 53,16; 57. For for _jLat CE Wulfre at ITDB 419. The comb`in"aation the similar for letter-forms loss of f seeT79. of to the die-cutters YGE seems to have given some difficulty and errors abound.

moneyers

t c. 973-1016 Leicester

2391

IS3WV' Lerd ylf 7

Shrewsbury

PVLFGERD (Cn 2)SCBI

for though not otherwise is possiblev An OE name *Wulfreard recorded; the following OE - Leard see PNDB 259. At Shrewsbury a PVLFPM strikes . A French substitution typ and this form may be an error; see Wulfweard. at this period. of & for w is not very likely Vulf1reah Derby pVLPAH (HCn 2)SCBI PVLFEH (Cn 3, Hr 1, HCn 2)BEH PVLFAH (Cn I)SCBI mint PVLFM PVLFM (HCn 2)SCBI cut halfpenny, (Cn 1) in Stockholm Systematic not in BEH.

Lincoln uncertain

Collection

but

The last form cited BEE 1439. comes from a coin placed in the tray after The ticket LEC: but the last two as PVLFEH : 1114 gives its reading letters An MM copulative is not are unclear, of the mint-signature tansistent typep and'the with Chester but it is found at Lewes in this style of the problematical coin is Southeastern. OE Wulf Seah PNDB4,20. 11,16,53,57. CKoneyers For loss of h see 2341 101. For -eh, < -jh h7eah ,...

C. 973-101OLincoln

Wulfhelm

Ilchester OE Vulfhelm tMoneyers

PVLFELK (Cn 1)Bll PITDB421; for loss h see 101 of do. ]

c. 973-1016 Cadbury 266, Ilchester 220

Hulfl7Zf OE: Moneyers c. 973-101 Chester ,Wulf marCambridge 'Gothaburhl pVLMAR (HCn 2)BEH 4PVLFMER (Cn I)SCBI (Cn 1)BEH PVUU2 PUITLER (Cn 2)SCBI PVLMER (Cn 2)BEH

London

OxfOrd

ShrewsburyThetford

(HCn 2)SCBIpVLFILER -4pVLFM (Cn 1)SCBI

PVLMER(Cn 1)BEH

1,34Worcester PVULIM (Cn 1)SCB1 PVVER (Cn 1)BEHidentified mint 'Gothaburh' SCBI 13 as PUTUE at Exeter see under Carla. see SCBI Index 79,81. example as F-

For the not certainly For the coin read in

For -mer see --16 ; in Wulfm,; r PITDB 421. DE KER not RAII that is intended it is certainly

the Worcester as it appears

Loneyers c-973--l0ldShrewsbury 222, Lincoln 234, I'lorwich 243, 2651 London 254, 'Gothaburh 262, Totnes 264, BarnstapleWulfnoth Bristol Chichester Exeter Gloucester Hastings Leicester PVLIIOD (Hr 2)SCBI PVLFNOD (Cn 1)SCBI PVLNOD (Hr 1)SCBI, (Hr 2)BEH, (HCn l)SCBI

PVLNOD (Cn 3, Hr l)SCBI PVLNOD (Cn 3)SCBI PVLPNOD (Cn 1)SCBI PVLNAD (HCn-a)BEH PVLNON (Hr 1)SCBI PVLNOD (Cn 1-2)SCBI,(Cn 1)SCBI PVLFNOD PVLNOD (Hr 2) BM I (HOn 2)SCBI PUL

(Cn 3, Er 1)BEH,

(Hr

2, HCn 2)SCBI

Lincoln

London

PVLYNOOD (Cn 1)SCBI PVLFNOD (Cn 1)SCBI PVLNOD (Cn 2)SCBI PVLHN (Hr 1)SCBI PVLNOD (HCn 2)BEH

Nottingham

Romney

(Cn l)SCBI PVLFNOD (HCn 1)in (Cn 2-3)SCBI, PVLNOD 1-2)BEH, -(Hr Collection but not in BEH atic (Cn K)SCBI PVLITOD(Cn 1-2)SCBI pVLFNOD (Cn 2)SCBI PVLLNOD PVLNOD (Cn 1-3. Hr 1)SCBI,

Stockholm System-

Shaftesbury Winchester

/--

(Hr 2)BEH

York

VLFN03) (Cn 2)SCBI PILPITOD (Cn 2)SCBI PVLNOD(Cn 2-3)SCBI

In SCBI 5 xxxv Wulfnoth is listed as a Chester moneyert presumably Although the taking BEH Cn 1435 PVLNOb ON LEICST as a Chester coin.

ISto to belong is more likely the coin mint-sigmature equivocal, it with-the Leicester has features the obverse connecting since 22 to associate Lincoln is no evidence and there see aboVe, p. area, , Wulfnoth Chester he is known at Leicester. in this reign whilst with The blundered form PVLHN at London may not be for Wulfnoth since b elong to the first his other of Cnut's reign. all coins part is PNDB 42'2. OE UulfnITth For VLFNOD at Yqrk is interesting the Scandinavian substitute form appears in which this loss 79. 36, for of f see -nath it has P is omitted in error since unless In the type Ulf r- for OE M. ulfelement . York were cut locally. for the dies

L4oneyers c. 973-101 Leicester 249, Hertford 248,11orthampton 2701 WinchesteraVulfrmd

247, 244, Colchester 239, Thetford London 254, Romney 261, Dorchestqr

266,

Gloucester London

(HCn 1)BEH PVLFRED