MONGOLIAN SCIENTIFIC, MONGOLIAN SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATIONAND TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION

MONGOLIAN UNIVERSITY of SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONGOLIAN UNIVERSITY of SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYProf. DAVAASUREN.BProf. DAVAASUREN.B

Dr. TUGS.SDr. TUGS.S Dr. SARANCHIMEG.Sh Dr. SARANCHIMEG.Sh

Hong Kong, 5-7 January, 2006 Hong Kong, 5-7 January, 2006

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Mongolia /brief information/

Located in Northern Central AsiaLocated in Northern Central Asia Bordered by the Russian Federation to the Bordered by the Russian Federation to the

north and the People’s Republic of China to north and the People’s Republic of China to the souththe south

Has 2.8 million populationHas 2.8 million population 50 per of the population is under the age of 50 per of the population is under the age of

twenty & nearly 70 present under thirtytwenty & nearly 70 present under thirty 45 per of the population live in urban area, in 45 per of the population live in urban area, in

the 21 provincial centers.the 21 provincial centers. About 32 per of the population live in the About 32 per of the population live in the

capital city-Ulaanbaatarcapital city-Ulaanbaatar The traditional economy is agriculture.The traditional economy is agriculture.

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General information about General information about MongoliaMongolia

Mongolia is a land-locked country in Central Asia, Mongolia is a land-locked country in Central Asia, situated between Russia and China. It has an area situated between Russia and China. It has an area of 604.250 sq. ml (l.565.000 sq. km), i.e. nearly of 604.250 sq. ml (l.565.000 sq. km), i.e. nearly France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and Belgium combined. The average altitude of the and Belgium combined. The average altitude of the country is l.580 metres above sea level. Almost 90% country is l.580 metres above sea level. Almost 90% of Mongolia is pasture, desert and mountains. l0% of Mongolia is pasture, desert and mountains. l0% of the land is covered by forests. About l% of the of the land is covered by forests. About l% of the land is sustainable for agriculture. land is sustainable for agriculture.

Mongolia has a sharply continental climate, with Mongolia has a sharply continental climate, with temperatures ranging between -5 and -22 F (-15 temperatures ranging between -5 and -22 F (-15 and -30 C) in winter and +50 and +80 F (+10 and and -30 C) in winter and +50 and +80 F (+10 and +30 C) in summer. Winters are long and dry. The +30 C) in summer. Winters are long and dry. The precipitation in summer seldom exceeds l5 inches precipitation in summer seldom exceeds l5 inches (380 mm) in the plains and mountains and 5 inches (380 mm) in the plains and mountains and 5 inches (l25 mm) in the desert and gobi areas. (l25 mm) in the desert and gobi areas.

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General information about General information about MongoliaMongolia

As of the end of 2004 its population was 2 million As of the end of 2004 its population was 2 million 780 thousand. It is ethnically homogeneous. 780 thousand. It is ethnically homogeneous. Khalkha mongols constitute more than 75% of Khalkha mongols constitute more than 75% of the population. Other groups include kazakhs the population. Other groups include kazakhs (about 4% of the population). A small number of (about 4% of the population). A small number of Russians and Chinese also permanently live in Russians and Chinese also permanently live in Mongolia. Mongolia.

Overall population density is about 4 persons per Overall population density is about 4 persons per sq. mi (l.4 per sq. km). As of the end of 2003, sq. mi (l.4 per sq. km). As of the end of 2003, 25.0 thousand people were officially registered 25.0 thousand people were officially registered as unemployed, while actual unemployment rate as unemployed, while actual unemployment rate is about 3 times higher. Infant mortality is 50.3 is about 3 times higher. Infant mortality is 50.3 per 1.000 live births. Average life expectancy is per 1.000 live births. Average life expectancy is 63.7 years. Per capital GNP is 580 U.S. dollars. 63.7 years. Per capital GNP is 580 U.S. dollars.

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General information about General information about MongoliaMongolia

Mongolia is rich in mineral resources. Coal, iron, Mongolia is rich in mineral resources. Coal, iron, copper, fluorspar, gold, uranium and silver are copper, fluorspar, gold, uranium and silver are being mined and exploited. being mined and exploited.

Mongolia has a rich history. Its statehood is Mongolia has a rich history. Its statehood is more than 2.200 years old. In l206 Genghis Khan more than 2.200 years old. In l206 Genghis Khan united the Mongolian tribes and founded a united the Mongolian tribes and founded a unified Mongolian state. It is one of the few unified Mongolian state. It is one of the few nations that represent the diminishing nomadic nations that represent the diminishing nomadic civilization with its specific way of life and traits. civilization with its specific way of life and traits. Waves of nomadic migrations and the formation Waves of nomadic migrations and the formation of steppe empires on the Mongolian plains left of steppe empires on the Mongolian plains left their mark in history. Compared to the sedentary their mark in history. Compared to the sedentary civilizations, the nomadic people try to live in civilizations, the nomadic people try to live in harmony with the nature and preserve it. harmony with the nature and preserve it. Besides its nomadic culture, Mongolia has Besides its nomadic culture, Mongolia has successfully developed modern culture as well. successfully developed modern culture as well. The Mongolian literature is rich and epic in form. The Mongolian literature is rich and epic in form.

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General information about General information about MongoliaMongolia The main religion of the country is Lamaist The main religion of the country is Lamaist

Buddhism, which was introduced into Mongolia in Buddhism, which was introduced into Mongolia in the XVI century. During the communist period, the XVI century. During the communist period, the religion was suppressed, almost all of the 770 the religion was suppressed, almost all of the 770 monasteries destroyed, while most of the clergy monasteries destroyed, while most of the clergy was physically annihilated. Since l990 Buddhism was physically annihilated. Since l990 Buddhism is reviving. Other religions are also being is reviving. Other religions are also being adopted. adopted.

The official language is Mongolian, which is a The official language is Mongolian, which is a part of Uralo-Altaic language family. The part of Uralo-Altaic language family. The Mongolian language is spoken not only in Mongolian language is spoken not only in Mongolia proper. Its dialects are also spoken in Mongolia proper. Its dialects are also spoken in Inner Mongolia (China), in the republics of Inner Mongolia (China), in the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia (both in Russia). Mongolia Buryatia and Kalmykia (both in Russia). Mongolia uses both traditional Uighur (vertical) and Cyrillic uses both traditional Uighur (vertical) and Cyrillic scripts. scripts.

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I. MONGOLIAN SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL MONGOLIAN SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

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PREFACEPREFACEThe economy of Mongolia has been changing The economy of Mongolia has been changing rapidly and profoundly since the 1990’s by rapidly and profoundly since the 1990’s by influence political changes, reforms and the influence political changes, reforms and the movement directing in an open market economy it movement directing in an open market economy it enabled a great effort in the economy, structural enabled a great effort in the economy, structural changes and organization. Goods and service changes and organization. Goods and service export has increased swiftly by 47 % in 2004, while export has increased swiftly by 47 % in 2004, while it was 24% of GDP in 1990. In the 1960s the it was 24% of GDP in 1990. In the 1960s the fundament of science and technology including fundament of science and technology including Mongolian Scientific Academy and its subsidiary Mongolian Scientific Academy and its subsidiary research institutes was set up. It gaves opportunity research institutes was set up. It gaves opportunity that us the high percentage of educated population, that us the high percentage of educated population, subsidiary scientific structures based on research subsidiary scientific structures based on research institutes, and widening higher education scope institutes, and widening higher education scope lead to these development traditions.lead to these development traditions.

//For instance, there were 1370 scientists and engineers for 1000 For instance, there were 1370 scientists and engineers for 1000 million million people and the number of employees who are working in people and the number of employees who are working in governmental governmental sectors is much more 3562 in 2002./ sectors is much more 3562 in 2002./

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Present situationPresent situation

There are 45 scientific institutes including There are 45 scientific institutes including 5 national universities, and 15 institutes of 5 national universities, and 15 institutes of Scientific Academy running now by making Scientific Academy running now by making structural changes, organizational reform. structural changes, organizational reform. This big sector gives a full capacity for the This big sector gives a full capacity for the state budget. Although it has decreased in state budget. Although it has decreased in recent years, concerning to government’s recent years, concerning to government’s financing for educational sector occupies financing for educational sector occupies about 15percent of the state budget. about 15percent of the state budget. Comparing to other countries, it’s the same Comparing to other countries, it’s the same as Switzerland /15.4/, but higher than the as Switzerland /15.4/, but higher than the countries, such as Australia /13.5/, countries, such as Australia /13.5/, Canada /12.9/, United Kingdom /11.6/, Canada /12.9/, United Kingdom /11.6/, USA /14.4/. USA /14.4/.

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Present situationPresent situation Since the 1990s, the government of Mongolia has Since the 1990s, the government of Mongolia has

been working by giving a prior significance to been working by giving a prior significance to change and rehabilitation of a practical sectors of change and rehabilitation of a practical sectors of science and technology in order to make it the science and technology in order to make it the fundament of National Development. fundament of National Development. Here are some legal documents related to above Here are some legal documents related to above mentioned: mentioned:

The structure of an intellectual possession /1993/The structure of an intellectual possession /1993/ The status of Mongolian Science Academy /1996/The status of Mongolian Science Academy /1996/ To establish the national Council of Science and To establish the national Council of Science and

technology /1997/technology /1997/ The laws of Science and technology, and the The laws of Science and technology, and the

government policy /1998/government policy /1998/ To establish fund for science and technology /1998/To establish fund for science and technology /1998/ To provide a legal environment to innovate a higher To provide a legal environment to innovate a higher

educational structure /2002/educational structure /2002/

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Present situationPresent situation The science and technology advances The science and technology advances

become a resource for accelerating become a resource for accelerating economy, and creating mental resources, economy, and creating mental resources, and provide economical safety of the and provide economical safety of the country. country.

Mongolia has a low work force and Mongolia has a low work force and relatively small market, really according it relatively small market, really according it important to take into account science important to take into account science and technology development in priority. and technology development in priority.

We have an opportunity to produce goods We have an opportunity to produce goods that meet the market requirement by that meet the market requirement by developing goods production based on developing goods production based on science and technology development. science and technology development.

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Present situationPresent situationThe following basic principles are to be The following basic principles are to be

observed regarding legal steps: observed regarding legal steps: Relaible information based on competition, Relaible information based on competition,

and press freedom and press freedom To choose a leading direction with one To choose a leading direction with one

social, and economical interest and purpose social, and economical interest and purpose To support participation and effort of a To support participation and effort of a

private sector for developing science and private sector for developing science and technology and its usage. technology and its usage.

To constantly introduce the best To constantly introduce the best technologies from foreign countriestechnologies from foreign countries

To create a criteria to evaluate the result of To create a criteria to evaluate the result of investmentinvestment

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What we want?What we want?The reconstruction linked to science, The reconstruction linked to science, technology and industries is being made technology and industries is being made around the world, while Mongolia is around the world, while Mongolia is making changes and innovation in its making changes and innovation in its economy and political frame. economy and political frame. This gives us a new opportunity also a This gives us a new opportunity also a new choice. We have to notice the new choice. We have to notice the world’s popular tendency in the world’s popular tendency in the development of science, technology and development of science, technology and industrial sectors, and adjust it with industrial sectors, and adjust it with domestic needs and the result to be domestic needs and the result to be reached. reached.

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State budget asset for science and technological measurement

/million.¥/ 1US$ = 12261US$ = 1226¥¥

22962821.5

3522.73780.9

4620.4

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

15

Percentage of expenses, spent on science & Percentage of expenses, spent on science & technological development from state budget, technological development from state budget,

in Gross Domestic Productin Gross Domestic Product

0.220.24

0.28 0.280.30

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

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FOREIGN POLICY IN SCIENCE AND FOREIGN POLICY IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY The main objective of foreign relations in the scientific and The main objective of foreign relations in the scientific and

technological fields will lie in making full use of external factors technological fields will lie in making full use of external factors to build and enhance a modern national scientific, technical and to build and enhance a modern national scientific, technical and technological potential capable of serving as a driving force for technological potential capable of serving as a driving force for the effective development of the national economic and industry the effective development of the national economic and industry and able to be competitive at regional, continental and global and able to be competitive at regional, continental and global levels. levels.

Mongolia shall apply the principle of benefiting from world Mongolia shall apply the principle of benefiting from world scientific and technological achievements to enrich the pool of scientific and technological achievements to enrich the pool of national endowment and intellectual capacity which are national endowment and intellectual capacity which are congruous with the national human and natural resources, the congruous with the national human and natural resources, the level of social theory and thought as well as with the unique level of social theory and thought as well as with the unique culture of its pastoral livestock breeding economy. culture of its pastoral livestock breeding economy.

In implementing its scientific and technological foreign policy, In implementing its scientific and technological foreign policy, Mongolia shall adhere to the following basic guidelines: Mongolia shall adhere to the following basic guidelines:

a/ introducing advanced technology and methods into a/ introducing advanced technology and methods into production and services. Creator attention will be paid to production and services. Creator attention will be paid to introducing technologies related to processing mineral resources, introducing technologies related to processing mineral resources, raw materials of animal and plant extraction, and the use of raw materials of animal and plant extraction, and the use of renewable energy sources; renewable energy sources;

b/ gearing the national scientific and technological b/ gearing the national scientific and technological information system to the international information network; information system to the international information network;

c/ developing bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the c/ developing bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the fields of intellectual property as well as science and technology. fields of intellectual property as well as science and technology.

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We are looking for . . .We are looking for . . .

Many countries such as Japan, Korea, Singapore Many countries such as Japan, Korea, Singapore and Tailand intend to develop nationality’s and Tailand intend to develop nationality’s mental capacity in the 1970, 80, 90s and reached mental capacity in the 1970, 80, 90s and reached their great economical success. In addition these their great economical success. In addition these countries which have a weak regional economy countries which have a weak regional economy looked at these success and gave an importance looked at these success and gave an importance to the situation that most parts of science to the situation that most parts of science technology and industry’s capacity focused on technology and industry’s capacity focused on industrialized countries. Consequently, they industrialized countries. Consequently, they found out that create scientific base of their found out that create scientific base of their countries and pay attention for an engineering countries and pay attention for an engineering education in order to search for the ways that education in order to search for the ways that use world’s science advances and make its own use world’s science advances and make its own contribution to it. contribution to it.

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It needs to take into account the It needs to take into account the technological education issues in technological education issues in

Mongolia.Mongolia. The needs for a scientific discovery had The needs for a scientific discovery had

increased since 1980s, as a result of the increased since 1980s, as a result of the positive market changes. positive market changes. The means of The means of obtaining basic scientific knowledge have been obtaining basic scientific knowledge have been changing swiftly. It’s not useful to demarcate a changing swiftly. It’s not useful to demarcate a fundament research from a consumption fundament research from a consumption research in a lot of leading sectors can be research in a lot of leading sectors can be involved in an industrial consumption statistics involved in an industrial consumption statistics for instance; it is common in biotechnology and for instance; it is common in biotechnology and electronic fields. electronic fields.

Therefore, the research looks like Therefore, the research looks like covering many scientific fields and the covering many scientific fields and the principles and states of science development. principles and states of science development.

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Because of there is a enough progress in Because of there is a enough progress in scientific research work at many field of scientific research work at many field of science. It is financed quite submitted science. It is financed quite submitted knowledge or “unformulated’ knowledge flow knowledge or “unformulated’ knowledge flow and there’s the tendency to complex resolve and there’s the tendency to complex resolve the main research problems. So the features of the main research problems. So the features of “quite submitted knowledge’ take many “quite submitted knowledge’ take many problems how to connect and combine the problems how to connect and combine the scientific principles each to other, how to scientific principles each to other, how to manage network by a man, what are negative manage network by a man, what are negative results for competition increase. Behind all results for competition increase. Behind all these it needs skilled and experienced working these it needs skilled and experienced working power partly engineers and technologists who power partly engineers and technologists who could supply interconnection between many could supply interconnection between many fields fields

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At presentAt present

After 2000 industrial production of goods was After 2000 industrial production of goods was refreshed and it has risen slightly and it develops the refreshed and it has risen slightly and it develops the binding and processing manufactures. This situation binding and processing manufactures. This situation requires the problems of human resource development requires the problems of human resource development specially the advantages of technological educational specially the advantages of technological educational level. The purposes could be resolved by technical and level. The purposes could be resolved by technical and technological policy reform according to combine the technological policy reform according to combine the success of modern science and technology with success of modern science and technology with Education management on supporting in methods and Education management on supporting in methods and forms of marketing economy communication. forms of marketing economy communication. The problem is not only in sphere of production but The problem is not only in sphere of production but also the question of country’s development. Otherwise, also the question of country’s development. Otherwise, it requires the engineering and technical personal with it requires the engineering and technical personal with high technological education for preproduction of high technological education for preproduction of national production by learning and studying the national production by learning and studying the experiences of World Developed countries on the base experiences of World Developed countries on the base of science and technology progress. of science and technology progress.

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II. TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATIONTECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION

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We thinkWe think The knowledge is a powerful engine for The knowledge is a powerful engine for

developing and flourishing of every developing and flourishing of every country.country.

We have to pay attention for strength our We have to pay attention for strength our knowledge focusing it’s use in our life. knowledge focusing it’s use in our life.

The knowledge is varied. From this The knowledge is varied. From this technological knowledge is really technological knowledge is really important and necessary for producers important and necessary for producers and inventors. Also for all people.and inventors. Also for all people.

One of the method of stimulating One of the method of stimulating comprehensive technological knowledge comprehensive technological knowledge is taken over means of intelligence know-is taken over means of intelligence know-how how

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What is technology What is technology education*education*

Is an essential learning experience for all students at all grade levels, Is an essential learning experience for all students at all grade levels, abilities, and backgrounds, so that they may confidently use, manage, abilities, and backgrounds, so that they may confidently use, manage, assess, and understand technology. assess, and understand technology.

Provides the basic knowledge and technical skills needed to Provides the basic knowledge and technical skills needed to participate in society. It increases the economic capacity of nations participate in society. It increases the economic capacity of nations and allows students to understand and apply advanced technologies and allows students to understand and apply advanced technologies so they will be prepared for either post-secondary education or so they will be prepared for either post-secondary education or entering the workforce. entering the workforce.

Enhances the opportunity for students to develop career awareness Enhances the opportunity for students to develop career awareness or career path preparation. It provides an exposure to a variety of or career path preparation. It provides an exposure to a variety of technology related careers - from professional to industrial or service technology related careers - from professional to industrial or service worker. The knowledge base learned through technology education is worker. The knowledge base learned through technology education is important to everyone as all members of society must continually important to everyone as all members of society must continually learn in a changing society that is influenced by technology.learn in a changing society that is influenced by technology.

Provides for academic, technical, and social growth. It employs Provides for academic, technical, and social growth. It employs involvement with tools, machines, materials, and systems of involvement with tools, machines, materials, and systems of technology. It enables all students to derive meaning from concrete technology. It enables all students to derive meaning from concrete experiences that result from the integration of mathematics, science, experiences that result from the integration of mathematics, science, humanities, and engineering concepts. Through direct experience humanities, and engineering concepts. Through direct experience with a wide array of processes, knowledge, and contexts, it helps to with a wide array of processes, knowledge, and contexts, it helps to develop technological literacy.develop technological literacy.

* ITEA is a professional association for technology education teachers * ITEA is a professional association for technology education teachers who teach a curriculum called "technology education" which who teach a curriculum called "technology education" which

is is problem-based learning utilizing math, science and problem-based learning utilizing math, science and technology principles.technology principles.

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What is technology What is technology education*education* Provides a wholesome change in learners by enhancing Provides a wholesome change in learners by enhancing

the understanding of how technology is changing the the understanding of how technology is changing the human-made world and the natural environment. It human-made world and the natural environment. It allows learners to experience the activities and habits of allows learners to experience the activities and habits of a designer, scientist, technologist, engineer, architect, a designer, scientist, technologist, engineer, architect, producer, historian, and social critic as they engage in producer, historian, and social critic as they engage in technological problems and issues of the present and technological problems and issues of the present and future.future.

Develops self-evaluation of attitudes toward constructive Develops self-evaluation of attitudes toward constructive work and how this work can be used for health, work and how this work can be used for health, recreation, or economic value. It helps to develop recreation, or economic value. It helps to develop favorable attitudes toward creative thinking, and to favorable attitudes toward creative thinking, and to character improvement -- knowing and making the most character improvement -- knowing and making the most of one's environment. of one's environment.

Requires competence, compassion, a desire for Requires competence, compassion, a desire for excellence, and a vision from its educators. Teachers excellence, and a vision from its educators. Teachers must possess creativity, ingenuity, enjoy working with must possess creativity, ingenuity, enjoy working with people, and maintain a high degree of personal and people, and maintain a high degree of personal and professional integrity.professional integrity.

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Mongolia, a country which has a vast Mongolia, a country which has a vast land, densely settled area, small resource land, densely settled area, small resource of population and working force, and of population and working force, and traditional industry relying on natural traditional industry relying on natural resource and nomadic animal husbandry, resource and nomadic animal husbandry, obviously that comprehensive knowledge obviously that comprehensive knowledge or technological education is very or technological education is very significant. On the other hand, it’s really significant. On the other hand, it’s really important to improve the level of important to improve the level of technological education of Mongolian technological education of Mongolian population. population.

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- Some countries are developing Some countries are developing national strategy to strength national strategy to strength scientific knowledge and mainly scientific knowledge and mainly taking into consideration the issues taking into consideration the issues such as getting as more knowledge such as getting as more knowledge increasing knowledge-base, increasing knowledge-base, investment in education and new investment in education and new technology to master knowledge.technology to master knowledge.

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Percentage of Expenditures for education in state budget income and in GDP

Expenditures for education in GDP

Expenditures for education in state budget income

7.3% 8.2% 7.9% 8.1% 7.8%

21.9% 21.1% 20.5% 20.5% 20.3%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

28

0

5

10

15

20

30

%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Percentage of technological education Percentage of technological education in the expenditure of comprehensive in the expenditure of comprehensive

educationeducation

29

The number of people involved in technological educational training

30.6

31.932.3

34.0

2000 2001 2002 2003

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Number of students

Present of involving

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Percentage ofPercentage of satisfaction qualified teachers

95.5

96

96.5

97

97.5

98

2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Percentage ofPercentage of satisfaction qualified teachers

Percentage ofPercentage of unsatisfactory teachers

31

The number of people involved in unofficial educational training

130071494493989640726Total5

80005304002256027045

To qualify profession and provide professional skills

4

11839327343004266To provide education

3

21187731789154955To improve the general level of education

2

17040845941214460Literacy education

1

Á¿ãä200320022001Training

32

29067

19252

11685

83177555

7987

1130812320

1165011245

12177

15031

1949321574

0

10000

20000

300001990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

The increase in number of learners at professional educational centers

33

The number of students at university and college

¹ ¯ç¿¿ëýëòAcademic years Present of

growth

2000-2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

2003-2004/ 2000-2001

1The number of university and college

172 178 185 183106.4

2The number of students

84985

90644 9845310873

8 127.9

Bachelor7729

683200 89152 96504

124.8

Master of science 3465 2880 3661 4491 129.6

Doctor /Ph.D/   959 1588 1615  

3The number of accredited universities

22 39 58 58 263.6

4

The number of students at accredited universities

50419

65627 79202 84985 168.6

34

The number of post graduates in high developed countries for masters and doctorate degrees

0

20

40

6080

100

120

140

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

79

107 98

61

87

109131

From 2000-2003 spend 9.5 mill.¥ for 388 students

35

The number of students studying at foreign countries under the negotiations between governments

204

239226 229

180

200

220

240

2000-2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

Over 1078 students studied in 14 countries of the world from 2000 to 2003

36

0 0260 67.6

1028275.9

2080

537

5727

1500.4

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004

Non repayable aid for student from herdsman’s family

Students Financing /mill.¥/

37

Non repayable aid of professional and high educational training for vulnerable groups

0 0

1639

532.7

3676

986.5

6039

1540.9

7567

1982.5

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

1999-

2000

2000-

2001

2001-

2002

2002-

2003

2003-

2004

students Expenditures /mill.¥/

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The most useful method of getting knowledge The most useful method of getting knowledge and using it is to acquire world standard and using it is to acquire world standard knowledge and make investment in leading knowledge and make investment in leading technique and technology. technique and technology.

As for anybody, any company, any countries, As for anybody, any company, any countries, now days, when the interest and demand to now days, when the interest and demand to produce products with technological advance produce products with technological advance increase it’s necessary to access world’s science increase it’s necessary to access world’s science experience fund, and improve strength the experience fund, and improve strength the technological knowledge. Obviously, engineering technological knowledge. Obviously, engineering education is essential for it. Technical education is essential for it. Technical Universities provide engineering education, so Universities provide engineering education, so there are focusing their strategically intention there are focusing their strategically intention on accessing world science experience. on accessing world science experience.

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Now daysNow daysAlthough in Mongolia there isn’t enough number of Although in Mongolia there isn’t enough number of engineers and technician workers with high technology engineers and technician workers with high technology education. Particularly, there are about 180 universities education. Particularly, there are about 180 universities and institutes in Mongolia, among them 10% is and institutes in Mongolia, among them 10% is prepared engineers and technologists for production prepared engineers and technologists for production manufacture field. About two thousand engineers and manufacture field. About two thousand engineers and technician workers are prepared a year, 42 % employed technician workers are prepared a year, 42 % employed by chosen profession. There is not enough numbers of by chosen profession. There is not enough numbers of specialists in comparing specialist’s requirement and specialists in comparing specialist’s requirement and number of graduates. The problem of preparation of number of graduates. The problem of preparation of skilled professional workers was outside of attention but skilled professional workers was outside of attention but last 2-3 years it is reproduced again. This makes easily last 2-3 years it is reproduced again. This makes easily the production management. The problem to be the production management. The problem to be professional worker in production field could be professional worker in production field could be connected with all people from children to adults may connected with all people from children to adults may be pensioners. On the other hand, challenge of be pensioners. On the other hand, challenge of professional jobs are a very important. So, it needs to professional jobs are a very important. So, it needs to give minds and thoughts and skills for the population give minds and thoughts and skills for the population specially youth and children. Now days we can name it specially youth and children. Now days we can name it comprehensive technology education. comprehensive technology education.

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Mongolian University of Science & Mongolian University of Science & TechnologyTechnology

This problem is called more attention in our country. This problem is called more attention in our country. Challenge to get knowledge and profession of Challenge to get knowledge and profession of technique and technology and supply of learning technique and technology and supply of learning possibilities are very important. So, Mongolian possibilities are very important. So, Mongolian University of Science & Technology /MUST/ plays most University of Science & Technology /MUST/ plays most role here, now technology is created at scientific and role here, now technology is created at scientific and technological organizations and high technological technological organizations and high technological education is given by authority universities and education is given by authority universities and institutes of the country. institutes of the country.

According to development and missions, master plan of According to development and missions, master plan of Science and Technology policy MUST pays most Science and Technology policy MUST pays most attention on policy of Technology policy and takes some attention on policy of Technology policy and takes some activities. But it needs to do, learn, and study more and activities. But it needs to do, learn, and study more and more. Responsibilities and functions of engineers and more. Responsibilities and functions of engineers and specialists with technological education are larger and specialists with technological education are larger and longer, so MUST have to play heavy role in longer, so MUST have to play heavy role in development of science and technology in Mongolia. development of science and technology in Mongolia.

Activities for learning and studying technology and Activities for learning and studying technology and gaining it and transmitting are stimulated continuously gaining it and transmitting are stimulated continuously and become increasingly so MUST ought to base itself and become increasingly so MUST ought to base itself on policy to retrain own graduates and develop. on policy to retrain own graduates and develop.

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Now daysNow days

Any country puts double requirements to Any country puts double requirements to strengthen power of Universities and strengthen power of Universities and Scientific research Institutes in own policy of Scientific research Institutes in own policy of science and technology. In the most cases the science and technology. In the most cases the policy directed into definite could approach policy directed into definite could approach the national companies and firms to the national companies and firms to technological progress. The experiences of technological progress. The experiences of countries as Singapore, South Korea and countries as Singapore, South Korea and Hong Kong showed that followers never leave Hong Kong showed that followers never leave outside. But these “later developed outside. But these “later developed countries” governments faced with more countries” governments faced with more difficulties for passing transition period of difficulties for passing transition period of technology development. The advantage of technology development. The advantage of lagging behind calls more interest. lagging behind calls more interest.

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There are several methods to master a new technology There are several methods to master a new technology and provide technological education. Here are:and provide technological education. Here are:

To attract direct foreign investment. This greats new To attract direct foreign investment. This greats new knowledge, design, new feeling, new competition, new knowledge, design, new feeling, new competition, new management through import products.management through import products.

As for developing countries using high technological As for developing countries using high technological license is effective way to get knowledge and master license is effective way to get knowledge and master new leading technology and much cheaper then new leading technology and much cheaper then developing technology by themselves. developing technology by themselves.

To study and see on the spot. This means to develop a To study and see on the spot. This means to develop a special program letting young people go abroad and special program letting young people go abroad and study and get much experience and come back their study and get much experience and come back their home country. Also, it can import technological home country. Also, it can import technological knowledge by bringing in experienced immigrants.knowledge by bringing in experienced immigrants.

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Process of creating Process of creating Comprehensive technological Comprehensive technological

education (PCCTE)education (PCCTE)

Citizens activeness and interest Citizens activeness and interest Activity of training organizationActivity of training organization Need for human Need for human

The survey of influencing life factors in The survey of influencing life factors in PCCTE has 3 main set of indexes.PCCTE has 3 main set of indexes. Here are: Here are:

The factory is related to citizens. (their own life The factory is related to citizens. (their own life activeness and interest). activeness and interest).

The factories related to training organizations The factories related to training organizations activity. activity.

The factories related to humans everyday life. The factories related to humans everyday life.

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ConclusionConclusion

* We must resolve the problems of common * We must resolve the problems of common education level as a base of main keys of a education level as a base of main keys of a country’s development and development of country’s development and development of common technology education. common technology education.

* Mongolia has a small population but it has more * Mongolia has a small population but it has more advantages as Education system, excellent of advantages as Education system, excellent of Science. It needs to carry out the policy in Science. It needs to carry out the policy in direction of increase of power of scientific and direction of increase of power of scientific and research institutions and transmit the research institutions and transmit the technology. I.e. the problem about increase of technology. I.e. the problem about increase of technology education quality must be under technology education quality must be under required attention. required attention.

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ConclusionConclusion* 87 % of world companies from different fields * 87 % of world companies from different fields

hope that their activities are based on hope that their activities are based on knowledge. But researchers pointed out that knowledge. But researchers pointed out that most of them agree they could not manage most of them agree they could not manage the knowledge. So joining and summary of the knowledge. So joining and summary of companies’ experiences who are connected companies’ experiences who are connected with knowledge management are very with knowledge management are very important at present level. To assist for important at present level. To assist for implementing the purposes of organizations implementing the purposes of organizations knowledge management must be understood knowledge management must be understood as a creation of mastering and using as a creation of mastering and using knowledge, as definite system management. knowledge, as definite system management. Organizations of all stages and levels must Organizations of all stages and levels must take into attention to require the definition of take into attention to require the definition of knowledge, information and understanding. knowledge, information and understanding.

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Thank you for your attention !Thank you for your attention !