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State Policies to Facilitate the Preparedness of Students for Careers and Postsecondary Success West Regional Summit. Archived Information. Monica R. Martinez & Judy Bray. The Problem:. Graduation Rates Postsecondary Readiness. USA High School Graduation. ME. MT. ND. MN. VT. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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State Policies to Facilitate the State Policies to Facilitate the Preparedness of Students for Careers Preparedness of Students for Careers
and Postsecondary Successand Postsecondary Success
West Regional SummitWest Regional Summit
Monica R. Martinez Monica R. Martinez & &
Judy BrayJudy Bray
Archived Information
The Problem:The Problem:
• Graduation Rates
• Postsecondary Readiness
USA High School Graduation
Percent of students graduating 200156% to 69%, 17 States 69% to 76%, 17 States 76% to 90%, 17 States
FL
GA
SC
TN
NV DC
NC
MS
NY
AL
NM
TX
CO
AZ
CT
DE
LA
KY
RI
NH
MAMI
IL INMD
ME
MOVA
AR
KS
OK
WY
OH
PA
VTMN
ID
MT
WI
NE NJ
WV
IA
SD
UT
ND
Percent of high school graduates with college-ready transcript26% to 35%, 17 States35% to 40%, 13 States40% to 55%, 21 States
Percent of high school graduates with college-ready transcript26% to 35%, 17 States35% to 40%, 13 States40% to 55%, 21 States
USA High School Graduates With College-Ready
Transcripts in 2001
NV
NMAZ
COIL
MI
MO
IN
KS
WY
ID
OH
FL
GA
MNMT
NY
SC
WI
IANE
SD
UT
TN
ND
CT
DC
NC
NH
RIMA
MS AL
ME
TX
DE
LA
PA
KY
VT
MD
NJ
VA
AROK
WV
STATE SYSTEM SUPPORT
•Compulsory Attendance•Teacher Education Requirements•Per-pupil Expenditures•State Share of Education Funding
Age at which students may leave school
16 years old, 27 States
17 years old, 9 States
18 years old, 15 StatesUSA Compulsory Attendance Ages
AL
AZ
CODE
FL
GA
IA
ID
IL
KY
MA
MD
MI
MO
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NYRISD
VT
WV
WY
AR
LA
ME
MS
NV
PA
SC
TN
TX
CT
DCIN
KS
MN
NM
OH
OK
UT
VA
WI
USA High School Teacher Education
Minimum degree for certification in subject areaNo minimum degree in subject area, 20 StatesSubject area minor required, 2 StatesMajor or minor depending on subject, 5 StatesSubject area major required, 24 States
Minimum degree for certification in subject areaNo minimum degree in subject area, 20 StatesSubject area minor required, 2 StatesMajor or minor depending on subject, 5 StatesSubject area major required, 24 States
AL
ARAZ
DC DE
GA
KSKY
MA
MN
MS
NC
SC
TX
WV
WY
NM
SDID
LA
MI
MT
UTCO
CT
FL
IA
IL INMD
ME
MO
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NV
NY
OH
OK
PA
RI
TN
VA
VT
WI
Dollars spent per pupil$4,625 to $6,515 17 States$6,515 to $7,511 17 States$7,511 to $10,993 17 States
Dollars spent per pupil$4,625 to $6,515 17 States$6,515 to $7,511 17 States$7,511 to $10,993 17 States
Total Per-Pupil Expenditures 2000-2001
UT
AZ
MS
ID
TN
NV
AL
AR
LA
OK
FL
SD
KY
NM
ND
NC
TX
COKS
SC
MO
MT
GA
IANE
NH
VA
IN
MN
WV
OH
IL
WY MI
MD
WI
ME
PA
DE
VT
RIMA
CT
DC
NJ
NY
Percent of education funding paid by State37.8% to 50%, 16 States50% to 63%, 16 States63% to 84%, 17 StatesNo local school district, 2 States
Percent of education funding paid by State37.8% to 50%, 16 States50% to 63%, 16 States63% to 84%, 17 StatesNo local school district, 2 States
USA State Share of Education Funding, 2001
DC
NEMD
IL
PA
CTSD
NJ
MA
CO
RI
ND
TX
VA
OH
ME
TN
NY
MO
AZ
GA
IA
IN
MT
FL
NH
WY
LA
WI
SC
MS
OK
UTNV
MN
KS
AL
ID
KY
WV
NC
MI
DE
VT
ARNM
Policy Categories
State A State B
Compulsory Attendance
Age 16 Age 17
Teacher Education
Major or minor Major or minor
Per-pupil Expenditures
$5,616 $5,934
State Share of Funding
66.7% 55.1%
System Support
RIGOROUS CURRICULUM
•Course Credit Requirements•Differentiated Diplomas•Enriched Curriculum (AP Example)•Dual Enrollment
USA States Course Credit Requirements
Core course credits for high school graduationFew or no course credits required, 6 StatesLess than 20 credits required, 11 States20 or 21 credits required, 15 StatesMore than 21 credits required, 19 States
Core course credits for high school graduationFew or no course credits required, 6 StatesLess than 20 credits required, 11 States20 or 21 credits required, 15 StatesMore than 21 credits required, 19 States
CO
IA
MAMI
NEPA
IL
NY
VT
WY
ME
RI
OH
GA
NH
AZ
CT
MS
MT
NC
SD
TN
AR
ID
KS
MD
ND MN
WI
DE
KYMO
NJ
TX
VA
NV
NMOK
AL
DC
FL
IN
LA
SC
UTWV
Differentiated based on test scores, 12 States
Provisions for differentiated diplomasOne diploma for all, 25 States
Based on multiple criteria, 12 States
Based on GPA (AR) or coursework (FL)
USA Differentiated High School Diplomas
AL
CODC
IA
ID
KS
LA
MD
ME
MO
MS
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NV
OK
SDWI
AZ
CT
DEIL
MAMI
NY
PA
UT
VT
WV
GA
IN
KY
MN
OH
RI
SC
TN
TX
VA
WY
AR
FL
AP incentives and system supportsNo statute, 34 StatesAP course mandate, 1 StateFinancial incentives, 5 StatesAP in accountability plan, 4 StatesAP mandate + incentives, 3 StatesAccty plan + incentives, 5 States
AP incentives and system supportsNo statute, 34 StatesAP course mandate, 1 StateFinancial incentives, 5 StatesAP in accountability plan, 4 StatesAP mandate + incentives, 3 StatesAccty plan + incentives, 5 States
USA Advanced Placement Role in State Systems
AL
AZ
CT
DC DE
GA
IA
ID
IL
KSKY
MD
ME
MI
MS
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NM
NV
NY
PA
RISD
TN
VT
WY
OH
AR
FL
MA
MN
TX LA
NJ
VA
WI
IN
SC
WVCO
MO
OK
UT
State support for AP coursesNo statute, 40 StatesAP teacher training 2 StatesStudent fees paid, 4 StatesTraining and fees, 5 States
State support for AP coursesNo statute, 40 StatesAP teacher training 2 StatesStudent fees paid, 4 StatesTraining and fees, 5 States
USA Advanced Placement Course Support
ARAZ
CO
CT
DC DE
FL
ID
IL
KSKY
LA
MD
ME
MI
MO
MS
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NV
NY
OH
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
UTVA
VT
WY
IA
WV
GA
MAWI
AL
IN
MN
OK
TX
Number of students in State scoring 3 or higher on AP exam32 to 80 students per 1000, 19 States80 to 160 students per 1000, 21 States160 to 240 students per 1000, 11 States
Number of students in State scoring 3 or higher on AP exam32 to 80 students per 1000, 19 States80 to 160 students per 1000, 21 States160 to 240 students per 1000, 11 States
USA State Advanced Placement Success
KY
MNMT
WI
NC
IA
IN
AL
AR
NE
MS
SC
NJ
IL
OK
KS MO
OH
AZ
ND
SDMI
VA
MA
NV
LA
UT
PA
WV
FL
RIWY
ID
TN
CO
GA
DC DE
NY
TX
MD
NH
CT
NM
VT
ME
USA Dual Enrollment Programs
Limited/comprehensive dual enrollment provisionsLimited program, 26 States
Comprehensive program, 21 StatesNo data, 4 States
ARAZ
CT
IL IN
KSKY
LA
MD
MO
MT ND
NE
NH
NV
NY
OK
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
VT
WY
CODE
FL
GA
IA
ID MA
ME
MI
MN
MS
NC
NJ
NM
OH
UT
WI
WV
AL
DC
VA
Course Credits 21 Credits 24 credits
Differentiated Diplomas
No No
AP Role in State System
No policy
Accountability plan
AP Course Support No policy No policy
AP Success 13.6% 10.9%
Dual Enrollment Comprehensive Limited
Policy Categories State A State B
Compulsory Attendance
Age 16 Age 17
Teacher Education Major or minor Major or minor
Per-pupil Expenditures
$5,616 $5,934
State Share of Funding
66.7% 55.1%
State Context
ACCOUNTABILITY
• Exit Tests• Remediation• Student Sanctions• Performance rewards and performance sanctions
USA High School Graduation Exams
Passing state exams required for graduationNo State exam for graduation, 27 StatesStudents must pass exam to graduate, 19 StatesPhasing in an exam for graduation, 5 States
Passing state exams required for graduationNo State exam for graduation, 27 StatesStudents must pass exam to graduate, 19 StatesPhasing in an exam for graduation, 5 States
AR
CO
CT
DC DE
IA
ID
IL
KSKY
ME
MI
MO
MT ND
NE
NH
OK
PA
RISD
VT
WI
WV
WY
AZ
FL
GA
IN
LA
MA
MD
MN
MS
NC
NJ
NM
NV
NY
OH
SC
TN
TX
VA
AL
UT
State requirements and funding for remediationNo remediation required or funded, 30 StatesRemediation required, not funded, 4 StatesRemediation funded, not required, 2 StatesRemediation required and funded, 15 States
State requirements and funding for remediationNo remediation required or funded, 30 StatesRemediation required, not funded, 4 StatesRemediation funded, not required, 2 StatesRemediation required and funded, 15 States
USA Remediation for Students Failing Key State
Tests
ARAZ
CO
CT
DC
IA
ID
IL
KSKY
ME
MI
MN
MS
MT ND
NE
NH
OK
PA
RISD
UT
VT
WI
WV
WY
GA
NJ
NM
TN
MA
AL
DE
FL
IN
LA
MD
MO
NC
NV
NY
OH
SC
TX
VA
USA State Student Sanctions
State no- pass, no- play and/or no- drive policiesNo student sanctions, 27 States
No- pass, noNo- pass, no-
Both extracurricular and driving sanctions, 12 States
State no- pass, no- play and/or no- drive policiesNo student sanctions, 27 States
No-pass, no-drive policy, 7 StatesNo- pass, no-play policy, 5 States
Both extracurricular and driving sanctions, 12 States
CT
DC DE
IA
KS
MA
MD
ME
MI
MN
MO
MT ND
NE
NH
NJ
NV
NY
PA
RISD
UT
VT
WY
ID
IN
KY
OH
OKSC
WI
AZ
CO
LA
NM
AL
AR
FL
GA
IL
MS
NCTN
TX
VAWV
State rewards for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance rewards, 26 StatesSchools rewarded for performance, 16 StatesDistricts rewarded for performance, 4 StatesSchools and districts rewarded for performance, 5 States
State rewards for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance rewards, 26 StatesSchools rewarded for performance, 16 StatesDistricts rewarded for performance, 4 StatesSchools and districts rewarded for performance, 5 States
USA State Performance Rewards
AZ
IA
ID MA
ME
MI
MN
MO
MT ND
NHNY
OH
RISD
TN
UT
VA
VT
WI
WV
WY
AL
AR
CODC
FL
IL IN
KS
LA
MD
NC
NM
NV
PA
SC
CT
MS
NE NJ
DE
GA
KY
OK
TX
State sanctions for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance sanctions, 12 StatesSchools sanctioned for performance, 9 StatesDistricts sanctioned for performance, 5 StatesSchools and districts sanctioned for performance, 25 States
State sanctions for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance sanctions, 12 StatesSchools sanctioned for performance, 9 StatesDistricts sanctioned for performance, 5 StatesSchools and districts sanctioned for performance, 25 States
USA State Performance
Sanctions
CT
DC DE
IA
KS
MA
MD
ME
MI
MN
MO
MT ND
NE
NH
NJ
NV
NY
PA
RISD
UT
VT
WY
ID
IN
KY
OH
OKSC
WI
AZ
CO
LA
NM
AL
AR
FL
GA
IL
MS
NCTN
TX
VAWV
AccountabilityPolicies State A State B
Exit Tests No Yes
Remediation No Required and funded
Student Sanctions
No-pass, No-drive
No-pass, No-play
Performance Rewards
No School
Performance Sanctions
No School
DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF SCHOOLS
•Charter Schools•Alternative Schools
Charter Schools
AL
KY
MEMT ND
NE
SD
VT
WV
AZ
DC DE
FL
GA
IA
ID
IN
KS
LA
MAMI
MN
MS
NH
NJ
NM
NV
OK
PA
SC
TX
UT
WY
AR
CO
CT
ILMD
MO
NC
NY
OH
RI
TN
VA
WI
State charter school policies
No charter policy, 9 States
Policy with at-risk preference, 28 States
Policy with no at-risk preference, 14 States
State legislation requiring or permitting alternative educationNot addressed, 14 StatesVoluntary for districts to offer, 28 StatesMandatory for districts to offer, 9 States
State legislation requiring or permitting alternative educationNot addressed, 14 StatesVoluntary for districts to offer, 28 StatesMandatory for districts to offer, 9 States
Alternative Education
for Disruptive Students
AL
CT
DC DE
IA
ID MA
MEMT
NM
NYRI
VT
AZ
CO
FL
GA
IL IN
KS
MD
MI
MN
MS
NC
ND
NVOH
OK
PA
SC
SD
TN
TX
UTVA
WI
WV
WY
AR
KY
LA
MO
NE
NH
NJ
Policy Categories
State A State B
Charter Schools
Yes, at-risk preference
Yes, at-risk preference
Alternative Schools
Not addressed
Mandatory
State Context Matters: A System of Diverse Schools
Review of State Policies
Exit Tests No Yes
Remediation No Required and funded
Student Sanctions
No-pass, No-drive
No-pass, No-play
PerformanceRewards
No School
PerformanceSanctions
No School
Course Credits 21 Credits 24 credits
Differentiated Diplomas
No No
AP Role in State System
No policy
Accountability plan
AP Course Support No policy No policy
AP Success 13.6% 10.9%
Dual Enrollment Comprehensive Limited
Policy Categories State A State B
Compulsory Attendance
Age 16 Age 17
Teacher Education Major or minor Major or minor
Per-pupil Expenditures
$5,616 $5,934
State Share of Funding
66.7% 55.1%
Charter Schools Yes, at-risk preference Yes, at-risk preference
Alternative Schools Not addressed Mandatory
Organizational Resources for this Presentation Center for Education Policy
Council for Chief State School Officers
Education Commission of the States
Education Trust
Education Week
Manhattan Institute
National Center for Higher Education Management Systems
National High School Alliance
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Department of Education
Monica R. MartinezMonica R. Martinez
(202) 822-8405, ext. 168
Judy BrayJudy Bray
(303) 883-4401
The Institute for Educational Leadership
1001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 310
Washington, DC 20036
www.iel.org
Contact Information