Monitoring and Modeling CO2 Behavior in Multiple Oil Bearing Carbonate Reefs for a Large Scale Demonstration in Northern Lower Michigan

Neeraj Gupta (gupta@battelle.org), Lydia Cumming, Mark Kelley, Darrell Paul, Srikanta Mishra, Jacqueline Gerst, and Matt Place (Battelle, 505 King Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43201, USA)

Rick Pardini, Allen Modroo, and Robert Mannes (Core Energy LLC, 1011 Noteware Dr., Traverse City, Michigan,49684, USA)

Ab t t Regional Assessment

The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) is conducting large-scale CO2 injection into carbonate reefs in northern Lower Michigan, using CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) fields as test beds for understanding geoscience issues and developing best practices. Depleted oil and gas fields are of regional importance as they are increasingly seen as a significant opportunity for geologic storage in Midwestern USA. The demonstration and concurrent technology transfer are aimed at promoting this early deployment option for

Abstract Development Phase (Phase III) Project Overview

Scale: 1 million metric tons of CO2 over approximately four

f i j i

Regional AssessmentObjectives include:

• Developing a database of reefs that provides capacity and classification of reservoir quality.

• Pulling together existing data for Northern Michigan Reef Trend

carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS). Three types of reefs are being evaluated: late stage reefs that have already undergone significant CO2-EOR, active stage reefs with ongoing CO2-EOR, and newly targeted reefs that have not yet experienced CO2-EOR. Initial modeling and monitoring results, as well as feasibility assessments using technologies such as tracer studies, vertical seismic profiling, microseismic monitoring, borehole gravity survey, and remote sensing; are guiding the design of the long-term monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) program.

years of injection;

Location: Otsego County, Michigan

Source of CO2: Local Natural Gas Processing Plant (Antrim Shale Gas

g(over 800 reefs):

• Reef type - water, oil, and/or gas

• Core and wireline logs

• Production Data

• Original Oil in Place

• Remaining Oil in Place 1,000,00010,000PRIMARYCum. Oil = 1,286 MBOCum. Gas = 1,788 MMCF

Cum. EOR Oil= 492 MBO

About The MRCSP

•Formed in 2003 as a public/private consortium by US DOE.

•Consists of nearly 40 members, led by Battelle

(Antrim Shale Gas ~15% CO2 content) • Applying what is learned in large-

scale injection to scale up the study results and to develop framework to transfer the model to the Reef Trend.

• Populating reservoir model, combining wireline log and rock data with measured petrophysicaldata

Reservoir Type: Closely-spaced, highly compartmentalized oil & gas fields located in the Northern Michigan Niagaran Reef Trend

Permitting: U.S. EPA Region 5 UIC Class II permits in place for EOR operations100

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CO FloodingInitiated May 1996

,

EOR Initiated Dec 1996

Historical production data for Dover 33 reef, one of the first reefs that underwent CO

Pie chart showing relative emissions from the large point sources in the

led by Battelle

•Includes 9 states

•Region emits nearly 700 million metric tons CO2 each year; 85% of those emissions come from electricity generation.

•CCUS is viewed as a key

Monitoring

data.

• Nearly depleted oil and gas fields are expected to be valuable for assessing monitoring techniques and equipment

• Lessons learned from one field will

Late-stage

Operational

Operational

Reef Types one of the first reefs that underwent CO2flooding.

sources in the MRCSP

Map showing locations of large point sources.

CCUS will be a key technology for reducing

CO2 emissions.

yemissions reduction technology for our industrial base

Using CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Lessons learned from one field will be used to develop monitoring plans in subsequent reef structures

Operational

Operational

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Pre-EOR reef(not shown)

•Ultimate goal of CCUS technology development is to develop viable options for increasing oil production while reducing CO2 emissions related to large point sources

•MRCSP region contains some of the largest historic oil & gas producing areas in the United States

•An estimated 8500 million metric tons of CO2 could be stored within this region (~10 years worth of emissions from large point sources in this region).

•Using CO2 for EOR could lead to the production of an additional 1.2 billion barrels of oil that would otherwise be stranded in the ground.

• Late Stage Reef: late-stage EOR reefs that have undergone extensive primary and secondary oil recovery, and are mostly depleted of oil

• Active EOR Reefs: operational EOR reefs

Ground surface

Types of Niagaran Reefs for Evaluation

g

•Existing EOR operations offer opportunities to research carbon sequestration technologies while providing valuable information about optimizing the recovery of additional oil.

•Experienced gained will help develop more efficient ways to monitor CO2injection both to assure safety and make the best use of resources.

Active EOR Reefs: operational EOR reefs, in which primary oil recovery is completed and secondary oil recovery is currently under way

• Pre-EOR Reefs: reefs that typically have undergone primary oil recovery, but where no secondary oil recovery using CO2 has been attempted. Wireline

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (inSAR)

Horizontal Well Schematic Dover 33 Infrastructure Assessment

• Within permit constraints, injection strategies include:

• Injecting enough CO2 to pressurize reef beyond discovery pressure, if possible

• Injecting CO2 into residual oil zone

Reef Surface

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Gravity Survey

Modified from Riley et al 20120

• Part of an extensive, shallow, shelf carbonate depositional system

Geologic Setting – Pinnacle ReefsModeling

• Reservoir model being built to compute CO2migration dynamics oil

Seismic Methods

Figure Courtesy of Z‐Seis

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Microseimic

Rutledge, et al. “Faulting Induced by Forced Fluid Injection…”, BSA, Vol. 94, No. 5, P 1817‐1830, 2004.

Source: Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education

Modified from Riley et al, 20120

Northern Niagaran Pinnacle Reef fields located in Otego County serve as test beds (left)

Regional map of oil and gas fields deeper than 2500 ft within the MRCSP(right)

carbonate depositional system

• About 800 fields in the northern reef belt and 400 in the southern reef belt of the Michigan Basin.

• Reservoir facies consist primarily of porous and permeable dolomite/limestone.

migration dynamics, oil mobilization and pressure perturbations within the reservoir. Conclusions and Next Steps

• CO2-EOR fields provide practical opportunities to develop technologies while increasing domestic oil production

• Assessing technologies and practices CC S

Site Characterization and Baseline Monitoring Activities

• Effective porosity intervals for the reservoir range from only a few feet to several hundred feet from reef to reef.

• Depth range ~3500-6000 feet.

• Individual reefs and reef complexes are localized (range

Modeling scope and approach for each reef based on data availability and project needs.

Modeling workflow shown above.

required to implement CCUS on a commercial-scale

• Field activities now underway

• Integrated effort by geological surveys to refine the mapping for sources and sinks and help translate the results of field testing into actionable strategies for regional stakeholders

Service Rig at Injection Well, Dover 33 Field

50-400 acres in area); 150-700 feet in relief.

• Porosity values can extend to 35%, but typically average 5-12%.

• Best reservoir rocks characterized by well-developed and connected intercrystalline and vuggy porosity with average

Source: William Harrison, III, 

AcknowledgementsThis work has been conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-05NT4589 (Dawn Deel, Project Manager) and industry funded MRCSP project (see www mrcsp org for a full list of participants) The

3D Porosity Model for the Dover 33 Reef (Preliminary)

• Visit www.mrcsp.org for periodic updates

Bridge plug removed from injection well (left); Fluid sampling (right)

www.battelle.org

vuggy porosity with average permeability values of 3-10 md.

Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education, Western Michigan University

Level 1 SEM Geologic Framework (Preliminary)Top of A-1 Carbonate Picked from 3-D Seismic Data

funded MRCSP project (see www.mrcsp.org for a full list of participants). The authors wish to thank Core Energy, LLC for hosting the demonstration project and members of the MRCSP geology team for their technical contributions.

11th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies; Kyoto International Conference Center, Japan