Monitoringofforestdynamics:carbonstocks,greenhousegasfluxesandbiodiversity

UniversidadedeBrasília

Support:

MercedesBustamanteandIrisRoitman

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

ForestDynamics

Canremoveconsiderableamountsofcarbonfromtheatmosphere.

IPCC2014

Canincreasesforestresiliencetofuturerisesindroughtfrequency.

Aragãoetal.2014

DisturbanceandresilienceEcologicalSucessionDynamicequilibriumAdapHvecycles

Hollingetal.2001connectedness

biom

ass

ComplexsystemdynamicsDegradaHon

Regrowth

Affectscarbonbalance.IPCC2014

Increasesvulnerabilitytofire. Nepstad1999Matricardietal.2010

Reducessocial,environmentalandeconomicfuncHonaliHes.

Tavanietal.2009

CauseslossoffuncHonalspecies,reducesredundancy,andpreventsecosystem

recoveryandstability.(Thompsonetal.2009).

MiHgaHonofanthropogeniceffectsonclimatechange

MaintainforeststoreduceemissionsfromdeforestaHon.TheKyotoProtocol(1997)

SpeciescomposiHonandkeyfuncHonalrelaHonshipsbetweenthem.Thompsonetal.(2009).

Carbonstorageandresilience

EnsureREDD+projectsimpactsareposiHveonbiodiversity,especiallyinlow-carbonandhighlydiverseforests.

(Harrisonetal.2011).

MiHgaHonofanthropogeniceffectsonclimatechange

CompensatedreducHonSanHlietal.(2005),COP11(2005)

IncenHvesfordevelopingcountriesdetainingtropicalforeststoreduceemissionsfromdeforestaHon.

ReducedEmissionsduetoDeforestaHonandForestDegrada3on(REDD)strategy

COP13(2007)

Reduceemissionsandpreventleakage:deforestaHondegradaHon

SkutchandTrines2008

roleofconservaHon,sustainablemanagement,andenhancementofforestcarbonstocks.REDD+

COP14(2008)

BiodiversityconservaHon

Díazetal(2009)CBD(2011).

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

MiHgaHon AccuracyLarge-scalemonitoringcarbon

changesandbiodiversity

Remotesensing Fieldinventories+

Promisingtools

StrongpotenHal DeFries2007Goetzetal.2009

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

Problem

Asneretal.2005,GOCF-GOLD2013

CannotdelivertherequiredprecisiontoassesschangesincarbonstocksduetodegradaHonandrecovery.

Highuncertaintyinbiomasscarbonstocksandfluxes.IPCC2014

Mitchardetal.2014,Omedoetal.2014

QuanHfyingforestdegradaHonandregrowthremainsamajorconstraintintheimplementaHonofREDD+.

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

PresentaresearchagendaandroadmapneededtoimprovemonitoringofGHGfluxesandbiodiversitycausedbydegradaHonandregrowthoftropicalforests.

Objec3ves

•  EvaluaHngchangesinforests:combinaHonoffieldinventoriesandremotesensing

•  Monitoringcarbonandbiodiversity–needforaunifiedstrategy

•  IntegraHngmonitoringandecosystemmodeling:movetowardmoreprocess-orientedapproaches

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

CarbonesHmaHonmethods:

Field-basedmethods

harvesttreeswetvolumedryweight

Regionalscales

treedimensionsextrapolate(scaleup)sampling

Directmeasurement

Indirectmeasurement

Remotesensingmethods

BiomassEsHmates

satellitesairplanesdrones

Regionalandglobalscales

opHcalsensorsacHvesensors

Allometricmodels

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

Challengesandlimitaitons:capacitybuilding

ExtractedfromRonjinetal.2009

Fig.1–SpaHaldistribuHonofthenaHonalforestinventorycapacitygapforREDD++in99tropicalnon-AnnexIcountries.

VariaHonincountriesremotesensingandnaHonalforest

inventorycapaciHesRonjinetal.2009

AffectsGlobalesHmates(eg.FAO-FRAandEDGAR)

vanderWerfetal.2010Brown1997,Grainger2008

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

ChallengesandlimitaHons:carbonstockesHmates

Manydivergentbiomassmaps.

Houghtonetal.2001Houghtonetal.2009GOFC-GOLD2013Omedoetal.2014Mitchardetal.2014

Moststudies:limited(number,spaHaldistribuHon)possiblybiasedstudies

Omedoetal.2014

Challenge:Wecannotreliablymapwooddensitynorspeciesassemblagesfromspace.

Fearnsideetal.1997

Mitchardetal.2014

IncludevariaHon

topographysoil

wooddensityallometry

Challenge:IntegraHonofmethodsforCarbonesHmaHon

ColheitadeárvoresVolumeúmidoPesoseco

Escalasregionais

DimensõesarbóreasExtrapolar(scaleup)Amostragem

Mediçõesdiretas

Mediçõesindiretas

Levantamentosdecampo

Remotesensing

EsHmaHvadebiomassa

satellitesairplanesdrones

Globalandregionalscales

OpHcalsensorsAcHvesensors

Modelosalométricos

LiDAR(laser)Forestheight

VerHcalstructureRadar(microwaves,radio)

VerHcalstructure

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

•  EvaluaHngchangesinforests:combinaHonoffieldinventoriesandremotesensing

•  Monitoringcarbonandbiodiversity–needforaunifiedstrategy

•  IntegraHngmonitoringandecosystemmodeling:movetowardmoreprocess-orientedapproaches

MonitoringVegetaHonBiodiversity

Fauna

Cameratrapping,bioacousHcs(O’Brienetal.2010),andautomateddigitalrecordingsystemsforawiderangeofspecies(Aideetal.2014).

Came4.1.Remotesensingmethodsformeasuringbiodiversity,func3onaltraitsandspecies.TaxonomicmappingHomolováetal.(2013)presentedanextensivereviewofopHcalremotesensingmethodstoesHmateplantfuncHonaltraits.VegetaHonstudiesregularlyusetheopHcaldomain(between380and2500nm)becausemostofthediagnosHcabsorpHonfeaturesofgreenvegetaHonarewithinthispartofthespectrum(Kokalyetal.2009,UsHnetal,2009apudHomolováetal.2013).RemotesensinghasstrongpotenHaltomonitorplanttraitswhenthosearerelatedtoleafbiochemistry,photosyntheHcprocessesandcanopystructure.Italsocanretrieveotherimportantplanttraitssuchasleafchlorophyllcontent,watercontentandleafareaindex(Homolováetal.2013).OpHcalspectroradiometersonsatellite-,airborne-andground-basedplaqormspresentatrade-offamongspaHal,spectralandtemporalresoluHons(Homolováetal.2013).Satelitebasedmonitoringprovideslarge-scale,andrepeateddata(in2to16daysintervals(Homolováetal.2013).Mostsatellite-basedspectroradiometersaremulHspectral,i.e.theysampletheelectromagneHcspectrumonlywithafewspectralbands.Ontheotherhand,novelhyperspectralimagingtechnologies,orimagingspectroscopy,cancapturereflectanceinhundredsofnarrowspectralbands,resolvingfinespectralfeaturesassociatedwiththechemicaltraits(Goetzetal.1985).High-fidelityimagingspectrometerscanmeetperformancespecificaHonsthatallowforreliableremotechemicaldeterminaHonsofplantsandecosystems.(AsnerandMarHn2009).RecenttechnologiescanmapchemicalandstructuraltraitsofplantcanopiesandarepromisingformonitoringvegetaHonbiodiversity,speciesrangeandfuncHonaltraits(Schimeletal.2013).Nonetheless,spaceborneimagingspectrometersareextremelyrare(HyperiononEO1andCHRISonPROBAplaqorms)andmostcurrentlyoperaHonalsatellite-basedspectroradiometersforvegetaHonmonitoringhavemoderatespectralandspaHalresoluHons(Homolováetal.2013).Newairborne-spectranomicsapproach(AsnerandMarHn2009)basedonthechemistry,physics,andtaxonomyofcanopies,couldchangetropicalforestsmonitoring.NoveltechnologiessuchasHigh-fidelityImagingSpectroscopy(HiFIS)andWaveformLightDetecHonandRanging(wLiDAR)caninnovateairborne,tropicalforestdiversitymapping.However,methodsandtaxonomicdatabaseneededtoapplythetechnologyaren’treadyyet(AsnerandMarHn2009).Homolováetal.(2013)stressedthatunderstandtheinteracHonbetweenplantstructural,physiological,biochemical,phenologicalandspectralproperHesweneedcomprehensiveandintegratedmeasurementsofvariousplanttraitstogetherwithleafandcanopyspectralproperHes.AmorecoherentcollecHonoffieldtraitdatatogetherwithproximalandremotesensingobservaHonswillallowustodeveloprobustscalingschemestosupportairborneandsatellitebasedmethodsoftraitesHmaHon(Homolováetal.2013).a-trappingforlargeanimalsandbioacousHcsforbats.

Waldonetal.(2014)

Harrissonetal.(2014)

Yet,asinglebiodiversitymonitoringprotocolforallpotenHalREDD+sitesisunrealisHcbecauseofgreatdifferencesamongtheworld’sforests(Harrissonetal.2014).

Photoby:EduardoRivero

leafbiochemistryphotosyntheHcprocessescanopystructure.chlorophyllcontentwatercontentleafareaindex

RemotesensinghasstrongpotenHaltomonitorplantfuncHonaltraits. Homolováetal.2013

Schimeletal.2013

Photo:CarnegieDepartmentofGlobalEcology/StanfordUniversity

MulHspectralimagingàfewspectralbands

NovelhyperspectralimagingCancapturereflectanceinhundredsof

narrowspectralbands,resolvingfinespectralfeaturesassociatedwiththechemicaltraits.

Goetzetal.1985

Becausefield-basedstudiesarelimitedandsatellitessHllcannotdissectforestcanopiesintotaxonomicmaps.

Remainsaverydiffculttask:

AsnerandMarHns2009

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

MonitoringAnimalBiodiversity

Fauna

Came4.1.Remotesensingmethodsformeasuringbiodiversity,func3onaltraitsandspecies.TaxonomicmappingHomolováetal.(2013)presentedanextensivereviewofopHcalremotesensingmethodstoesHmateplantfuncHonaltraits.VegetaHonstudiesregularlyusetheopHcaldomain(between380and2500nm)becausemostofthediagnosHcabsorpHonfeaturesofgreenvegetaHonarewithinthispartofthespectrum(Kokalyetal.2009,UsHnetal,2009apudHomolováetal.2013).RemotesensinghasstrongpotenHaltomonitorplanttraitswhenthosearerelatedtoleafbiochemistry,photosyntheHcprocessesandcanopystructure.Italsocanretrieveotherimportantplanttraitssuchasleafchlorophyllcontent,watercontentandleafareaindex(Homolováetal.2013).OpHcalspectroradiometersonsatellite-,airborne-andground-basedplaqormspresentatrade-offamongspaHal,spectralandtemporalresoluHons(Homolováetal.2013).Satelitebasedmonitoringprovideslarge-scale,andrepeateddata(in2to16daysintervals(Homolováetal.2013).Mostsatellite-basedspectroradiometersaremulHspectral,i.e.theysampletheelectromagneHcspectrumonlywithafewspectralbands.Ontheotherhand,novelhyperspectralimagingtechnologies,orimagingspectroscopy,cancapturereflectanceinhundredsofnarrowspectralbands,resolvingfinespectralfeaturesassociatedwiththechemicaltraits(Goetzetal.1985).High-fidelityimagingspectrometerscanmeetperformancespecificaHonsthatallowforreliableremotechemicaldeterminaHonsofplantsandecosystems.(AsnerandMarHn2009).RecenttechnologiescanmapchemicalandstructuraltraitsofplantcanopiesandarepromisingformonitoringvegetaHonbiodiversity,speciesrangeandfuncHonaltraits(Schimeletal.2013).Nonetheless,spaceborneimagingspectrometersareextremelyrare(HyperiononEO1andCHRISonPROBAplaqorms)andmostcurrentlyoperaHonalsatellite-basedspectroradiometersforvegetaHonmonitoringhavemoderatespectralandspaHalresoluHons(Homolováetal.2013).Newairborne-spectranomicsapproach(AsnerandMarHn2009)basedonthechemistry,physics,andtaxonomyofcanopies,couldchangetropicalforestsmonitoring.NoveltechnologiessuchasHigh-fidelityImagingSpectroscopy(HiFIS)andWaveformLightDetecHonandRanging(wLiDAR)caninnovateairborne,tropicalforestdiversitymapping.However,methodsandtaxonomicdatabaseneededtoapplythetechnologyaren’treadyyet(AsnerandMarHn2009).Homolováetal.(2013)stressedthatunderstandtheinteracHonbetweenplantstructural,physiological,biochemical,phenologicalandspectralproperHesweneedcomprehensiveandintegratedmeasurementsofvariousplanttraitstogetherwithleafandcanopyspectralproperHes.AmorecoherentcollecHonoffieldtraitdatatogetherwithproximalandremotesensingobservaHonswillallowustodeveloprobustscalingschemestosupportairborneandsatellitebasedmethodsoftraitesHmaHon(Homolováetal.2013).a-trappingforlargeanimalsandbioacousHcsforbats.

Photoby:EduardoRivero

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

Cameratrapping

effecHveformedium-to-largeanimals

Aideetal.2014

BioacousHcsBats(bioindicators) O’Brienetal.2010

Automateddigitalrecordingforawiderangeofspecies.

AsingleprotocolforallpotenHalREDD+sitesisunrealisHcbecauseofgreatdifferencesamongtheworld’sforests.

Harrissonetal.2014

Monitoringbiodiversityinlargerscalesisanimportantchallenge.

Bustamanteetal.2016

SpaHalscaleandtemporalresoluHonofdifferentmethodsformonitoringforestcarbonstocksandbiodiversity

•  EvaluaHngchangesinforests:combinaHonoffieldinventoriesandremotesensing

•  Monitoringcarbonandbiodiversity–needforaunifiedstrategy

•  IntegraHngmonitoringandecosystemmodeling:movetowardmoreprocess-orientedapproaches

Bustam

anteeta

l.2016

IntegraHngandmulH-scaleplaqormformonitoringandmodelingcarbonstocksandbiodiversity

functional traits canopy species groups

canopy height volume

species and volume wood density

physiographic and socioeconomic data

functional diversity

Multi-scale data integration

land-use classes

soil carbon soil fertility

carbon: activity data and emission factors forest productivity (C assimilation rate)

Carbon-ecosystem monitoring system

biodiversity and ecosystem functions

Ecosystem models

Climate change models Local, regional, and global models

Disturbance-response dynamics

hyperspectral

radar lidar

optical

Remote sensing

Field-based

forest inventories

biodiversity surveys

other site surveys

soil sampling Cal

ibra

tion,

val

idat

ion,

scal

ing

up

Data gathering

Environment and climate mitigation Food security Forest management

Public policies

Natural ecosystems

low medium high

Level of developement

SummaryofresearchprioriHesandpracHcalrecommendaHonstohelpachieveanintegrated

framework1.  MobilizaHonofstakeholdersandscienHficcommunitytoincludean

integratedframeworkinthepoliHcalagenda2.  HarmonizaHonofnaHonalmonitoringprogramsandexisHnginiHaHves3.  IntegraHonandopHmizaHonofecosystemmodelstoimproveprocess-

levelunderstandingcarbonandforestdynamics4.  Developmentofapermanentplotfieldnetworktocalibrate,validate,and

combinemulHscalesamplingandmonitoringmethods5.  Improvementoftheunderstandingofforestdriversandpost-disturbance

trajectories6.  Inclusionofparametersrelatedtoforestfiredriversandimpactsina

monitoringprogram7.  EvaluaHonofbiodiversityandcarbonvaluesunderaunifiedstrategy

Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity

Thankyou