Monocotyledons: monocots, Monocotyledoneae, or Liliopsida

Chapter 7Simpson, 2nd Edition

C. Order Asparagales

Hemerocallis fulva day-lily

Hemerocallidaceae – day-lily family

C. Order Asparagales Alliaceae – onion family13/600

C. Order Asparagales Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllis family59/850

C. Order Asparagales Asphodelaceae – Aloe family15/780

Iridaceae - iris family70/1750 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity

1. equitant leaves2. sepals and petals

petaloid but dimorphic

3. showy flowers radial to strongly zygomorphic

4. stigma petaloid (Iris)

5. anther under stigma branch

C. Order Asparagales

P3+3 or (3+3) A3 or (3) G(3) inferior mostly

Iridaceae - iris family

C. Order Asparagales

Crocus

Gladiolus

Freesia

Sisyrinchium

Iridaceae - iris family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family800/20,000 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity

1) strongly mycotropic habit in terrestrial species

2) diverse in tropics and subtropics; many epiphytic

3) numerous tiny seeds with minute mostly undifferentiated embryo and no endosperm

4) bilateral corolla with labellum = lower lip (simple, sac or spur) [labellum is actually the upper petal but because of resupination, a 180° twist, it appears as the lower one]

6) pollinia - waxy or mealy masses under anther cap

7) gynostemium - stigma + styles + androecium = column

8) pollination involves many elaborate mechanisms

9) five subfamilies

C. Order Asparagales

column

stigma

pollinia

anther cap

stigma

P(3+3) A1-3 G(3) inferior with gynostemium

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Spiranthes cernua

Vanilla planifolia - vanilla extracted from the

fermented capsules

Orchidaceae - orchid family

C. Order Asparagales

Platanthera praeclara - Prairie

fringed orchid

Cattleya - common cultivated form

Habenaria – green fringed orchid Cypripedium -

Lady’s slipper

Commelinids

• monophyletic• chemical apomorphy: cell

walls fluoresce under UV light due to a class of organic acids (coumaric, diferulic, ferulic)

Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family200/3000 pantropical

1) arborescent habit – no secondary growth (from vascular cambium)

2) unbranched trunks3) broad leaf blade4) large fan-shaped or pinnately

compound leaves = frond5) well developed vascular system

that has vessels in all vegetative organs

6) mycorrhizal roots (lack root hairs)

7) immense economic importance, 2nd only to Poaceae edible fruits, oils, waxes, building materials, numerous ornamentals

D. Order Arecales P3+3 A3+3 or (3+3) G3or(3) superior

Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family

D. Order Arecales

Washingtonia- fan palm

Phoenix - date palm

Cocos - coconut palm

E. Commelinales

Commelinaceae - spiderwort family39/640cosmopolitan

1) herbs with swollen nodes

2) somewhat succulent3) leaves with closed

sheaths; spiral along stem

4) flowers subtended by boat-shaped spathes

Tradescantia - spiderwort

Commelina - dayflower

K3or(3) C3or(3) A3or3+3 G(3) superior

E. Commelinales

Commelinaceae - spiderwort family

Prairie Spiderwort

Tradescantia occidentalis

F. ZingiberalesMusaceae – banana family3/40 cosmopolitan

1) perennial herbs2) monecious3) stems subterranean4) leaves large, basal,

spiral, sheathing forming pseudostem of overlapping leaf bases

5) Old world origins6) Food: Musa acuminata

and M. X paradisiaca7) Fiber: M. textilis & M.

basjoo

P(3+3) A5-6 G(3) inferior

F. Poales• basal groups

with showy flowers

• many species have small, reduced, wind-pollinated flowers

F. Poales

Typhaceae - cattail family1/13 cosmopolitan

1) emergent aquatics2) rhizomatous

perennials3) leaves simple, entire4) monecious5) inflorescence double

spadix• male above• female below

6) sepals of bristles or scales

7) wind pollination8) female inflorescence

disperses wind-dispersed fruits

P0-3 A3

P0-3 G1 superior

F. Poales

Typhaceae - cattail family

2/28 3/28 4/28 5/28 6/28 7/28 8/28 9/280

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Average Cattail Pollen

gra

ins/m

3

E. Poales

Bromeliaceae - pineapple family59/2400 New World – tropical diversity

1) perennial herbs or shrubs

2) terrestrial or epiphytic

3) absorptive peltate trichomes – water & mineral

4) water can collect in “well” by the overlapping leaf bases (tank)

5) leaves often form dense basal rosettes

6) leaves leathery or fleshy

7) twisted stigmas

P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior

E. Poales

Bromeliaceae - pineapple family

P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior

E. Poales

Bromeliaceae - pineapple family

Ananas comosus - pineapple

Tillandsia – spanish moss

E. Poales

Juncaceae - rush family7/350 worldwide

1) perennial herbs2) “grass-like”3) variable stems

• cylindrical, leaflless stems

• flattened stems & 2-ranked equitant leaves

4) distinct flowers (unlike sedges and grasses) never in spikelets

5) scarious (thin, dry) perianth

6) common in wet areas7) fruit loculicidal

capsule

P3+3 A3+3 G(3) superior

E. Poales

Cyperaceae - sedge family104/5000cosmopolitan; wetlands of temperate and colder regions

1) “grass-like” herbs2) semi-aquatic3) stems 3-sided,

solid pith4) leaves three-

ranked5) blades flat6) inflorescence of 1-

many spikelets7) fruit = achene

P6or0 A3 G(2-3) superior

E. Poales

Cyperaceae - sedge family

E. Poales

Cyperaceae - sedge family

E. Poales

Cyperaceae - sedge family

Cyperus - sedge

Scirpus - bullrush

Carex - sedgeEleocharis – spike-rush

E. Poales

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family668/9500 cosmopolitan

1) herbs2) stems terete, swollen

nodes, hollow3) leaves two-ranked with

ligules4) roots adventitious and

fibrous5) rhizomes/stolons6) culms erect7) intercalary meristems8) inflorescence a spikelet

with 2 basal bracts (glumes)

9) floret with 2 bracts (lemma & palea)

10)fruit caryopsis (grain)

P2-3 lodicules A2-3 G(2-3) superior

E. Poales

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

E. Poales

Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

Little Bluestem – Schizachyrium scoparium (Andropogon scoparius)

Big Bluestem – Andropogon gerardii

Switch Grass – Panicum virgatum

Indian Grass – Sorghastrum nutans