Carbohydrates

Project by: K.A.M.I.K.

Function• Carbohydrates are also knows as saccharides, which comes

from the Greek word sákkharon meaning “sugar”• Carbohydrates serve a number of different purposes in

living organisms, but their main function is to store energy. Carbohydrates also serve as structural components, such as cellulose in plants

• Saccharides are important for the immune system, reproduction and development

• The carbohydrates, or saccharides, are divided into four different chemical groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Smallest Unit or Monomer?

• Carbohydrates are organic molecules which are always made up of only 3 elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

• The smallest unit, or monomer, of a carbohydrate is one carbon atom attached to a hydrate, which is 2 hydrogen atoms attached to an oxygen atom (H20), but the simplest naturally forming carbohydrates are generally composed of 3 or more of these compounds

Empirical Form of Carbohydrate

• Generally, there is a 2:1 ratio between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule, giving an empirical formula of Cm(H20)n

Monosaccharide

• Monosaccarides are the simplest type of carbohydrate, and they include an aldehyde or a ketone attached to 2 or more hydroxyl groups

• Monosaccharides cannot be broken down (hydrolyzed) into simpler carbohydrates

• The smallest monosaccharides are dihydroxyacetone and D- and L-glyceraldehydes

Monosaccharide• Monosaccharides are the main source of fuel for the metabolism of living organisms, and they are used as both an energy source and for biosynthesis• When not immediately required for energy, they are converted to other, more space-saving forms such as polysaccharides. In humans, this storage form is glycogen, while in plants it is starch Two examples of monosaccharides include

glucose (blood sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar)

• The monosaccharide ribose functions as a coenzyme and an important component of RNA

• The monosaccharide deoxyribose is essential for DNA (Use a diagram of DNA)

Oligosaccharide• Oligosaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides ranging about 2 to 10 MSs• Oligosaccharides are more just a sub group of Polysaccharides than of general saccharides• Found in cell plasma membrane, they’re important in cell identity/recognition• Often linked to proteins or lipids• Oligosaccharides are a component of structures which often distinguish a RBC’s type (I.e. A/B/AB)• Fructo-oligosaccarides are made up of short chains of fructose• Galactooligosaccharides are made up of short galactose chains

Disaccharide• • Disaccharides are composed of 2

monosaccharides joined together, and are the simplest type of polysaccharide• Unmodified disaccharides have a formula of C12H22O11

• Sucrose, an example of a disaccharide, is the most common disaccharide and is the main form in which carbohydrates are transported in plants. It is composed of one D-glucose molecule and one D-fructose molecule• Lactose, which is found in milk, is another example of a disaccharide, and it is made up of one D-galactose molecule and one D-glucose molecule

D-glucose structure

Polysaccharide• Polysaccharides serve for storage of energy in organisms (ex. starch and glycogen), and cellular structures (ex. Cellulose and chitin)

Glycogen

StarchCellulose

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