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ARCHAEOLOGY

In the City of Phoenix

Laurene Montero, City Archaeologist

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The City Archaeology Office

Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park

– National Historic Landmark

– Repository for all City projects

– Laurene Montero and April Carroll

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Archaeology along the Lower Salt River Valley

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Thousands of Years of Archaeology

� Paleoindian (12,000 to 8,000 years before present)

� Archaic (8,000 BP to AD 1)

� Hohokam (AD 1 to 1450)

� Protohistoric (AD 1400s to 1860s)

� Historic-Territorial (1860s to 1912)

� Historic-Early Statehood(1912 to 1960s)

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ArchaeologicalInvestigative Techniques

� Survey

� Monitoring

� Testing

� Data recovery

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Archaeological Survey

� When is survey appropriate in the city?

� ASM site numbers, shape files, site cards

� Meet requirements for multiple agencies

� Provide clear management and A/NRHP eligibility recommendations

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Archaeological Monitoring

� Qualified archaeologist observes construction excavations

� Must have OSHA Trench Safety Training

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Archaeological Testing

�Backhoe trenching to OSHA-approved depth

�1.5% to 3.5% sample

�Typically 20-meter long trenches, spaced 10 to 20 meters

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SHPO’s Types of Testing(Guidance Point #2)

� Identification (Boundary Testing/locating canals)

� Eligibility (A/NRHP)

� Phase I data recovery/data testing

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Data Recovery� Combination of backhoe trenching and

stripping

� Control units

� Sample collection

� Requirements for human burials

� To retrieve scientific information from a site

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All Types of Projects in the City

Pit house floor covered with ceramic sherds; Excavation of Jar

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COP Street/FCDMC Storm DrainLa Villa - City Compliance

Pioneer through Sedentary Period130 pit houses; more than 100 human burials, 100’s of pit features

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CityScape (Private)

Territorial Period and Hohokam Pioneer Period

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Federal HUD-Funded Projects(City land or private land)

NSD, Housing, and sometimes other departments

Programmatic Agreement

� City Archaeologist reviews all projects, reports, etc.

� City takes lead with Section 106 consultation

� City conducts Tribal consultation (initial & continuing) City notifies SHPO/keeps SHPO informed of all projects

– Annual report

– Bi-monthly updates

44th St Parking Garage Site

PUEBLO GRANDE

PARK OF FOUR WATERS

Sky Train

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Location of Weir

Prehistoric Fields

18PGM website: pueblogrande.com

City Archaeology Process

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City Archaeology Process

� Assessments

� Buffer zones

� Project assigned PGM number (PGM 2012-02, etc.)

� Scope of work and fee estimate

� Site file search conducted

– PGM GIS database

– AZSITE

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City Archaeology Process

COP & AZSITE� AZSITE now has a separate COP buffer layer� COP Site File Searches� How you can help:

– If on COP land, consultants must provide shape files to ASM as part of permit compliance - for project areas, sites, expanding site boundaries, etc. - along with other required information & fees

– If on private land at a recorded site, send AZSITE a courtesy copy of your report with information on expanding site boundaries, your impressions of site, etc.

� Canals & AZSITE - include information in your report abstracts.

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City Archaeology Process

� Budget for PGM Anthropology Series, Occasional Paper, Technical Series

� Curation with PGM, when possible (project-specific permits)

� Site Tours/Information-sharing meetings

Things to consider in your scope and fee estimates

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City Archaeology Process

� Prepare work plan/treatment plan or use one of City’s general plans

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City Burial Agreement

Agreement with the Arizona State Museum and Arizona Tribes

Four Southern TribesSRPMIC

Gila RiverTohono O’Odham

Ak Chin Initiating Agreement•Notify ASM & Tribes•ASM provides Case No.

Process for Discoveries•Consultant/contractor contacts City Archaeologist•City Archaeologist contacts ASM and appropriate tribe•Tribe determines course

•Tribal religious activities•Excavation•Repatriation

City Burial Discovery Protocol

� Careful with media requests!

� No photography of burials

� No observation of burial removal by anyone other than city staff, consultant archaeologist

� If in public area, consultant to put up fence with cloth to prevent unauthorized observation of burial removals

� Burial information is exempt from the Arizona Public Records Act (ARS 39-125)

It is a Felony to knowingly disturb human remains in Arizona!

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Fieldwork Protocol� Notify City Archaeology Office

– E-mail updates at start/end of fieldwork

– Weekly updates/findings when in field (with detailed information)

– Quarterly updates when fieldwork ends/write up underway

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Reporting

� Management recommendations

� When evaluating for National Register, include historic context

� Color photographs

� Reader friendly (feature counts, state findings up front, etc.)

� Internal QA/QC

� Submit PDF versions of report to CAO

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Questions?