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Moral DevelopmentMoral Development
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MoralityMorality
A concern with the distinction between right and wrong or between good and evil
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Lawrence KohlbergLawrence Kohlberg
The founding of Israel
The letter of the law vs. a higher law
How do people develop morally?
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Kohlberg’s MethodKohlberg’s Method
Initial research: 10-16 year old boys Interview:
Present a moral dilemma Interested in the reasoning behind the
answer
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Dilemma: What would you Dilemma: What would you do?do?
In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. the drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $400 for the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together about $2,000, which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying, and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So, having tried every legal means, Heinz gets desperate and considers breaking into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife.
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Stages of Moral Stages of Moral DevelopmentDevelopment
Pre-Conventional Morality (Level I) Stage 1: Obedience and punishment
orientation Stage 2: Individualism and exchange
Conventional Morality (Level II) Stage 3: Good boy/Good girl orientation Stage 4: Law and order orientation
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Stages of Moral Stages of Moral DevelopmentDevelopment
Post-Conventional Morality (Stage III) Stage 5: Social contract orientation Stage 6: Universal ethical principles
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Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Criticisms of Kohlberg’s TheoryTheory People should not place own
principles above society and law Kohlberg’s stages culturally biased Gilligan: Kohlberg’s stages gender-
biased
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Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Gilligan’s Stages of Moral DevelopmentDevelopment
Pre-ConventionalPre-Conventional: Goal is individual survival Transition from selfishness to responsibility
ConventionalConventional: Self-sacrifice is goodness Transition from goodness to truth that she is
a person too Post-ConventionalPost-Conventional: Principle of
nonviolence
ReligionReligion
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Religion as a Social Religion as a Social InstitutionInstitution Religion:Religion:
Set of institutionalized beliefs and practices that deal with the meaning of life
Beliefs and actions related to the supernatural
Relieves anxiety when the world doesn’t make sense
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs Religious RitualsReligious Rituals Subjective ExperienceSubjective Experience CommunityCommunity
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Religious Beliefs:Religious Beliefs: Define the supernatural/divine order,
clarify humans’ role Organize perceptions of the world Create a guide for behavior
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Religious Beliefs:Religious Beliefs: Myth: Narrative stories about
supernatural forces or beings Serve to express core beliefs and teach
morality Transmit information about survival and
conservation Doctrine: Direct statements about
religious beliefs Written, formal
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Religious Rituals:Religious Rituals: Formal enactments of religious beliefs Activities have symbolic meanings
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Religious Rituals:Religious Rituals: Periodic rituals
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Religious Rituals:Religious Rituals: Periodic rituals Life-cycle ritualsLife-cycle rituals
SeparationSeparation TransitionTransition ReintegrationReintegration
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Religious Rituals:Religious Rituals: Periodic rituals Life-cycle rituals
Separation Transition Reintegration
PilgrimagePilgrimage
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Religious Rituals:Religious Rituals: Periodic rituals Life-cycle rituals
Separation Transition Reintegration
Pilgrimage Rituals of inversionRituals of inversion
Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Religious Rituals:Religious Rituals: Periodic rituals Life-cycle rituals
Separation Transition Reintegration
Pilgrimage Rituals of inversion SacrificeSacrifice
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Subjective Experiences:Subjective Experiences: Arise out of rituals and beliefs Religion provides framework to interpret
inner states
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Elements of ReligionElements of Religion
Community:Community: Shared beliefs, rituals, experiences
create a community of believers
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An Evolutionary Model of An Evolutionary Model of ReligionReligion
Magic Religion Science Magic:Magic: People’s attempt to compel
supernatural forces/beings to act in certain ways
Imitative magic: Contagious magic:
Arose out of need for explanation; esp. difference between living and dead Animism:Animism:
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A Functionalist Theory of A Functionalist Theory of ReligionReligion
Durkheim:Durkheim: Societies distinguish between Sacred: That which is holy, inspires awe,
must be treated with respect Profane: Ordinary, everyday things that
may be treated casually
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A Functionalist Theory of A Functionalist Theory of ReligionReligion
Totem: Sacred emblem that members of a group treat with reverence To Durkheim, totems were symbols of
deity and symbols of society Experiences we categorize as religious
are responses to social forces Role of science vs. role of religion
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A Conflict Theory of ReligionA Conflict Theory of Religion
Marx:Marx: Religion serves the interests of the ruling
elite Masks the exploitation of the workers and
the class inequality of capitalism Alienation
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Types of Religious Types of Religious OrganizationsOrganizations Established church
Organization that claims unique legitimacy
Has positive relationship with society
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Types of Religious Types of Religious OrganizationsOrganizations Sect
Organization that claims unique legitimacy
Stands apart from society
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Types of Religious Types of Religious OrganizationsOrganizations Denomination
Organization that accepts legitimacy of other religions
Has positive relationship with society
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Types of Religious Types of Religious OrganizationsOrganizations Cult
Organization that accepts legitimacy of other religions
Has negative relationship with society
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Dilemmas of Dilemmas of InstitutionalizationInstitutionalization Mixed motivations Symbol systems Organization Letter vs. spirit of religious law Conversion vs. coercion