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The basic idea Some economic decisions are associated not only with financial outcomes (gains/losses) but also with moral outcomes (negative/positive)
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Moral judgment of Moral judgment of economic behavior under economic behavior under risk in relation to moral risk in relation to moral emotionsemotions
Tadeusz TyszkaAcademy of Entrepreneurship and Management
Tomasz ZaleskiewiczWarsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities
AgendaAgenda1. Reference to our previous study2. Idea of the present study3. Methodology4. Results5. Discussion
The basic ideaThe basic idea
Some economic decisions are associated not only with financial outcomes (gains/losses) but also with moral outcomes (negative/positive)
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
Person A faces severe financial problems because he has been fired, has large debts and must provide for a big family. He finds a wallet on the street, containing a substantial sum of money. The owner’s name and address are in the wallet. On the other hand, person A can easily keep the wallet instead of returning it to the owner.
Our previous studyOur previous studyFour economic scenarios that
described people facing a moral conflict (wallet, safety, product, bribe)
Participants asked to judge an immoral behavior
Immoral behavior in two scenarios (bribe, product) blamed more then in two other scenarios (wallet, safety)
Our previous studyOur previous studyHigher level of blame positively
correlated with reaction timeHigher level of blame
insensitivity to quantitative risk parameters (outcomes and probabilities) deontological judgment
Lower level of blame high sensitivity to quantitative risk parameters consequentialistic judgment
A new research questionA new research questionWhere does this difference in
moral judgment come from?Why do people behave as
deontologists in some situations and as consequentialists in other situations?
A possible solutionA possible solutionImmoral behavior can evoke
different level of negative affect. People blame immoral behavior harsher when affect is stronger (Greene et al., 2001; Haidt, 2001; 2003; Kahneman & Sunstein, 2005)
Violating some moral norms can evoke stronger negative affect than violating other moral norms
The hypothesisThe hypothesisViolating the norm in those scenarios where moral judgments were consistent with the deontological position will evoke stronger negative emotions than violating the norm in scenarios where judgments were consistent with the consequentialist position
The fThe four scenariosour scenarios S1 introducing safety changes in
a factory;S2 returning wallet found on a
street;S3 selling a product that can be
dangerous for consumers;S4 accepting a bribe
Part 1 – self-oriented moral Part 1 – self-oriented moral emotionsemotionsParticipants asked to imagine
that they were evolved in the scenarios and behaved in an immoral way
P’s asked to evaluate how much guilt, shame or embarrassment they would feel (on a 100-point scale)
Part 2 – others-oriented Part 2 – others-oriented moral emotionsmoral emotionsParticipants asked to imagine
that they observed immoral behaviors of other people
P’s asked to evaluate how much anger, disgust and contempt they would feel (on a 100-point scale)
Part 1 – Results (self-Part 1 – Results (self-oriented moral emotions)oriented moral emotions)
W al le t S a fe ty P rod uc t B ribe
S CE NA RIO
60
65
70
75
80
85
90A
vera
ge a
ffect
ive
judg
men
t
F(3,243) = 13.136; p < .0001
Part 2 – Results (others-Part 2 – Results (others-oriented moral emotions)oriented moral emotions)
Wallet Safety Product Br ibe
SC EN AR IO
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95Av
erag
e af
fect
ive
judg
men
t
F(3,252) = 42.256; p < .0001
DiscussionDiscussionViolating moral norm when judgment
consistent with deontological position (fast judgment, insensitivity to basic risk parameters) stronger negative affect
Violating moral norm when judgment consistent with consequentialistic position (slower judgment, insensitivity to basic risk parameters) weaker negative affect
DiscussionDiscussionDeontological moral judgment
might be affect-based and produced mainly by the affective system of thought (S. Epstein; The risk-as-feelings hypothesis)
Consequentialistic moral judgment might be reason-based and produced mainly by the rational system of thought