More About Pharmacogenomics

8/14/2019 More About Pharmacogenomics

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Applications of Biotechnology

)Pharmacogenomics as an example(

Prepared by:

Alshimaa Mahmood


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Outline Pharmacogenomics Definition.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms )SNP(.

People different responses to medications.

Personalized medicine concept.

anticipated benefits of Pharmacogenomics.

Ethical Issues concerning Pharmacogenomics

techniques.


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What isPharmacogenomics?


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-Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's geneticinheritance affects the body's response to drugs.

-The term comes from the words pharmacology and genomicsand is thus the intersection of pharmaceuticals and genetics.


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Pharmacogenomics is a key term, referring to the use ofinformation about the genome to develop drugs.

While Pharmacogenetics is also used to describe thestudy of the ways genomic variations affect drug

responses.

The variations affecting treatment response may involve asingle gene (and the protein it encodes) or multiple

genes/proteins.

Thus, Pharmacogenomics combines traditionalpharmaceutical sciences (like biochemistry), with theknowledge of genes, proteins, and single nucleotide

polymorphisms.

(SNP)

Definitions


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What is SNP?


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Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)

One type of difference in DNA between people are (SNPs).SNPs (pronounced snips) are DNA sequence variations that

occur when a single nucleotide - A, T, C or G - in the genome ischanged, producing different alleles (meaning sequences that

code for the same gene).

Common SNPs only have two alleles. For example, ATCGATCGand ATCAATCG represent two alleles: G and A.

These small variations in DNA sequence make up approximately90% of all human genetic variation and occur every 100 to 300bases along the 3-billion-base human genome.


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For example, some painkillers work only when body proteinsconvert them from an inactive form to an active one.

How well these proteins do their jobs varies considerablybetween people.

As another example, tiny genetic differences can change howdrugs work to lower blood cholesterol levels. These differentresponses may be partly due to our different genetic make-

up.And Pharmacogenomics aims to improve the efficacy and also

the safety of prescribing medicines to suit everyone.


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Pharmacogenomics holds the promise that drugs might oneday be tailor-made for individuals and adapted to eachperson's own genetic makeup.

Environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health all can

influence a person's response to medicines, butunderstanding an individual's genetic makeup is thought tobe the key to creating personalized drugs with greaterefficacy and safety.


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Personalized MedicineUsing data acquired in functional genomics, we will be

able to identify genetic differences that predisposepatients to adverse reactions to certain drugs or make

them good subjects for other drugs.In the future, our individual genetic information will be

used to prevent disease, choose medicines and makeother critical decisions about health.

This is personalized medicine, and it couldrevolutionize healthcare, making it safer, more cost-effective and, most importantly, more clinicallyeffective.


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What are the anticipated benefits

of Pharmacogenomics?


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1-More Powerful Medicines

Pharmaceutical companies will be able to create drugs based onthe proteins, enzymes, and RNA molecules associated with

genes and diseases.

This will facilitate drug discovery and allow drug makers toproduce a therapy more targeted to specific diseases. This

accuracy not only will maximize therapeutic effects but also

decrease damage to nearby healthy cells.


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2-Better, Safer Drugs the First Time.

3-More Accurate Methods of Determining Appropriate DrugDosages.

4-Advanced Screening for Disease.


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5-Better Vaccines.

6-Improvements in the Drug Discovery and Approval

Process.

7-Decrease in the Overall Cost of

Health Care.


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Some ethical Issues1-Could the development of medicines for specific groups of the

population exclude others?

2-Will the development of unprofitable, but desirable, medicinesbe neglected?

3-Who will have access to genetic information and databases?


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Pharmacogenetics, the study of the extent to which geneticdifferences influence the response of individuals to medicines,

is still at an early stage in its development.

Claims of personalized prescriptions may be unrealistic, but it isnot too early to consider possible applications of this new area

of study as well as ethical and legal issues which may arise.


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Referenceshttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/

snips/

http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960

http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/

http://www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/barash.html

http://www.arabmedmag.com/general/isuue-30-11-2005/ge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenetics

Guide to Biotechnology 2007, The Guide toBiotechnology is compiled by the BiotechnologyIndustry Organization )BIO(. Debbie Strickland, BIO,Director of Marketing, Editor
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/barash.htmlhttp://www.arabmedmag.com/general/isuue-30-11-2005/general01.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogeneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogeneticshttp://www.arabmedmag.com/general/isuue-30-11-2005/general01.htmhttp://www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/barash.htmlhttp://www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/barash.htmlhttp://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://www.highlighthealth.com/resources/genomic-medicine-an-educational-resource-from-helix-health/http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=3960http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/health/pharma/snips/


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Further Readings:Personalized Medicine: The Emerging Pharmacogenomics

Revolution. Price Waterhouse Coopers explains how personalizedmedicine can remake the pharmaceutical industry and thechallenges to realizing that vision. Available for downloading on

http://www.pwc.com. Published February 2005.

Personalized Medicine: Hopes and Realities. This Royal Societyreport provides a thorough overview of scientific, development andclinical issues in personalized medicine. Available for downloading athttp://www.royalsoc.ac.uk(select Adobe Acrobat Reader to

open). Published September 2005.
http://www.pwc.com/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/http://www.pwc.com/http://www.pwc.com/


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For any inquiries andcomments:

Alshimaa [email protected]

http://www.biotechnologyarabic.blogspot.co

Regards
mailto:[email protected]://www.biotechnologyarabic.blogspot.com/http://www.biotechnologyarabic.blogspot.com/mailto:[email protected]

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