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More Disciplined than AgileMore Disciplined than Agileat the Federal Aviation at the Federal Aviation
AdministrationAdministration
Arthur Pyster, PhDDeputy Assistant Administrator for
Information Services andDeputy Chief Information Officer
March 19, 2003
2
U.S. Air TrafficU.S. Air Traffic
• ~ 500 FAA Managed Air Traffic Control Towers
• ~ 180 Terminal Radar Control Centers
• 20 Enroute Centers
• ~ 60 Flight Service Stations
• ~ 40,000 Radars, NAVAIDs, Radios, etc.
Manage 35,000 commercial flights to move 2,000,000 passengers safely each daySupport more than 35,000 general aviation flights on a daily basis
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Air Traffic Facilities
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The FAA By the NumbersThe FAA By the Numbers• 50,000 employees, 1000 staffed facilities, $8 billion
annual operations budget
• >$2 billion spent annually acquiring IT – mostly NAS
• 40,000 NAS systems/computers
• 20,000-25,000 administrative and mission support computers
• NAS systems replacement cost estimated to exceed $25 billion
• 1,800 people to maintain and operate NAS software
• $100 million contract costs to maintain NAS software
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FAA ConstraintsFAA Constraints• Critical systems are very high assurance – safety and
security always take priority over time to market
• Massive capital investment is required by FAA, airlines, airports, manufacturers, and general aviation pilots to develop, deploy, operate, and maintain NAS
• International agreements drive investment and operations – air traffic control works the same in U.S. as it does in Great Britain, Japan, South Africa, …
• Government must be “fair” to all parties, working in the best interests of citizens
• Managing transition to new systems is extremely complex
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“Simplified” NAS Infrastructure“Simplified” NAS InfrastructureATCSCC (CFCF)
NAIMES
AIS-R
WJHTCWMSCR
HID
Alaska SurveillanceASRARSR Mode S
OCEAN (ANCHORAGE)VSCS
SAWS
AFSS M1FC
Terminal Surveillance(ASR-11)
ASR-11ASR-11
AOCs
WSIOAG
HCS
NAWPFs
ATCSCC
Weather NAWPF SALT LAKE
NNCC (Salt Lake)NNCC (Salt Lake)
OCEANIC (NY & OAK)
Co-located ARTCC
TRACON
DARC
HCS
URET
TDWR
WSP
NNCC (Atlanta)
AMCC/SOC
ADNS
ETMS-HSETMS
ETMSApplications
(partial)
ETMS TMU
NADIN
InterfacFlow C
Sched
NCEP(Camp Springs MD)
NOCC
AFSSICSS
ATCTTCS
TRACON
US NavyFleet Area Control Surv Fac
US Air ForceSector Ops Control Centers
Terminal Surveillance (ASR-9)
FACTS-3200
NAWPF ATLANTA
NNCC (Atlanta)
DSR
CWSU
FSM
CTAS TFM
DSP
PAMRI/ ECG
HID
WARP
CPDLAP(CPDLC)
HNLROUTER
EDI LAN(FDDI)
HGW
NAS LAN(FDDI)
CTAS/TMA
ATMROUTER
TFM LAN(E-Net)
WINS
FDIOCCU
ATNROUTER
BCN
(E-N
et)
LCN
(Tok
en R
ing)
DSP DS
TSD
FBWTG
EDIROUTER
HADDS
BWM
WARPDS
FBWTGto All WARPs
ADAS
NADINConcen
ASOSALDARS
AWOS
ITWSNFU
WMSCR
USNSR
ITWS NFU toTRACON ITWS
TMP
FlightData
AWP(M1FC)
FSAS
OASIS
DS
WMSCRMBO
InternationalAFSS (OASIS)
TRACON (STARS)
FSDPS
NOTAMS &Wx to AWP
NOTAMS,PIREPS &Wx OBS to
WMSCR
UnprocessedNOTAMS to
CNSP
ProcessedNOTAMS to
WMSCR
USNSR
TE
CV4400
ASIS
ITWSDS
ITWSSD
Flight Data
Radar Data
Flight &Radar Data
AN/FYQ-93
VSCS
BUEC
VSCS
BUECBUEC
VSCSVSCS
RCE
VTABSVTABS
VTABS
RCAGRCORCE
(UHF/VHF)
PABX PABX
ICSS
Voice CommTrunks
Backup Comms@ARSRs
AFSSsVORs
UHF/VHF
FSL
LINCS orRCL
NADINConcentrator
(MSN)
NIM
AIS
SD
SD
NADIN (PSN/MSN)
DS
NWS(Silver Springs MD)
NWSTG
WMD
CF-WARP
NWS(Kansas City)
AVN,ETA,RUC
ARTCC
FBWT& Harris
FAASAT
ITWSSD
ETMS
TFMLAN
FSMTSD
ETMS LAN
TFMWS
ETMSLAN
ETMSWAN
via LINCS or FTS2000
ETMSApps
Server
ETMSI/F
Server
ETMSCommServer
ETMSFile
Server
ETMS
CanadaTMU
New LondonTMU
TrafficAnalyzer
Flight DBTraffic
DemandAlert
Weather
NADIN
NADIN(PSN/MSN)
NADIN(PSN/MSN)
NADIN
Emerg FacTMU
ETMS
DSSCARTCC
SWReleases
NADWS
NASR
NASR DB
USNS/NOTAMS
DB
DINS
AISRDB
WebUsers
WebUsers
CDM
RDP
RDP
FDP
STARS TAS
TrackerDRF
TDWs
SIU(CGW)
MCW
TRACONROUTER
ATCT
AMASS
SMA
TDWsR
RR
STARS LANSIU
(CGW)
NA
ATCTROUTER
AIGROUTER
AIGROUTER
Modem
En Route Surveillance(ARSR)
Mode SATCBIModem
KG-84Mode 4KIRB-1
NICS(INTI/O)
NICS(FDIO)
AISROUTER
ARTS
NAS Infrastructure 200201-16-2002
(Rev 1c)
NORAD
MBOs
ForeignATCs
ARTCCsHCS
EPICDAICC
NAWPFsAWP
ATCSCC
USNSR
OASIS
AWP
NADIN
ARTCCFSDPS
NAWPFAWP
OCC(San Diego) FutureNet
OCC(Kansas City)
OCC(Atlanta)
SOCs @ARTCCs(Pacific)
AWC
ATNROUTER
SITA
VDL-2/3
ADNS
VHF
UHF/VHF
VOICE
DIGITALDATA
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
RD
A
RAPPI
DAS
DDCP
M&C
M&C
MPS
STARS LAN
PRM
TCWs
Computer
Computer
Computer
NEXRAD(WSR-88Ds) FBWTG NADIN
WMSCR
NADINWSP-WS
RDPMIGFA
DF
Ethernet
GSD
ITWSITWSPG
RBDT
ASR-9ASR-9ASR-9
ARSRARSR
WME
LLWAS
ITWS
ITWS SD
DFU
RPG
WSPCommServer
ASOSACUASOS
WSPWSP
WSP GSD WSP RDT ITWS RBDT
DSGW(D-position)
DSGW
(R-position)
TRACONsARTCCs (Remote)
NORADInternational
Law EnforcementCustoms
ETMS TMU
FSMTSDITWSSD
TFMLAN
ETMSFile
Server
RVR
M&C
RVR
ETMS TMU
FSMTSDITWSSD
ETMDLAN
ETMSFile
Server
ARTCCFSDPS
(M1FC)
WARP
AFSSFSAS(M1FC)
ATCSCC
FBWTG
CW-WARP
WJHTCTMP
ODAPSFDP
S1R
ETMS TMU
FSMTSDITWS
SD
ISD
ETMSFile
Server
CTASFile
Server
ETMSFile
Server
PAMRI
HCS
ARTSCom GW
ODL LAN
ODLServer
ATNRouter
FSP
FSP
AIDCSAIDCS
GW
IDSServer
NADINConcent
NADIN
ODLFID
Co-located ARTCCVSCS
VSCSVSCS
RCEVTABS
VTABSVTABS
Voice CommTrunks
ACARSDomestic Air
ACARSForeign Air
Domestic AirACARS
ARTCCsADAS
NOTAMS
GR
IB
MD
CR
S
MDCRS
GR
IB &
MD
CR
S
A/N Wx
GRIB &MDCRS
Graphics Wx
AFOSGTS
AWN
Wx
To HCS
GA Flight Plans
GRIB
NOTAMS
ARTCCs (other)ARTCCs (other)ARTCCs (other)ARTCCs (other)
WARP
TRACONsITWS
METARS
METARSSPECI
PIREPSGRIB
METARSPECI
CF-WARPDS
WINS
DOTS +
NWS NICS(INTI/O)
ARTCCs
NORAD
PRM DS
ASR-11
ETVS/ICSS
RCE
RTRRCE
(UHF/VHF)
RVRS
RDVSVSRPICSS
ETVSPABX
ETVS/ICSS
RCE
RVRS
RDVSVSRPICSS
ETVS
RTRRCE
(UHF/VHF)
ATCBI
Mode S
TrackProc
ACDs
Computer
Computer
Computer
DBRITE
SensorGW
DBRITEBand Proc
ARTS LAN
CWSU
ITWS SD
DSP
DSP DS
CommonProc
CTAS DSCTAS TFM
CTAS DS
TFM LAN(E-Net)
CTASFile
Server
CTAS/TMA
ATMROUTER
NICS(INTI/O)
ATMROUTER
ATMROUTER
TDLS
PDC
D-ATIS
FDIOEmulator
NADIN
ADNS
ACARSDomestic Air
ACE/IDS
ACE/IDSProc
FDIORCU
DUATS
SOCs @ARTCCs
(Mid)
SOCs @ARTCCs(Atlantic)
ETVS/ICSS
RVRS
RDVS
ICSS
RTRRCE
(UHF/VHF)
RCE
Wx Graphics
ACE-IDSLAN
ACEControlCabinet
Computer
Computer
Computer
NICS(FDIO)
FDIO RCU
FSP
ACE-IDS
ACE-IDSProc
ACE-IDSLAN
ACEControlCabinet
UHF/VHFATIS
DBRITEM-Wave
TDU
SA-IDS
SA-IDS
ALDARS
DASI
VNAVALS
VASIREIL
PAPI
LCURMS
SameInterfaces as
TRACON ACE-IDS(DASI, LLWAS,TDWR, RVR)
NLDN
AWIS
DSP
DSP DS ASDE DS
FDP2000FDP
S1R
ETMS TMU
FSMTSD
IDS
ETMSFile
Server
ODL
FSP
AIDCSAIDCS
GW
NADINConcent
VSCSVSCS
VSCS
RCE
VTABSVTABS
VTABS
Voice CommTrunks
Computer
Computer
Computer
M-EARTS
ANICS
FPSModemATCBI
LCN
RCAGRCE(HF)
ADS
NICS(INTI/O)
NICS(FDIO)
ADNS
HF
ACARS
NADIN
FDIOCCU
NICS(FDIO)
ODLFSP
General Aviation
DARCHCSARTS
AWP
CERAP (Guam, Honolulu, San Juan)ICSS
OFDPSFDP
S1R
ETMS TMU
FSMTSDITWS
SD
CommonConsole (DSR)
ETMSFile
Server
FSP
AIDCSAIDCS
GW
NADINConcent
VSCSVSCS
ICSSRCE
VTABSVTABS
VTABS
Computer
Computer
Computer
M-EARTS(RDP)
LCN
ETVS/ICSS
RCE
RVRS
RDVSVSRPICSS
ETVS
RTRRCE
(UHF/VHF)
FTS2000 to Airlines & FAA Facilities
ITWS(TRACON)
ITWS(TRACON)
ITWS(TRACON)
ARTCCsCERAPMBOsAFSSsWMSCR
MBOARTCCAFSS
AIS
AIS(San Juan)
AIS
SDAIS
ROUTER
NADIN
WebUsers
AISRemoteAccessServer
AISWeb
ServerAISWS
AFTN
BWM
International Nodes
NORAD
RCAGRCORCE
(UHF/VHF)
NAS to ICAOConversion
NAS to ICAOConversion
DOTS +
DOTS
TMD
SMU TPD
LAN
(toke
n rin
g)
DOTS +
DOTS
TMD
SMU TPD
LAN
(toke
n rin
g)
TMDTPD
LAN(token ring)
NEXRAD(WSR-88Ds)
Legend:Actual - Black and RedFuture - Fuchsia
PABX PABX
PABX PABX
PABXPABX
PABX
PABX PABX
PABX
PABX
NEXRAD(WSR-88Ds)
WARP
NEXRAD
CWSU
WARP DSITWS DS
ITWS DS
SITA
SITA
Airlinesvia ARINC
CDMNet
FSM
DRPPOET CCSD RMT
WebUsers
WebUsers
WebUsers
FSP
EFSTS
FSP
EFSTS
6
Agile ManifestoAgile Manifesto
We value:
– Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
– Working software over comprehensive documentation
– Customer collaboration over contract negotiation– Responding to change over following a plan
That is, while there is value in the blue items on the right, we value the red items on the left more.
7
Disciplined Disciplined Agile ContinuumAgile Continuum
• The FAA must be more disciplined than agile when:
– Developing and maintaining large-scale, safety-critical air traffic control systems
• The FAA can be more agile when:
– Prototyping large-scale, safety-critical systems
– Developing traditional business systems
– Developing e-government systems
8
Example: Automatic DependentExample: Automatic DependentSurveillance Surveillance –– Broadcast (ADSBroadcast (ADS--B)B)
• Periodically broadcast aircraft location, speed, direction, altitude, …
• Information based on GPS, GPS/WAAS, inertial guidance, or ground-based navaid
• Requires proper equipage in other vehicles or ground equipment to process broadcast information
• Surveillance used for conflict detection and resolution, search and rescue
• Must interface with all legacy equipment that now uses other sources for information
9
ADS-B Deployment
• Ohio Valley Operational Evaluations (thru 2006)– Cost $121M
• Safety Studies - $4.4M• Human Factors - $10.8M• Standards Dev – $14.5M• INFOSEC - $1.5M/2001
– Initial Install & Test – (6-7 Months X 2 sites)
• Alaska Capstone Operational Evaluations (thru 2006)– Cost $154M
• Ground Infrastructure - $81M• INFOSEC - $1M/2001
10
The FAA’s Disciplined ManifestoThe FAA’s Disciplined Manifesto
The FAA values:
– Assurance over time to market– Consensus over novelty– Predictability over rapid change– Planning over expediency
That is, while there is value in the blue items on the right, we value the red items on the left more.
11
Assurance over Time to MarketAssurance over Time to Market
• Safety and security are paramount • Assurance comes from:
– Rigorous analysis of safety and security properties– Rigorous process for building system– Extensive testing throughout lifecycle– Gradual introduction into use
• Complex legacy interfaces require careful documentation to understand – avoid unintended consequences
• Assurance is a property of a system, not its components –once established, change requires re-assuring
12
Consensus over NoveltyConsensus over Novelty
• Interoperability among air traffic control systems required by treaty and practicality
• Government cannot knowingly give advantage to any part of aviation industry – but many competing business models
• Many stakeholders world-wide requires consensus building – ICAO, ATA, AOPA, …
• Sometimes requires new international standards -digital radio protocols have been under development for several years and are still not resolved
• Legal mandates – monitored for compliance
13
Predictability over Rapid ChangePredictability over Rapid Change
• Funds are allocated years in advance
• Large capital investments required by many constituencies
• Fielding systems is multi-year effort
• Each system must be adapted to unique characteristics of airspace, geography, weather, existing equipment, …
• Training on new systems takes months
14
Planning over Expediency Planning over Expediency • Government budgeting cycles require commitments
years in advance
• Deployment is highly capital intensive – multi-$100M
• Airlines, private pilots, airports may need to make major capital co-investment
• Systems last 10-30 years with incremental improvements
• Communication among thousands of individuals necessary to implement and deploy systems
• Documentation key to maintaining understanding over time
15
Disciplined Acquisition Process Disciplined Acquisition Process
16
Nevertheless, Some AgileNevertheless, Some AgileElements are Routinely Used Elements are Routinely Used
Prototyping with lighter weight process
Architecture revisions at “low” cost early in development
Spiral development and incremental deployment
Users engaged early and continually
