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Morphological Process
• Affixation• => prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix
• Non-affixal derivation/inflection• =>Compounding • => Reduplication• => Alternation• => Suppletion
Infix (Tagalog)
• tulong ‘help’
• => tumulong ‘helped’
• lipad ‘fly’
• => lumipad ‘flew’
• kain ‘eat’
• => kumain ‘ate’
• uwi ‘return’
• => umuwi ‘returned’ ([ʔumuwi])
• gradwet ‘graduate’
• => gumradwet or grumadwet ‘graduated’
• Infix = [-um-] after first consonant
Circumfix (Indonesian)
• Root Derived Form
• baik ‘good’ kebaikan ‘goodness’
• bersih ‘clean’ kebersihan ‘cleanliness’
• cantik ‘beautiful’ kecantikan ‘beauty’
• sulit ‘difficult’ kesulitan ‘difficulty’
• => [kə-] + Adj + [-an]
Total Reduplication
• Indonesian
• omong ‘talk’
• omong-omong ‘chat’
• duduk ‘sit’
• duduk-duduk ‘sit around’
Partial Reduplication
• Tagalog
• tulong ‘help’
• => tutulong ‘will help’
• lipad ‘fly’
• => lilipad ‘will fly’
• kain ‘eat’
• => kakain ‘will eat’
• uwi ‘return’
• => uuwi ‘will return’
• gradwet ‘graduate’
• => gagradwet
• Reduplication = repeat first consonant and vowel
Compounding
• N-N: girlfriend, landlord, fire-fighter
• A-N: blackbird, happy hour
• P-N: overcoat, outhouse, underpass
• N-A: trigger-happy, boy crazy
Characteristics of Compounds
• Stress change
• good friend vs girlfriend
• Meaning change
• black bird vs blackbird
• black board vs blackboard
Alternation
• Singular Plural
• mouse [ɑʊ] mice [ɑɪ]
• goose [u] geese [i]
• woman [ʊ] women [ɪ]
• foot [ʊ] feet [i]
• Noun Verb
• strife [f] strive [v]
• teeth[θ] teethe [ð]
• breath [θ] breathe [ð]
• use [s] use [z]
Arabic Alternation
• Singular Plural
• nafs nufuus ‘soul’
• bank bunuuk ‘bank’
Derivation by Stress
• Verb Noun
• conduct conduct
• insert insert
• reject reject
• convict convict
Derivation by Tone
• Mandarin
• 教 [tçjɑʊ]– level tone => ‘teach’– falling tone => ‘something taught’
• 將 [tçjɑŋ]– level tone => ‘lead’– falling tone => ‘one who leads’
Suppletion
• go went
• be is am are
• goodbetter
• bad worse
Zero Derivations
• Noun Verb
• bike bike
• skate skate
• work work
• winter winter
Morphological Types
• Analytic (isolating)
• => One morpheme per word
• Synthetic
• => Polymorphemic words
Synthetic Types
• Agglutinating
• => Morphemes are easily segmentable.
• => One meaning per form
• Fusional
• => Not easily segmentable
• => Multiple meanings per form
Fusional
• Spanish
• [hablo] ‘I am speaking.’
• [habla] ‘S/he is speaking.’
• [hable] ‘I spoke.’
Polysynthesis
• Onondaga (Iroquoian)
• Pet wa?-ha-htu?ta?
• Pat Past-Agr-lose
• ne? ohwista?
• the money
• “Pat lost the money.”
• Incorporated
• Pet wa?-ha-hwist-ahtu?ta?
• Pat Past-Agr-money-lose
• “Pat lost money.”