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afterbirth afterburner aftermath airbrush aircraft airfield airliner airman airport airship armchair armpit arrowhead authorship backbite backdrop backfield backfire background backhand backlash backlog backside backslide backspin backstop backstretch backstroke backtrack backward backwash backwater backwoods bagpipe ballroom bandwagon bankbook bankroll barnstorm barnyard barroom bartender baseball baseboard bathroom beachcomber beachhead bedridden bedrock bedroll bedspread bedtime beeline bellhop billboard billfold blacklist blackmail blacktop blockbuster bloodsucker bobcat bobtail bookmobile
boxcar brainstorm brainwash breakfast brickbat bridgehead briefcase broadcast brotherhood buckshot buckskin bucktooth bugbear bulldog bulldozer bullfrog bullheaded bullpen buttercup butterfingers butterfly buttermilk capsize carhop carport catbird catfish catnip cattail chairman championship cheapskate checkmate checkroom checkup cheesecloth chestnut chickpea chickweed chopstick citizenship clapboard claptrap clockwise clockwork clodhopper clotheshorse cobweb copycat copyreader copyright copywriter corkscrew cornerstone cornstalk Cornwall cottonmouth cottontail cottonwood countdown counterattack counterbalance counterclockwise counterintelligence
countermeasure counteroffensive counterpane counterpart counterpoint counterpoise counterrevolution countersign countersink countertenor counterweight courthouse courtship courtyard cowbird cowboy cowcatcher cowhide cowlick cowpoke cowpox cowpuncher cowslip crabgrass crackdown crackerjack crackpot crackup cradlesong crankcase crankshaft crapshooter crawfish crestfallen crossbar crossbeam crossbones crossbow crossbreed crosscurrent crosscut crosspiece crossroad crosstalk crosswalk crosswise crowbar crybaby cubbyhole cupboard cupcake cutback cutlass cutlet cutoff cutthroat cutup daredevil darkroom dashboard dateline daybreak daydream dayflower
daylight daylights daytime deadbeat deadline deadlock deadwood deathbed deathblow deathwatch dimwit dishwasher doeskin dogcatcher dogfight dogfish dogtrot dogwood donnybrook doorknob doorman doormat doorway doughboy doughnut dovetail downcast downfall downgrade downhearted downhill downpour downright downstairs downstream downtown downtrodden downward downwind dragnet drainpipe drawback drawbridge drawstring dressmaker driftwood driveway dropout drugstore drumstick duckbill duckboard duckpin dugout dumbbell dumbwaiter dustpan earache eardrum earflap earmark earmuff earphone earring
earshot earthquake earthwork earthworm earwax earwig eastward eavesdrop egghead eggnog eggplant elbowroom elderberry elsewhere enamelware endless endmost endplate evergreen evermore eyeball eyebrow eyeglass eyelash eyelet eyelid eyepiece eyesight eyesore eyestrain eyetooth eyewitness fairway fallout falsehood fancywork fanfare fanlight farewell farmhouse farmyard farseeing fatback fatherhood featherbed featherweight feedback fellowship fiberboard fiddlesticks figurehead Fillmore filmgoer fingerboard fingernail fingerprint firearm fireball firebrand firebug firecracker firedamp firefly fireman
homee fireplower fireplug fireproof fireside firetrap firewood firework fishbowl fisherman fishhook fishwife flagpole flagship flagstaff flagstone flameout flapjack flashback flashlight flatboat flatcar flatfish flatfoot flatiron flatware flintlock floodgate floodlight floorwalker flophouse flyblown flyby flycatcher flyleaf flypaper flyspeck flyweight flywheel foghorn folklore foodstuff foolhardy foolproof football footboard footbridge footfall foothill foothold footlights footlocker footloose footman footnote footpath footprint footrest footstep footstool footwear footwork forbear forearm
forebear forecast forecastle foreclose forefather forefinger forefoot forefront forego foregone foreground forehand foreleg forelimb forelock foreman foremast foremost forenoon foreordain forequarter forerunner foresail foresee foreshadow foreshore foreshorten foresight forestall foretaste foretell forethought forewarn foreword formfitting fortnight fountainhead fourscore foursome foursquare fourteen foxglove foxhole framework Frankfort freebooter freedman freehand freehold freeman Freemason freestanding freestone freethinker freeway freshman freshwater fretwork frogman frostbite fullback gainsay gallstone gamecock
gamesome gangplank gangway gaslight gasworks gatecrasher gatekeeper gateway gearbox gearshift gemstone ghostwriter gingerbread giveaway Glendale globetrotter glowworm goalkeeper goatskin goldbrick goldenrod goldfish goldsmith gooseberry grandchild granddaughter grandfather grandma grandmother grandpa grandparent grandson grandstand grapefruit grapeshot grapevine grasshopper grassland grassroots gravestone graveyard greenback greenhorn greenhouse Greenland greenwood greyhound griddlecake gridiron grillroom grindstone groundwork grubstake guardhouse guardsman guesswork guidebook guideline guidepost gumdrop gumshoe gunboat guncotton gunfire
gunlock gunman gunpowder gunshot gunsmith guttersnipe hacksaw haddock hailstone hairbreadth hairbrush haircloth haircut hairdo hairdresser hairline hairpin hairsbreadth hairsplitting hairspring halfback halfbreed halfheareted halfway hallway hammerhead hamstring handbag handball handbill handbook handcar handcart handclasp handcuff handmade handmaid handout handpick handrail handshake handsome handspring handwriting handyman hangdog hangman hangnail hangout hangover hardheaded hardhearted hardpan hardship hardtack hardtop hardware hardwood harebrained harelip Hartford hatchway haycock hayfork
hayloft haymow hayseed haystack haywire hazelnut headache headband headdress headfirst headgear headland headlight headline headlock headlong headmaster headmistress headphone headquarters headrest headset headstall headstone headstrong headwaiter headwaters headway hearsay heartache heartbeat heartbreak heartburn hearthstone heartsick heartstrings heavyset heavyweight hedgehog hedgehop heirloom hellcat hellhole helpmate helpmeet hemstitch henceforth henchman henpeck hereabout hereafter hereby herein hereof hereon hereto heretofore hereunto hereupon herewith herringbone herself heyday hideaway
hidebound highball highborn highboy highbred highbrow higherup highhanded highland highlander highlands highlight highroad highway highwayman hijack hillbilly hillside hilltop hindmost hindquarter hindsight hinterland hobbyhorse hobnail hoecake hogshead hogwash holdup hollyhock Hollywood homebody homecoming homeland homemade homemaker homeroom homesick homespun homestead homestretch homeward homework honeybee honeycomb honeydew honeymoon hoodwink hookup hookworm hopscotch horseback horseflesh horseflies horsehair horsehide horselaugh horseman horsemanship horseplay horsepower horseradish horseshoe hotbed
hotheaded hothouse hotshot hourglass houseboat housebreaking housecoat houseflies household housekeeper housewarming housewife housework hovercraft however huckleberry humankind humbug humdinger humdrum hummingbird humpback hunchback huntsman husbandman hushpuppy iceberg icebound iceboxes icebreaker iceland ideal inchworm income indoors infold infuse infusion inhale inkblot inkwell inland inmate inpatient inroad inset inside insole install instep invest invoice inward ironbound ironclad ironware ironwork ironworks itself jackass jackknife jackpot Jackson jailbird
namesake neckline necktie needlepoint needlework neighborhood network nevermore newborn newcomer Newport newsboy newscast newsletter newspaper newspaperman newsprint newsreel newsstand nightcap nightclothes nightclub nightdress nightfall nightgown nighthawk nightmare nightshade nightshirt nightstick nighttime nitwit nobleman nobody noonday noontide noontime northward notebook noteworthy nothing now/adays nowhere nowise nursemaid nurseryman nutcracker nuthatch nutmeat nutmeg nutshell Oakland oarlock oarsman oatmeal offbeat offcolor offend offhand officeholder offset offshoot offshore offspring
outside outsider outsize outskirts outsmart upon uppercut uppermost upraise upright uprising uproar uproot upset upshot upstage upstairs upstanding upstart upstate upstream upsurge upswing uptake uptown upturn upward uttermost vainglory viewpoint vineyard violincello volleyball voltmeter vouchsafe waistcoat waistline walkout walkup wallboard walleye walleyed wallflower wallpaper wardrobe wardship warehouse warfare warhead warlike warlock warlord warpath Warsaw warship wartime washboard washcloth washout washroom washstand washtub wasteland watchdog
watchman watchword waterfall waterfowl waterfront watermark watermelon waterpower waterproof watershed waterspout watertight waterway waterworks waveform wavelength waxwing waxworks wayside weakfish weatherboard weathercock weatherman weatherproof weekday weekend weightlifting westward wetback whaleboat whalebone whatever wheelbarrow wheelbase wheelchair wheelwright widespread wildcat wildfire wildfowl wildlife windburn windfall windflower windlass windmill windowpane windowsill windpipe windshield windsock windstorm windswept windward wingspan wingspread wintergreen wintertime wiretap wisecrack wishbone witchcraft withdraw withdrawn
withhold within without withstand woe/begone wolfhound womankind wonderland woodcarving woodchuck woodcraft woodcut woodcutter woodland woodpecker woodsman woodwing woodwork woolgathering work/aday workbench workbook workday workhorse workhouse workman workmanlike workmanship workout workroom workshop worktable worldwide wormwood worthwhile wrongdoer yachtsman yardarm yardstick yearbook
*gas (gasoline) *sub (submarine) *auto (automobile) *exam (examination) *fan (fanatic) *deli (delicatessen) *memo (memorandum) *ref (referee) *champ (champion) *bike (bicycle) *ad (advertisement) *burger (hamburger) *grad (graduate) *teen (teenager) *math (mathematics) *dorm (dormitory) *copter (helicopter) *phone (telephone) *plane (airplane) *stats (statistics) limofridgeprof examgymdormfluautoburgerad
bikememo
typocoed
merry-go-round editor-in-chief son-in-law well-respected up-to-the-minute bull's-eye daughter-in-law forget-me-not self-propelled self-esteem
blending
agitprop (agitation + propaganda)
alcopop (alcohol + pop)
bash (bat + mash)
biopic (biography + picture)
Breathalyzer (breath + analyzer)
camcorder (camera + recorder)
chexting (cheating + texting)
clash (clap + crash)
cosmeceutical (cosmetic + pharmaceutical)
docudrama (documentary + drama)
electrocute (electricity + execute)
emoticon (emote + icon)
faction (fact + fiction)
fanzine (fan + magazine)
flare (flame + glare)
flirtationship (flirting + relationship)
glimmer (gleam + shimmer)
Globish (global + English)
guitarthritis (guitar + arthritis)
infotainment (information +
entertainment)
moped (motor + pedal)
palimony (pal + alimony)
pornacopia (pornography + cornucopia)
pulsar (pulse + quasar)
sexcapade (sex + escapade)
sexploitation (sex + exploitation)
sitcom (situation + comedy)
slanguage (slang + language)
smash (smack + mash)
sportscast (sports + broadcast)
stagflation (stagnation + inflation)
staycation (stay home + vacation)
telegenic (television + photogenic)
textpectation (text message + expectation)
workaholic (work + alcoholic)
1. Backclipping
Blackclipping (Apocopation) is the loss of one or more syllables at the end of
a word.
Examples:
abs (abdominal muscle)
app (application)
bi (bisexual)
bra (brassiere)
photo (photograph)
ep (episode)
fed (federal)
gig (gigabyte)
intro (introduction)
demo (demonstration)
hyper (hyperactive)
expat (expatriate)
expo (exposition)
fave (favorite)
flex (flexible)
frat (fraternity)
gas (gasoline)
glam (glamour/glamorous)
gov (governor)
gozz (gossip)
grad (graduate)
hanky/hankie (handkerchief)
fax (facsimile)
exec (executive)
binocs (binoculars)
2. Foreclipping
Foreclipping (Aphaeresis) refers to the omission of one or more syllables at
the beginning of a word.
Examples:
phone (telephone)
sample (example)
coon (raccoon)
gator (alligator)
burger (hamburger)
graf (paragraph)
cid (acid)
3. Middle Clipping
Middle Clipping (Syncope) retains the middle part of a word, getting rid of
the beginning and ending parts.
Examples:
flu (influenza)
tec (detective)
jams (pajamas)
fridge (refrigerator)
4. Complex Clipping
Complex Clipping is the shortening of a compound word by preserving and
combining its initial parts (or first syllables).
Examples:
sci-fi (science fiction)
midcult (middlebrow culture)
sitcom (situation comedy)
forex (foreign exchange)
frag (fragmentation grenade)
garbo (garbage man)
govvy (government-run or sponsored)
grandma (grandmother)
grandpa (grandfather)
chum (chamber fellow)
antilog (antilogarithm)
What are the types of Conversion?
Most cases of conversion are from noun to verb and from verb to noun.
Conversion from adjective to verb is also common, but it has a lower ratio.
1. Noun to Verb
Examples:
access
film
practice
name
shape
fuel
hammer
dot
break
host
rule
telephone
and ship
2. Adjective to Verb
Examples:
goofproof
brown
black
slow
3. Verb to Noun
Examples:
fear
feel
hope
attack
alert
laugh
visit
increase
call
command
cover
start
turn
rise
4. Preposition to Adverb/Noun/Verb
Examples:
up
out
outside
inside
5. Onomatopoeic expression to Verb
Examples:
buzz
beep
woo
moo
screech
Prefixation: ambidextrous, contraceptive, mispronounce, no
nstandard,
Suffixation: orphanage, dependence, kingdom, defendant
Back-Formal ion implies the use of analogy to bring about a sort of reversal of the process of derivation, to make a new word. Thus, the words 'henpeck', 'televise', 'enthuse', 'burgle' and 'sunburn' are made by reducing or subtracting a part of the original words 'henpecked', 'television',
'enthusiasm', 'burglar' and 'sunburnt' respectively even though the converted words may not have existed originally in English. Similarly, the words like 'book-keep', 'house-keep', and 'typewrite' are formed by reducing 'book-keeping', 'house-keeping' and 'type-writing'. Some of the oldest examples of back-formations are, as Otto Jesperson points out, "/o backbite (1300), to partake(partake, 16th c), to soothsay and conycatch (Shakesp.)" (Growth and Structure of the English Language, p. 165).
(vi) Reduplication
In this process we make a type of compounds in which both elements
or components are same or only slightly different. 'Tom-tom', 'dilly-dally',
'goody-goody', 'wishy-washy' and 'pooh-pooh' are some examples of such
compounds.
Coinage
Nylon, polyester, internet, lycra, coke, Kleenex, windex,
A
aborigine as a mistaken singular for aborigines (the correct English
singular is aboriginal, the regular Latin singular would be aborigō)[1]
accrete from accretion (root: accrescere)[2]
acculturate from acculturation[2]
admix from admixt[3]
admixture from admix[1]
adsorb from adsorption[1]
adolesce from adolescence[1]
adulate from adulation[3]
advect from advection [3]
aesthete from aesthetic [2]
air-condition from air conditioning [2]
anticline from anticlinal[4]
attrit from attrition[4]
auto-destruct from auto-destruction (cf. auto-destroy)
automate from automation [2]
aviate from aviation[2]
B
babysit from babysitter[2]
back-form from back-formation
bartend from bartender[4]
beg from beggar[dubious – discuss]
benefact from benefactor (and also the derived benefactee,
cf. benefactor)
bibliograph from bibliography
bicep from biceps (non-standard)[2]
biograph from biography
blockbust from blockbuster[4]
book-keep from book-keeping
brainwash from brainwashing[4]
bulldoze from bulldozer [4]
bum possibly from bummer[4]
burgle from burglar[4]
bus ("to clear dirty dishes from table") from busboy[4]
bushwhack from bushwhacker[4]
buttle from butler[4]
C
cadge from cadger[2]
caretake from caretaker
cavitate from cavitation[1]
cherry from Old French cerise, treated as English plural[4]
Chess (river) from Chesham
choate from inchoate
choreograph from choreography[4]
claustrophobe from claustrophobia
cohese from cohesion (cf. cohere)
commentate from commentator[4]
committal from non-committal
complicit from complicity[3]
computerize from computerized
congratulation from congratulations
contracept from contraception (cf. rare contraceive)
contrapt from contraption
convect from convection [2]
conversate from conversation or conversing[5]
cose from cosy
couth from uncouth[2]
co-vary from covariation
cross multiply from cross multiplication
cross-refer from cross-reference[6]
curate from curator[3]
custom-make from custom-made
D
dapple from dappled[4]
darkle from darkling[2]
decadent from decadence [2]
deconstruct from deconstruction [4]
dedifferentiate from dedifferentiation [4]
demarcate from demarcation [2]
demograph from demographics
destruct from destruction [4]
diagnose from diagnosis [2]
diffract from diffraction [2]
dinge from dingy[2]
diplomat from diplomatic[4]
dishevel from disheveled[2]
donate from donation [2]
drear from dreary
drowse from drowsy (possibly a backformation)
dry-clean from dry cleaning [4]
E
eave from eaves[6]
eavesdrop from eavesdropper[2]
edit from editor (from Latin stem edere, to bring forth)[1][2]
electrocute from electrocution [2]
elocute from elocution [6]
emote from emotion [4]
enthuse from enthusiasm[4]
escalate from escalator [4]
eutrophicate from eutrophication
evaluate from evaluation [2]
explicate (meaning "explain") from explicable
extrapose from extraposition[4]
F
fine-tune from fine tuning[6]
flab from flabby[2]
flappable from unflappable[4]
flake ("eccentric person") from flaky
floss ("to show off") from flossy[6]
fluoresce from fluorescence [2]
fragmentate from fragmentation [4]
free-associate from free association (backformed adjective-verb
compound)
funk (quality of music) from funky[3]
G
gamble from gambler[2]
gestate from gestation [2]
ghostwrite from ghostwriter [2]
gid from giddy[2]
gnarl from gnarled[4]
godsend from god-sent[2]
greed from greedy (the noun was originally "greediness")[4]
grid from gridiron [2]
grovel from groveling[2]
grunge from grungy[2]
gruntle from disgruntle[2]
H
handwrite from handwriting[2]
hard-boil from hard-boiled[2]
hawk (meaning "to sell") from hawker[4]
haze from hazy[2]
headhunt from headhunter
headquarter from headquarters[4]
helicopt from helicopter
housebreak from housebroken[2]
houseclean from housecleaning[2]
housekeep from housekeeper[2]
I
ideologue from ideology [2]
incent from incentive[3]
indice from indices (cf. index)
injure from injury[4]
intercept from interception (possibly a backformation)
interfluve from interfluvial[4]
interlineate from interlinear
intuit from intuition[4]
isolate from isolated[2]
J
jell from jelly[2]
jerry-build from jerry-built[2]
K
kempt from unkempt[2]
kidnap from kidnapper[2]
kudo from kudos (non-standard)[2]
L
lase from laser [2]
laze from lazy[2]
legislate from legislator [2]
letch from lecher[4]
liaise from liaison[2]
loaf (meaning "to be idle") from loafer[4]
logroll from logrolling[4]
luminesce from luminescent[4]
M
manipulate from manipulation[2]
mase from maser
mentee from mentor
mix from mixt (adj. from Old French, misconstrued as past participle of
verb)[2]
mottle from motley[2]
moonlight (the verb, work on second job) from moonlighter[2]
multimillion from multimillionaire
N
nake from naked[2]
nitpick from nit-picking[2]
notate from notation [2]
O
obsess (meaning "to behave obsessively") from obsessive[dubious – discuss]
obligate (as a verb meaning "oblige") from obligation
one-up or one-upman from one-upmanship[2]
orate from oration[2]
orientate from orientation
P
panhandle (meaning "to accost") from panhandler[4]
paramedic from paramedical
partake from partaker[2]
patriation from repatriation
pea from Middle English pease[7]
peddle from peddler[2]
peeve from peevish[2]
pettifog from pettifogger[4]
phosphoresce from phosphorescent[2]
pleb from plebs
ply from reply
preempt from preemption[2]
process from procession[7]
prodigal from prodigality[4]
proliferate from proliferation[2]
proofread from proofreader[4]
pugn from impugn[citation needed]
Q
quadrumvir from quadrumvirate[2]
quantitate from quantitative
R
raunch from raunchy[2]
reminisce from reminiscence[2]
resurrect from resurrection[2]
ruly from unruly
rotovate from rotovator
S
sass (impudence) from sassy[4]
sculpt from sculptor[4]
secrete (meaning "to produce and emit") from secretion [2]
secretive from secretiveness[2]
sedate (the verb) from sedative [3]
self-destruct from self-destruction (cf. self-destroy)[3]
semantic (adjective) from semantics
sharecrop from sharecropper[2]
shoplift from shoplifter[2]
sightsee from sightseeing[4]
sipid from insipid[4]
sleaze from sleazy[2]
sleepwalk from sleepwalking[4]
smarm from smarmy[2]
sorb from sorption (also a back-formation)
soft-land from soft landing (backformed adjective-noun compound)
sorption from adsorption and absorption[2]
spectate from spectator[4]
stargaze from stargazer[2]
stave (the noun) from staves[2]
steamroll from steamroller [4]
stridulate from stridulation[2]
suckle from suckling[2]
sulk from sulky[2]
summate from summation[2]
sunburn (the verb) from sunburned[2]
superannuate from superannuated[2]
surreal from surrealism [4]
surveil from surveillance [4]
swashbuckle from swashbuckler[2]
swindle from swindler[4]
syncline from synclinal[4]
T
tase from Taser
televise from television[4]
tongue-lash from tongue-lashing[2]
transcript (verb) from transcription (cf. verb transcribe)
tricep from triceps (non-standard)
trickle-irrigate from trickle-irrigation (possibly backformed from verb-
noun compound but may also be verb-verb compound)
tweeze from tweezers[4]
typewrite from typewriter [2]
U
unit from unity[2]
upholster from upholstery[2]
V
vaccinate from vaccination [4]
vend as in vend out (meaning to contract out to a vendor), derived
from vendor
vinify from vinification[2]
vivisect from vivisection[2]
W
wiretap from wiretapper [4]
Examples of Social Networking and Technology Neologisms
1. Google: To use an online search engine as the basis for looking up
information on the World Wide Web.
2. Tweet cred: social standing on Twitter.
3. 404: Someone who's clueless. From the World Wide Web error
message 404 Not Found, meaning that the requested document could
not be located.
4. Crowdsourcing: The activity of getting a large group of people to
contribute resource to project, especially by using a website where
people can make contributions.
5. Spam: Flooding the Internet with many copies of the same message,
in an attempt to force the message on people who would not
otherwise choose to receive it.
6. Geobragging: Repeated status updates noting your location in an
attempt to get attention or make other people jealous.
7. App: Software application for a smartphone or tablet computer.
8. Noob: Someone who is new to an online community or game.
9. Troll: An individual who posts inflammatory, rude, and obnoxious
comments to an online community.
10. Ego surfer: A person who boosts his ego by searching for his own
name on Google and other search engines.
Examples of Popular Culture Neologisms
1. Tebowing: description of a prayerful victory stance derived from NFL
quarterback Tim Tebow.
2. Brangelina: used to refer to supercouple Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie.
3. Metrosexual: A man who dedicates a great deal of time and money
to his appearance.
4. Muffin top: This refers to the (often unsightly) roll of fat that appears
on top of trousers that feature a low waist.
5. Stich 'n bitch: A gathering of individuals who chat or gossip while
knitting or crocheting.
6. BBF: Stands for best friends forever. Used to state how close you are
to another individual.
7. Vagjayjay: Slang term for the vagina that was believed to have been
coined by Oprah.
8. Chilax: To calm down or relax, it is a slang term used when someone
is starting to get uptight about something that is happening.
9. Racne: Acne located on a woman’s chest.
10. Staycation: A vacation at home or in the immediate local area.
Trademarks That are Genericized
Brand names or Words that were created especially for advertising and PR
campaigns that are now used generically. These are sometimes also referred
to as generonyms (a neologism in itself):
1. Aspirin
2. Hoover
3. Laundromat
4. Band-aid
5. Kleenex
6. Frisbee
7. Tipex
8. Xerox
9. Tupperware
10. Escalator
11. Granola
12. Zipper
2012 U.S. Election Campaign Neologisms
1. Republican’ts – The 49 percent of Republicans who, in a recent
survey, were unable to explain the meaning of their party’s initials
“GOP.
2. Mitthead – A individual who constantly changes his political positions
to suit his audience and objectives,”
3. Moon-basing – The act of a candidate or surrogate offhandedly
proposing a policy so outrageous that it significantly harms the
candidate’s electability.
4. Santorum – We'll let you look that one up for yourself.
5. Unappalin’ – Adjective used to describe a person with a combination
of physical attractiveness, ruthless ambition and limited mental
capacity.
6. Rickwad – An individual who claims to be a devout Christian but
supports policies that indicate otherwise.
The Washington Post Neologism Competition
Every year The Washington Post runs an annual competition in which the
readers of the newspaper are asked to submit alternative meanings to
existing words. The results are often extremely amusing. Here are examples
of Washington Post neologisms:
1. Coffee (n.), the person upon whom one coughs.
2. Flabbergasted (adj.), appalled over how much weight you have gained.
3. Abdicate (v.), to give up all hope of ever having a flat stomach.
4. Esplanade (v.), to attempt an explanation while drunk.
5. Willy-nilly (adj.), impotent.
6. Negligent (adj.), describes a condition in which you absentmindedly
answer the door in your nightgown.
7. Lymph (v.), to walk with a lisp.
8. Gargoyle (n.), olive-flavored mouthwash.
9. Flatulance (n.) emergency vehicle that picks you up after you are run over
by a steamroller.
10. Balderdash (n.), a rapidly receding hairline.
11. Testicle (n.), a humorous question on an exam.
12. Rectitude (n.), the formal, dignified bearing adopted by proctologists.
13. Pokemon (n), a Rastafarian proctologist.
14. Oyster (n.), a person who sprinkles his conversation with Yiddishisms.
15. Frisbeetarianism (n.), The belief that when you die, your Soul flies up
onto the roof and gets stuck there.
16. Circumvent (n.), an opening in the front of boxer shorts worn by
Jewish men.
Current neologisms xraygoogleblack holeprequel Internet jumping the shark plus-size blog wardrobe malfunction truthiness- usage on The Colbert Report was neologistic fauxhawk consumerizationalso:kleenexhoover
band-aidFrisbee
What's the difference between an acronym and an abbreviation?
Many people feel they have the same meaning, but traditionally there is a
difference:
An acronym is a word that is that is made by taking the first letter of the
full name or sentence. For example, there is a famous Swedish furniture
company is called IKEA. It is the short form of
forIngvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd. The company name is called IKEA;
it is read like any other word. It is never spelled out letter by letter: I - K- E-
A.
An abbreviation is used by taking the first letter of a longer sentence. Each
letter is spelled out and not read as a word. Two examples are BBC (British
Broadcasting Corporation) and CNN(Cable News Network).
Here are ten examples of common acronyms and abbreviations:
R.S.V.P.
"Répondez s'il vous plaît", a French phrase that translates to "please
respond" or literally "respond, if you please". It is used on invitation cards.
When you receive an RSVP you must reply to the invitation saying whether
you accept or decline the invitation.
ESL / EFL
Both of these abbreviations have the same meaning and are very common
to see for learners of English.
ESL means English as a second language. - It is mostly used in American
English.
EFL means English as a foreign language. - It is mostly used in British
English.
Neither of them needs use a full-stop in between the letters -it is EFL, not
E.F.L
Note: On the same subject we use ESOL (English for speakers of other
languages) and TESOL(teaching English to speakers of other languages).
P.M. / A.M.
Both of these are used when telling the time:
A.M. - Also written as p.m. and pm, it stands for "post meridiem" (Latin
for "after noon" in the 12-hour clock).
P.M. - Also written as a.m. and am, it stands for "ante meridiem" ("before
noon").
AD / BC
BC (or B.C) stands for "before Christ".
AD (or A.D) stands for "Anno Domini" (Latin for "In the year of Our Lord").
ASAP
ASAP (or A.S.A.P.) stands for "as soon as possible". We you use this
abbreviation when we want someone to do something quickly: "Send me
the report ASAP."
DIY
DIY (or D.I.Y) stands for "do it yourself". The term used by various
communities that focus on people (called 'do-it-yourselfers' or 'DIYers')
creating or repairing things for themselves without the help of paid
professionals.
B.Y.O.B.
B.Y.O.B. or (BYOB) often seen on invites to parties. It stands for "bring your
own bottle / booze"; you are invited to a party, but you should bring your
own drinks.
ETA
ETA (not E.T.A) stands for "estimated time of arrival". It is the time when a
form of transport (like a train or plane) is expected to arrive in a place. The
opposite is ETD ("estimated time of departure").
P.S.
P.S (or PS) stand for "post script" and is used at the end of written letters
to add extra information.
I.e. / E.g.
These two abbreviations are easily confused and both used when writing:
I.e. (or i.e. / I.E.) stands for "id est" (Latin for "That is (to say)" or "in other
words").
E.g. (or e.g. / E.G.) stands for "exempli gratia" (Latin for "for example").
claptrap, hokey-pokey, honey-bunny, razzle-dazzle, slim jim, super-duper,
teenie-weenie, wingding,bye-bye, choo-choo, night-night, no-no, pee-pee,
poo-poo,bric-a-brac, chit-chat, criss-cross, kitty-cat, knick-knack, jibber-
jabber, splish-splash, zig-zag. nitty-gritty, helter-skelter, yada yadaA.
Duplicative Type - Repetitive Compound words: Rhythmic word formation.
Consider following examples for its rhythm:
1) ack-ack - anti aircraft fire
2) aye-aye - yes (found used by seamen)
3) bang-bang - sound of a gun when firing
4) beriberi - disease due to vitamin B deficiency
5) bonbon -a candy or sweet that often has a center of fondant, fruit, or nuts
and is coated with chocolate or fondant
6) boo-boo - a stupid mistake or blunder
7) bye-bye - goodbye
8) cha-cha - ballroom dance (Latin)
9) choo-choo - A locomotive train or sound of the train
10) chop chop - right away; quickly (from pidgin English)
11) froufrou - Fussy or showy dress
12) goody goody - someone virtuous or smug
13) ha-ha - the sound of laughter
14) hush-hush - secret; confidential
15) muumuu - loose, bright Hawaiian dress
16) night-night - goodnight
17) no-no - forbidden
18) papa - father
19) pawpaw - same as papaya
Do you find any change between the two word components? No. You find
that the initial word is simply duplicated. There is no rhyming, but repetition
of identical constituents for the sake of rhythm.
B. Alliterative Type - Repetitive Compound words: Another peculiar word
formation. Consider following examples for yet another peculiarity.
1) chit-chat - informal gossipy talk
2) clip clop - sound of a horse's hooves
3) criss-cross - made of lines which cross each other repeatedly
4) dilly-dally - to loiter
5) ding-dong - the sound of a bell
6) flim-flam - foolishness
7) flip-flop - several meanings, 1. sound of repeated flapping 2. a backward
8) somersaut 3. a sandal with a piece between the toes
9) hip-hop - type of music
10) knick-knack - a small ornament or trinket
11) mish-mash - a confused mixture
12) ping pong - table tennis
13) pitter-patter - a light, tapping sound such as of rain drops
14) riff-raff - rabble; people who are worthless
15) riprap - broken stones on water used to protect riverbanks
16) see-saw - children playing on a piece of wood with a central balance
which
allows it to move up and down
18) shilly-shally - unable to come to a decision
19) tick tock - sound of a clock
20) tittle-tattle - idle chat or gossip
21) zigzag - sharp turns in alterating directions
Is there rhyming? Yes. You might have noticed that these compound words
do not rhyme in the usual way. Have you noticed that the two components
of these words have same consonants? Yes you agree. Then what makes the
difference? Yes the vowels alone are replaced. So they are alliterative i.e. the
repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring
words or syllables.
C. Rhyming Type - Repetitive Compound words: This peculiar word
formation is for the sake of rhyming. Consider following examples:
1) airy-fairy - One that is insubstantial or impractical
2) argy-bargy - verbal dispute
3) artsy-fartsy - pretentiously or affectedly artistic (also arty-farty)
4) boo hoo - crying sound
5) boogie-woogie - piano jazz style
6) bow-wow - the sound of a dog
7) easy-peasy - very easy
8) fuddy-duddy - conservative or dull person
9) hanky-panky - suspicious behaviour
10) heebie-jeebies - nervousness
11) helter-skelter - haphazard
12) higgledy-piggledy - muddled
13) hocus-pocus - trickery; a magician's incantation
14) hodge-podge - a confused mixture
15) hoity-toity - haughty
16) itsy-bitsy - tiny
17) jeepers creepers - exclamation of surprise
18) mumbo-jumbo - derogatory reference to a religious or spiritual ritual
19) namby-pamby - feeble, weak
20) nitty gritty - the facts
21) okey-dokey - OK
22) super-duper - very pleasing
23) willy-nilly - whether it's wanted or not
dis-: I dislike the medicine. + distrust, dissatisfiedil-: It is illegal to jaywalk. + ill-mannered, illiterateim-: His actions were improper. + imperfect, impracticalin-: His answer was incorrect. + inactive, insecureir-/ear He is an irresponsible ski bum. + irregular, irreplaceable
mal-: What caused the alarm to malfunction? + malformed, malpracticemis-: I mistrust some politicians. + misguided, mismatchnon-: He flew nonstop to New York. + nonfood, nondairyun-: I can't unzip my coat. + unable, undocounter-: Water will counteract the burning. + counterculture, countermoveanti-: He put antifreeze in the car. + antibiotic, antismoking
re-: (again): Frank will rewrite his letter. + redo, retellpre- (before): The pizza is precut. + presold, pregameco- (together): Fred's coworker is ill. + copilot, coanchorde- (from, remove): We should defrost the refrigerator. + decode, destabilizebe- (by): Will you stand beside me? + behead, becalma- (on): The empty boat is afloat. + afire, awash
hyper- (over): The monkey is hyperactive. + hyperacidity, hyperexcitedhypo- (under): Hypodermic needles are used to give flu shots. + hypotensioninter-(between): Go on the interstate (between cities) highway. + interbanksub- (below): His temperature is subnormal. + subzerosuper- (over): The fireman made a superhuman effort. + supermarkettrans- (across): Linberg made the first transatlantic flight. + transpolar
uni- (one) Charlie rode his unicycle in the parade. + unilateral, unisexbi- (two) He is riding his mountain bicycle. + biannual, biplanetri- (three) Timmy got a tricycle for Christmas. + tricolor, trianglequadr- (four) A square is a quadrangle. + quadriplegic, quadrennialquin- (five) Have you heard of the Dione quintuplets? + quintet, quintuplicatedec- (ten) We are near the end of the decade. + decathlon, decalogue
centi- (hundredth or hundred) There are 2.54 centimeters in an inch. + centiliter, centennialmilli- (thousandth) Fingernails grow one millimeter in about 10 days. + milliliter, milligramkilo- (thousand) A kilogram is a little over two pounds. + kilometer, kilowattmega- (million) A megaton is a very large amount. + megadose, "megabucks"
semi- (half) He drew a semicircle.+ semiannual, semitrailermulti- (more than one, many) "Syllable is a multisyllabic word. + multistage, multilingualpoly- (many) A polysyllable is a big word. + polygon, polygraphmicro- (very small) You can see germs with a microscope. + microbe, microchipmacro- (large) You can see macroscopic bugs with the naked eye. + macroscale, macronutrientmini- (small) What is the doctor's minimum fee? + minibike, miniskirtmaxi- (extra large) What is the maximum you will pay? + maximize, maximal
Inflectional Affixes
English has only eight inflectional affixes:
{PLU} = plural Noun -s boys
{POSS} = possessive Noun -’s boy’s
{COMP} = comparative Adj -er older
{SUP} = superlative Adj -est oldest
{PRES} = present Verb -s walks
{PAST} past Verb -ed walked
{PAST PART} = past participle Verb -en driven
{PRES PART} = present participle Verb -ing driving
Notice that, as noted above, even irregular forms can be represented
morphologically using these morphemes. E.g. the irregular plural sheep is
written as {sheep} + {PLU}, even though the typically form of {PLU} is not used
here.
Similarly, better = {good} + {COMP}; drove = {drive} + {PAST}.
Derivational Affixes
There are an indefinite number of derivational morphemes.
For example, the following are some derivational suffixes:
Borrowing
Dutch- landscape, uproar, knapsack, brandy , roster, easel
Spanish- tornado, alligator, mosquito, comrade, guitar, esplanade
Norwegian- ombudsman