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By:Nur Fadhilah Binti Mohd ShaherNur Nezanna Binti MohamedSiti Munirah Binti Salehuddin
Definition of MorphologyDefinition of MorphemeTypes of Morphemes;
Bound & Free Derivational & Inflection
Exercises
Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology)
(Source: Wikipedia)
a study and description of word formation (as inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language
the system of word-forming elements and processes in a language
a study of structure or form
(Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com)
Morpheme (môr'fēm') n.
A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
(Source:http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme)
oBound morphemes (affixes) must be attached to the word.
oThey are prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes (enlighten, embolden).
oSuch as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).
Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words.
Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy
A root is a morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts.
Example: cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc.. • Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone, etc.• Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,
uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
•A stem is formed when a root morphemes is combined with an affix.
•Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem.
Root believe (verb) Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)Word un + believe + able (prefix +verb + suffix) Root systemStem system + aticStem un + system + aticStem un + system + atic + alWord un + system + atic + al + ly
Derivational morphology changes the meaning of words by applying derivations.
Derivation is the combination of a word stem with a morpheme, which forms a new word, which is often of a different class.
It has clear semantic content.
Derivational morphemes include:- suffixes (e.g., 'ish,' 'ous,' 'er,' 'y,' 'ate,' and 'able') - prefixes (e.g., 'un,' 'im,' 're,' and 'ex').“
(Donald G. Ellis, From Language to Communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999)
When they are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is derived.
The derived word may also be of different grammatical class than the original word.
Noun to Adjective
Verb to Noun Adjective to Adverb
Boy + -ish
Virtu + -ous
Picture + -sque
Alcohol + -lic
Clear + -ance
Sing + -er
Predict + -ion
exact + -ly
Noun to Verb Adjective to Noun
Verb to Adjective
Moral + -ise
Hast + -en
Free + -dom
Feudal +-ism
Creat + -ive
Read + -able
Divide to two classes: (a) triggers subtle changes in pronunciation
e.g: specific to specificity(b) tacked onto a base word without affecting the pronunciation e.g: baker, boyish, fullness
Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class.
Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Source: (wikipedia)
Change the form of a word but not its lexical category or its central meaning.
E.g: cats, collected, sleeps and louder
Inflectional examples in : number, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood,
agreement.
For example in English, a morpheme inflect into four forms:
PRESENT
( -s )
PAST
(-ed )
PROGRESSIVE
( -ing )
PAST PARTICIPLE ( -en )
Waits waited waiting Had waited
Possessive ( -’s ) Disa’s hair is short
Comparative ( -er ) Disa has short-er hair than Karin
Superlative (-est) Disa has the short-est hair
Divide the following words into their morphemes. Indicate which morphemes are inflectional and which are derivational
Eg: mistreatment = treat (root) + mis- (derivational) + -ment (derivational)
AirsicknessPsychologyWaiting Car’s
Airsickness = sick (root) + air (derivational) + -ness (derivational)
Psychology = psych- or psyche (root) + o + logy (derivational)
Waiting = wait ( root ) + - ing (inflectional)
Car’s = car ( root )+ -’s ( inflectional )
WELL DONE
Analyze each of the items below morphologically. Determine
a.how many morphemes each item contains (1 or more than 1);
b. which are free and which bound;c.which one is the root; and what are the
remaining morphemes: prefixes or suffixes;d. which are derivational and which
inflectional
Eg: A. sleep:1 morphemefreeroot: sleep-Suffix: noneDerivational : none Inflectional : none
B. dehumidifiersC. re-established D. security blanket E. apologise
dehumidifiers5 morphemesfree: humid bound: de- (prefix), -ify, -er, -s (suffixes)root: humidderivational: de-, -ify, -er inflectional suffix -s
re-establishedmorphemes: 3free: establish bound: re-, -edroot: establishderivational: re- inflectional: -ed
security blanketmorphemes: 3free: secure, blanket bound: -ityroots: secure, blanketderivational: -ity inflectional: none
apologisemorphemes: 2free: bound: apology-, -iseroot: apologyderivational: -ise inflectional: none
GOOD JOB
THANKYOU