Most modern-day boundaries were drawn

by whom?

Enclave or Exclave?

What are disadvantages of being a landlocked country?

LANDLOCKEDCOUNTRIES

• Isolation• At the mercy of neighbors• Need communication linkages

(highways, airports, rivers, etc.)• Have formed alliances with other

countries to lessen isolation• Only Liechtenstein & Uzbekistan

are landlocked & surrounded by landlocked countries

                                                                                                                      

FEDERAL STATES

• Political framework where the central government represents its political subunits where they have common interests – defense, foreign affairs, etc. – but these subunits retain their own identities, laws, policies, customs, etc.

• Accommodates regional differences and enables diversity and unity to coexist

FEDERAL STATES

• Geographer K.W. Robinson said, “The federal state is the most expressive of all political systems.”

• What did he mean by this?

UNITARY STATES

• State which has a centralized government that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.

• Highly centralized• Appeasing minorities maybe not

important• Government frameworks are set up to

reinforce the central government’s power

Unitary States of the World in blue – Federal States in gray

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Unitary_states.png

Bush vs. Gore 2000Gore wins popular voteBush wins electoral vote

Bush vs. Gore 2000

Frontier – an area where no country has complete political control.

How much of this is frontier?

The Cyprus frontier:Greeks and Turks

If a city had five elected leaders, and the makeup of the city was:

57% Group A

43% Group B

How many leaders would you expect from each group?

First Challenge

• Draw districts on Zombies and Ninjas Side 1 in which the zombies control 4 out of 5 districts.

Second Challenge

• Now change your districts so that zombies control all five districts.

Final Challenge

• Turn to Side 2

Final Challenge

• Even though ninjas only make up 43% of the population, draw the districts so that four of the five city leaders will be ninjas.

Reapportionment

• Redrawing voting districts.

Gerrymandering

• Redrawing voting districts to benefit the party in power.

Massachusetts, District 4

Florida, District 11

Pennsylvania, District 12

Illinois, District 4 (Chicago)