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GNS Science
Motor vehicle sources of particulate matter: Source trends and related metrics
Perry [email protected]
Transport Knowledge Hub Environment - Emissions Group13 November 2019
GNS Science
ContextGNS Science has been researching the composition and sources of air particulate matter in NZ (and overseas) for over 20 years.Drivers for this research include:• Understanding human health effects (particle size and
composition)• Air quality management (sources and source
contributions to total PM)• Changes over time (trends and step changes)
― policy evaluation― effectiveness of regulation― impact of technology
GNS Science
Air particulate matter composition and derivation of sources
• A complex mix of elements and compounds from multiple emission sources and atmospheric chemistry (gas↔particle)
• Compositional analysis by nuclear analytical techniques (IBA or XRF) for elements Na to U, black carbon (BC) by light reflectance
• Each source or source type of particulate matter has a distinctive particle size range and chemical composition
• Multivariate covariance analysis and other data analytics across multiple samples to identify sources
Auckland CouncilSea salt Soil Pollen Motor vehicles Wood burner
GNS Science
Auckland PM Speciation monitoring sites
• BC data from 1997 onwards
• Auckland dataset continuous since 2004
Site PM size fraction
Number of filter
samples Sample period
Takapuna PM2.5 1164 November 2006 – June 2016
PM10 1328 December 2005 - December 2018
Queen Street PM2.5 1127 December 2005 - November 2015
PM10 3515 December 2005 - December 2018
Khyber Pass PM2.5 1072 December 2005 - April 2015
PM10 1039 December 2005 – April 2015
Penrose PM2.5 1044 January 2006 - June 2016
PM10 2061 May 2006 - June 2016
Henderson PM10 1250 August 2006 – December 2018
GNS Science
Auckland PM Speciation monitoring sites
All AC sites are either next to motorways:• Penrose, Khyber Pass Rd, TakapunaOr arterial routes:• HendersonOr both:• Khyber Pass Rd, TakapunaOr in a street canyon• Queen Street• The impact of motor vehicle emissions on AC PM
concentrations and composition is significant• The flipside is that we can extract a reasonable amount of
information on what is going on in the (Auckland) motor vehicle fleet
GNS Science
Auckland Council
Biomass combustion
9%
Diesel vehicles
39%
Petrol vehicles
3%
Secondary sulphate
11%
Ship emissions
5%
Marine aerosol
24%
Soil2%
Construction7%
Queen Street average PM2.5 = 9.3 µg m-3
0
5
10
15
20
Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Dec-13
BC
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3) Biomass burning
0
5
10
15
20
Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Dec-13
BC
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3) Diesel vehicles
0
5
10
15
20
Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Dec-13
BC
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3) Petrol vehicles
0
5
10
15
20
Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Dec-13
BC
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3) Secondary sulphate
0
5
10
15
20
Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Dec-13
BC
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3) Ship emissions
0
5
10
15
20
Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Dec-13
BC
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3) Marine aerosol
0
5
10
15
20
Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Dec-13
BC
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3) Soil
0
5
10
15
20
Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Dec-13
BC
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
-3) Construction
Source apportionment
0
10
20
30
40
Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Dec-12 Dec-13 Dec-14 Dec-15
PM2.
5co
ncen
tratio
n (µ
g m
-3)
• PM compositional analysis used to identify sources
Queen Street PM2.5 example
GNS Science
Sources of particulate matter across Auckland
• Data for common sources aggregated for all sites• Anthropogenic emissions dominate PM2.5 (≈ 70 %)
– Vehicles, biomass combustion, soil, some secondary sulphate• Natural sources significant for PM10 (≈ 50 %)
PM2.5 PM10
Biomass combustion
18%
Diesel vehicles
36%Petrol
vehicles7%
Secondary sulphate
12%
Marine aerosol
19%
Soil2.7%
Other5%
PM2.5 = 7.5 µg m-3
Biomass combustion
11%
Diesel vehicles
19%
Petrol vehicles
2%
Secondary sulphate
8%
Marine aerosol
45%
Soil4.6%
Other11%
PM10 = 16.4 µg m-3
GNS Science
Trends in particulate matter across Auckland• Data aggregated for all PM speciation sites• Downward trend observed for PM2.5 and PM10 (99.9% CI)• PM2.5 apparently responsible for decrease in PM10
• Understanding ‘why’ important for AQ management
PM2.5 PM10
GNS Science
Motor vehicle source activity
Auckland Council
• Difference in weekday/weekend PM concentrations― This and crustal matter are the only sources that show this dichotomy― Less HCV (diesel) activity during weekends
• Mondays affected by public holidays (≈ 15%)• Difference between PM2.5 and PM10 contributions is road dust
component
PM2.5 PM10
Johnstone Hills Tunnel
Davy PK, Trompetter WJ, Markwitz A. 2011. Concentration, composition and sources of particulate matter in the Johnstone Hills Tunnel, Auckland. 64 p. (GNS Science consultancy report; 2010/296)
Light duty diesel
vehicles27%
Heavy commercial diesel vehicles
67%(10% of total
vehicle counts)
Petrol vehicles
6%
Vehicle PM by time of day
Takapuna vehicle PM
Diesel vehicles
90%
Petrol vehicles
10%
GNS Science
AC Transport PM source trends
• Diesel vehicle related PM decreasing (Technology impact)– Engine design/emission
improvements50 % of PM2.5 trend ↓
• Primary tailpipe component is a reduction in BC emissions (representing ultra-fines)So it’s a good news story!
• Petrol vehicle PM no change although vehicle numbers increasing (Technology impact)– Fuel efficiency gainsNo impact on PM2.5 trend
2008 dip then rise
GNS Science
BC concentrations by source in Auckland• Influence of roadside sites on average BC source
concentrations (2006 – 2018) evident• Shift in bus route resulted in BC step change at Queen Street
– Just shifted the impact to another street canyon Localized effects of policy changes
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Queen Street Khyber PassRoad
Penrose Takapuna Henderson
Blac
k car
bon
ng m
-3
Biomass burning
Diesel vehicles Bus route change
Queen Street BC
GNS Science
1 Jan 2008Petrol 50 ppm
1 May 2007Petrol 150 ppmDiesel 50 ppm
1 Jan 2009Diesel 10 ppm
• Reduction in sulphate concentrations (2006 - 2010) as a consequence of removal of S in fuels‒ Petroleum Products Specification Regulations 2002, 2007
Transport source trends
New urban ‘steady-state’Anthropogenic + natural SO4
2-
GNS Science
Transport source trends Road dust – a mixed bag• Contributions to PM are location
dependent– Proximity to road– Vehicle size, number, speed– Road surface type
• Multiple components– Brake wear (Fe, Cu, Zn, Ba, Sb, Ni….)– Tyre wear (Zn, S, BC)– Road surface wear (Al, Si, Ca…)– Deposited material from other sources
• Electric vehicles will not reduce road dust component
Khyber Pass Road increasing
Queen Street decreasing
GNS Science
Impact zones of PM from motor vehicles –Khyber Pass road example• Highest concentrations aligned with centreline of motorway
(South East ‘fetch’ 20km+)
GNS Science
Transport source trends - PM10 brake dust copper• Reflect road dust component and traffic volumes• Also implications for deposition and water runoff• Impact may change with brake pad composition (e.g. asbestos)
Khyber Pass Road increasing
Takapuna increasing
PenroseNo change
Henderson increasing
Queen Street decreasing
GNS Science
Transport activity trends (Fuel consumption)Domestic land transport data
• Diesel fuel consumption rising– Engine improvements
offset PM emissions from more fuel use
– (check whether this includes off-road consumption?)
• Petrol consumption flat– vehicle numbers
increasing (fuel efficiency gains)
• HCV freight (tonne-km) increasing (note 15% dip at 2008-2009)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Gros
s PJ
Observed Oil Products Consumption
LPG
Other PetroleumProductsAviation Fuels
Fuel Oil
Diesel
Petrol
Source: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2018)
Legend
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Tonn
e -k
m
Gros
s PJ
Observed Oil Products Consumption
Diesel
Freight tonnage
Source: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2018)
GNS Science
Trends in PM contributions and traffic volumes
Auckland Council
• Emissions improvements offset by local traffic volume increase
• Macro-economic effect: Global Financial Crisis
70,000
90,000
110,000
130,000
150,000
170,000
190,000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Traf
fic v
olum
e (A
ADT)
Conc
entra
tion
(µg
m-3
)
Takapuna: PM2.5 and PM10 from vehicles and traffic volumes
Traffic volume PM2.5 PM10 Linear (Traffic volume)
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
220,000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Traf
fic v
olum
e (A
ADT)
Conc
entra
tion
(µg
m-3
)
Penrose: PM2.5 and PM10 from vehicles and traffic volumes
Traffic volume PM2.5 PM10 Linear (Traffic volume)
Road dust
Road dust
Penrose Takapuna
Motor vehicle PM2.5 ↓ ―
Traffic volume ― ↑
Motor vehicle PM10 ↓ ↑
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Tonn
e -k
m
Gros
s PJ
Observed Oil Products Consumption
DieselFreight tonnage
Source: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2018)
GFCGFC
GFC
Takapuna
Penrose
GNS Science
Sector Air Quality Impacts – Transport metrics
Auckland Council
Fuel economy/efficiency (L/100km) – Success!
Fleet size and composition (diesel/petrol) - Challenge
NZ new or used import – Success!
Land Transport Rule 2007 Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
Vehicle kilometres travelled - Challenge
Fleet age - Challenge
Fuel consumption -Challenge
DieselPetrol
Motor vehicle tailpipe PM emissions
Success!
Motor vehicle tailpipe gas (CO2, NOx) and road dust emissions
Challenge!but
Success!
GNS Science
Direct PM emissions from ships engines• Represent primary emissions from ships engines – this
would also include acid sulphur species, PAHs etc• Ratio of V/Ni measured at Queen Street site is 3:1 same
as heavy fuel oils
Queen Street (monthly averages)
GNS Science
Direct PM emissions from ships engines
• Receptor modelling source elemental profile reflects the primary combustion product components (BC, S, V, Ni)
• Ratio of V/Ni is 3:1 same as heavy fuel oils
0
1
10
100
1000
H BC Na Mg Al Si S Cl K Ca Ti V Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Ba
Conc
entr
atio
n ng
m-3
Ship emissions source profile
GNS Science
Queen Street CPF plot shows shipping source arrives at the site from the port area
GNS Science
Trends in Auckland ship emission contributions• Concentrations derived from receptor modelling increasing
(99.9 % CI) - reflects shipping activity at the port• Main impact is on Auckland CBD
Ports of Auckland Annual report 2018
GNS Science
Summary• Engine technology and regulation (fuel improvements,
import emission standards) have had a significant downward effect on PM2.5 …but traffic volume increases may offset this particularly for PM10
• Differential impact on PM by motor vehicle type– Diesel vs petrol
– HCV vs light duty
• Shipping impacts are increasing Future work• Combine PM source apportionment with transport
metrics for robust statistics• Signal processing of PM2.5/PM10 data