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SE Factors & Use Mo/va/ons
Nine SE Factors
Seven Use Mo/va/ons
*Did not use in analyses because there was only one measure
Mo/va/ons for Mobile Health Apps: The Rela/onship between Self-‐Efficacy & Use Elizabeth V. Eikey, BS and Erika Poole, PhD
College of InformaBon Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Background & Methods One key factor to successful health behavior change is self-‐efficacy (SE) [5], a person’s belief in his/her ability to accomplish a task [1]. While self-‐efficacy has been studied in the health context [5] and fitness app design [2], we have a limited understanding of how self-‐efficacy impacts mobile health app use. RQ: What is the rela.onship between users’ self-‐efficacy and their mo.va.ons for using mobile health apps? Survey Design • Used and adapted measures from the EaBng Habits Confidence Survey [3], the SE for EaBng Behaviors Scale [4], and the SE for Exercise Behaviors Scale [4] • Developed similar measures for weight-‐related self-‐efficacy; i.e. “I can achieve my weight-‐related goals.” • Used 7-‐point Likert-‐like scale
Par/cipants & Recruitment • Used Amazon Mechanical Turk • Recruited 303 parBcipants; 181 used in analysis • Criteria: U.S. residents; 18 years or older; had used mobile health app(s)
Discussion & Future Work Take Away Points • We found posiBve correlaBons between
numerous types of SE and use moBvaBons, suggesBng that the design and features of mobile health apps may influence users’ beliefs in their abiliBes.
• We can develop a more personalized app experience by focusing on aspects that best promote specific types of SE for certain types of users and their goals.
• Therefore, we may be able to help users make long-‐term lifestyle changes.
Future work • Run experiment to test design elements and measure SE • Link to actual behavior change and health outcomes • Consider other concepts besides SE
1%
27.3%
51.4%
8.2% 7.7% 4.4%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Under 18 18-‐24 25-‐34 35-‐44 45-‐54 55+
Age
Under 18
18-‐24
25-‐34
35-‐44
45-‐54
55+
66.7%
33.3%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Female Male
Gender
Female
Male
Factor Measures
Exercise General SE SBck to my exercise program even when I have excessive demands at work or school SBck to my exercise program when my family/friends is/are demanding more Bme from me SBck to your exercise program when social obligaBons are very Bme consuming SBck to my exercise program aker a long, Bring day at work or school SBck to my exercise program when I have household chores to alend to SBck to my exercise program when undergoing a stressful life change Consider my exercise habits healthy I can maintain a healthy exercise rouBne Set aside Bme for a physical acBvity program for at least 30 minutes, 3 Bmes per week Exercise even though I am feeling depressed ConBnue to exercise with others even though they seem too fast or too slow for me
Exercise for Health SE I can be healthier by exercising more I can burn excess calories by exercising
Healthy ConsumpBon & Diet General SE I can reach my nutriBon-‐related goals I can choose foods based on nutriBon I can sBck to my daily alloled calorie budget
Healthy Food SelecBon Non-‐SituaBonal SE Choose low or non-‐fat milk instead of whole milk Eat smaller porBons at dinner Cut down on gravies and cream sauces
Healthy Food SelecBon SituaBon SE SBck to low fat, low salt when there is high fat, high salt food readily available at a party SBck to healthy foods when I feel tense SBck to healthy foods when eaBng with friends or co-‐workers SBck to healthy foods when I feel bored SBck to healthy foods when I feel depressed
Change EaBng Habits SE I cannot reduce the amount of junkfood I eat (reverse code) Eat lunch as your main meal of the day rather than dinner
Achieve Healthy Weight through Diet SE I can reach a healthy weight by tracking calories I can reach a healthy weight by eaBng healthier foods
Achieve Weight Goals SE If I want to lose weight, I can do so easily I can achieve my weight-‐related goals I cannot achieve my weight-‐related goals (reverse code)
Long-‐term Diet and Exercise SE I cannot maintain a healthy diet for more than 6 months (reverse code) I cannot maintain a healthy exercise rouBne for more than 6 months (reverse code)
Conclusions
Since SE is so important for users to persist in efforts to exercise, eat healthier, and lose weight, it is important to understand the link between SE and use moBvaBons. This study is a good first step at understanding this relaBonship.
Limita/ons • Cannot determine from this study if SE impacts use or use impacts SE • Number of parBcipants removed from analysis
Factor Measures Social ConnecBon To seek support from others
Because I can compare myself with others Because I can compare my exercise habits with others’ Because it allows me to connect to other people To give support to others To compete with others Because I can compare my diet and food habits with others’ To meet people/make friends To find someone to hold me accountable
ConsumpBon Consciousness To find out the calorie content of specific foods To measure my calorie intake To create a personalized database of my foods To help me porBon out my meals To track my nutriBon-‐related goals, such as fats, carbohydrates, sodium, protein, etc.
Exercise Consciousness To log my exercises To track the amount of Bme I exercise To track calories burned from exercise To create a personalized database of my exercises
Surveillance To measure my Body Mass Index (BMI) To log my body fat percentage
Empowerment It moBvates me to be healthier It gives me control It allows me to make educated decisions about my health
FuncBonality The app is easy to use Entering informaBon is quick The app is difficult to use (reverse code)
AestheBcs* It includes graphs, photos, and other visuals
Results – Posi/ve Correla/ons (p < .05)
Exercise General SE
Social ConnecBon
ConsumpBon Consciousness
Exercise Consciousness
Surveillance
Exercise for Health SE
Empowerment
FuncBonality
Healthy ConsumpBon & Diet General SE
Healthy Food SelecBon Non-‐SituaBonal SE
Healthy Food SelecBon SituaBon SE
Change EaBng Habits SE
Long-‐term Diet and Exercise SE
Achieve Weight Goals SE
Achieve Healthy Weight through Diet SE
Acknowledgements We would like to thank Siobhan McGroarty and Elizabeth Brennan for their work on the preliminary, exploratory study, which helped us beler develop the survey for this study. This material is based upon work supported by the NaBonal Science FoundaBon under Grant No. DGE1255832. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendaBons expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NaBonal Science FoundaBon.
References [1] Bandura, A. 1977. Self-‐efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191. [2] Choe, E.K. et al. 2013. Persuasive performance feedback: The effect of framing on self-‐efficacy. AMIA (Washington, D.C., 2013), 1–9. [3] Sallis, J. 1996. EaBng habits confidence survey. Retrieved from hlp://sallis.ucsd.edu/Documents/Measures_documents/Selfefficacy_diet.pdf [4] Sallis, J.F. et al. 1988. The development of self-‐efficacy scales for health-‐related diet and exercise behaviors. Health EducaBon Research, 3, 283-‐292. [5] Strecher, V.J. et al. 1986. The role of self-‐efficacy in achieving behavior change health. Health Educa:on Quarterly, 13(1), 73–92.
