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Slide # 1
MPAS Talking and Acting on
Climate Change Maria del Mar Otero,
IUCN Mediterranean Center
Dan Laffoley,
IUCN WCPA
Joaquim Garrabou,
CSIC, Spain
In colaboration with RACSPA
The MedPAN North project is cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund.
©Jose Elias Cabrera
Slide # 2
A changing Mediterranean…
Brochure available in
French and English
Soon in Spanish and
Arabic
Slide # 3
Climate change predicted changes on sea surface
temperature and salinity
Sea Surface temperature and salinity differences between the
future climate (2070-2099) and the past climate (1961-1990). P.
Lionello
Sea Surface
Temperature
Salinity
Slide # 4
Major effects on the physical environment
• Climate and hydrological
changes in the Med Sea
• Rise in the air temperature and
rainfall effects
• Increase of the sea level
• Increase of surface temperature
• Higher frequency of extreme
events
• Water circulation changes
(currents, winds, upwellings)
• Chemical changes: acidification,
decrease of pH, salinity
CSIRO Australia
Slide # 5
A general problem of reality and
perception
Perception «nothing can be done» Still as important that is now included as part of the medium term goals of SAP/BIO Programme at the Mediterranean level (UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA, 2009) of improving coordinated actions across the Mediterranean MPAs, informing adaptive approaches to CC for effective MPA management, initiating a climate warning system at different geographical scales and reducing vulnerability within MPAs.
Warming and drying of the Mediterranean region at the end of the 21st
century is very likely, but actual values and their detailed spatial
distribution remain uncertain
Warmer and saltier Mediterranean sea is very likely at the end of the 21°
century… actual values are uncertain
Climate change is almost certain, what will be the new climate at regional
scale is very uncertain
Slide # 6
Disease outbreaks and invertebrates mass
mortality events
Paramuricea clavata
Spongia spp.
Myriapora truncata
Cladocora caespitosa
Numerous reports from 1999, 2003, 2008; Unprecedented extreme events
Emerging of thermodependent bacterial pathogens and disease outbreaks
Slide # 7
Main routes of species range expansion
Mediterranean natives, Atlantic migrants, Red Sea
migrants
Lejeusne et al., 2010.
Slide # 8
Blooms
Comb jelly, Mnemiopsis leidyi
© Erling Svensen / WWF Canon
Slide # 9
Native macroalgal forests, seagrasses Shift to low diversity habitats and advantage to other species
Jim Gogek
Mucilague events
Slide # 10
Modifications on the breeding season,
migration timing and distribution
Changes in migration patterns and
routes (particularly of large species,
such as the bluefin tuna) towards higher
latitudes or deeper waters.
Effects on the reproduction or juvenile
development of species, including
commercial species
Alnitak
Slide # 11
Temperature Network
in red - Tmednet
In blue - Tropical
Existing monitoring activities in MPAs
- Oceanographic monitoring stations have been established within some MPAs and also in other
important coastal stations (CTDs, temperature sensors (T-Med net))
- Biogeographic shifts and changes in abundance of temperature-sensitive species
(CIESM Tropical Signal Programme, Adapted protocols to MPAs)
Slide # 12
Existing monitoring activities in MPAs
• Changes in the structure of benthic communities
- In rocky walls (with volunteers)
- Marine hydroids: composition, seasonality, bathymetric distribution and reproductive period
- Coralligenous structures (Paleo/living sponge communities)
• Frequency and intensity of mucilage events
• Frequency of algae blooms (Ostreopsis ovata)
• Other research programmes (disease oubreaks, mass mortality events)
Slide # 13
Impacts observed on Med MPAs
• Mass mortality events on gorgonians and sponges
communities
• Min winter temperature and summer temperature
above normal levels
• Northward extension of thermophilic species
(Thalassoma pavo, Sphyraena viridensis, Sganus sp)
• Change in the marine biodiversity (regressions Fucus
virsoides, rapid reappearance of Cymodocea
nodosa).
• Mortality in populations of Paramuricela clavata,
Eunicella singularis or Cladocora caespitosa
• Mucilage events
• Alterations on the sex ratio of loggerhead turtles
due to temperature u other factors. Nesting beaches
are also threatened by sea level rise.
Slide # 14
Mediterranean MPAs serving as an observatory to examine and assessing structural changes of
marine communities.
• Efforts still few and disperse (short term and associated to research driven
activites)
• Capacity and knowledge is very limited
• Management is no taking notice of these findings
• Initial conclusions for MPA managers
- Climate modeling can help to reevaluate the current set of protected
areas, their places, size, layout and design
- Protection can prioritise places that minimise the effects of climate
change, climate refuges for biodiversity
- Decisions on details need to be taken on a case-by-case
Slide # 15
Joaquim Garrabou
www.t-mednet.org
T-MEDNet:
When local actions become global
Slide # 16
Joaquim Garrabou
www.t-mednet.org
Or …how research projects can help
MPAs mangement?
Slide # 17
Monitoring climate change effects
Rationale How to knowledge
Building network
Solid baselines on physical and biological indicators
Implement management/conservation initiatives
to mitigate/adapt to climate change effects
Start: 2010
Slide # 18
Marseilles
1998
Harmelin 2004 2-3 depths 10-25-40m
Marseilles Port-Cros
Scandola Medes
Story of temperature data loggers deployment
>2000
8 depths 5-40m
Slide # 19
2012
+20 sites
+ sites
CIESM
MPAs and
Marseilles
1998
Slide # 20
From local to global
Slide # 21
PercentageT > 23 ºC during summer period
% > 23 ºC
0 10 20 30 40 50
De
pth
(m
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Interannual analysis of summer conditions Medes Islands (Catalan coast)
Characterizing temperature anomalies
Bensoussan et al. Est. Coastal Shelf Sci. 2010
Slide # 22
Relationships between temperature vs. mortality
Red gorgonian populations (P. clavata) Marseilles’ area
Crisci et al. 2011 PLoS ONE
Slide # 23
Deploying the data loggers Along rocky walls, using putty in natural holes or spits in drilled holes
and plastic screws or clips.
How to setup T surveys?
Slide # 24
Fixed to surface or subsurface moorings (buoys), on ropes, chains.
The different fixations used
Alternative fixations
How to setup T surveys?
Slide # 25
Inform about T surveys
Slide # 26
Inform about T surveys
Slide # 27
Database management
Slide # 28
MPA’s managers on action
From local to global
Implement management/conservation initiatives
to mitigate/adapt to climate change effects
MEDPAN Small project:
Workshop « Development of tools for the study of climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems » Scandola Natural reserve (Galéria, Corsica) 2 - 4 October 2012
Slide # 29
Common strategy orientation Establish a common framework for the MedPAN members to guide the
development of biodiversity conservation in MPAs against the threats of
climate change
IUCN, RAC/SPA, MEPA (Malta)
Participation of 22 experts on different aspects related to CC
in MPAs from Croatia, Malta, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, Turkey, UK,
Monaco, Israel, France, Tunisia, Greece. Consultation with the
MedPAN North Advisory Group and Members.
Discussions on the present knowledge and the definition and
application of suitable indicators to assess marine
biodiversity impacts driven by climate change
Objectives:
• extend our marine monitoring efforts;
• extend our knowledge on the regional factors that
determine the vulnerability and resilience of marine
communities to climate change;
• extend our knowledge on sensitivities and adaptation
capabilities of marine key species to climate change;
• develop adaptation strategies for MPAs.
Slide # 30
Key focus: to discuss how to develop MPA tools and indicators to
monitor climate change impacts on marine biodiversity and to outline
some common strategic orientations at the Mediterranean MPA network
level.
- The choice, format and nature of the indicator set needed for the
monitoring and management of climate change impacts within MPAs –to
choose a preliminary quick and applicable set of indicators
- The development of operational guidelines for a regional monitoring
programme for MPAs and climate change (MedPAN North project)
- Collaboration with other Mediterranean programmes to understand and
agree how MPA management may best be coordinated with the
Mediterranean climate change monitoring system
- Sharing climate change information, the range of adaptation tools
available, and how and what forms of information can be delivered to the
MPAs and other stakeholders
Slide # 31
Assumptions
1. MPAs should have basic monitoring already
2. Time series trends, including other exterior measures exits
3. Understanding of the different vulnerabilities on MPA features
4. Indicators vary across the network in time and effort
5. A broad communication strategy on the impacts of marine climate change is needed
Meteorological variables
Along the whole water column:
Dissolved oxygen
Inorganic nutrients
Chlorophyll-a
Basic monitoring needs to understand climate vs other stressors:
Slide # 32
How information will be bought together and analyzed at the MPA network level?
• Key recommendation: to form a volunteer group of interested
institutions that could help further develop and consolidate the proposed
monitoring program through a “Strategic Monitoring Action Framework”
improve and sharing knowledge, data analysis, understanding of
observations.
• Transmit to increase awareness, improve coordination.
• Key recommendation: RACSPA to continue its collaboration and assist for
the official adoption of Climate change indicators by the contracted
parties of the Barcelona Convention.
• Key recommendation: Strategic orientation for monitoring actions
• Key recommendation: A first set of indicators on monitoring (easy,
transmit information to managers, scientifically logic, assist regional
monitoring and modeling efforts, answer key questions to MPA managers)
Slide # 33
Category Indicator
SW Temperature Anomalies of Surface T
Episodic events Presence of jellyfish blooms and species
Presence of coral bleaching and necrosis (pathogen driven) of
other species
Algal blooms
Mass mortality events i.e. from hypoxia and anoxia caused by
stratification and overturn of water masses
Aggregation of organic matter like mucilaginous events
Reproductive change Occurrence of Posidonia flowering and seeds
Changes in sea turtle and sea birds breeding time
Migration changes Changes in migration patterns: date for seasonal species
Changes in ranges, distributions and abundance of temperature
sensitive species and alien species
Seasonality of benthic suspension-feeder species
Slide # 34
Discussion on next steps and interests of
MPAs Funded by the European Regional Development Fund through the European Union’s Med Programme
and RACSPA, the MedPAN North project is preparing operational guidelines for MPA managers and
the Mediterranean network of marine protected areas to address the issue of climate change in
Mediterranean MPAs.
Cladocora caespitosa
Zakynthos MPA, Greece.
What and how information can be delivered
to the MPAs and other stakeholders?
How can we identify values at risks and
vulnerabilities?
Set up monitoring frameworks for marine
biodiversity
Use of adaptive management
Slide # 35
Learn more on the MedPAN North stand!
Happy Hour at 6pm Contacts us:
IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation
Mar Otero: [email protected]
CIESM Tropical Signal Programme,
Paula Moschella: [email protected]
Tmed Net Initiative,
Joaquim Garrabou: [email protected]
MedPAN North project, Catherine Piante: [email protected]
IUCN WCPA, Dan Laffoley, [email protected]
