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Appendix A

Table of Cations Reactions 

 NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K 4Fe(CN)6(aq) Na2HPO4(aq)H2S in acid medium

H2S in alkalinemedium or (NH4)2S Others reagen

Al3+

White precipitatesoluble in excess.

White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate,soluble in mineral

acid and NaOH,insoluble inCH3COOH.

White precipitate. (a) Aluminon reagent: red precipitate.(b) CH3COONa: no precipitate; white

 precipitate when boiled.(c) K 2CrO4: orange yellow precipitate,

dissolve in mineral asid.

Ba2+ White precipitate inconcentrated

solution

White precipitate. White precipitate,soluble in HNO3 or 

HCl.

(a) Dilute H2SO4 or CaSO4(aq): white precipitate.

(b) (NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate,dissolve in hot CH3COOH.

(c) K 2CrO4: yellow precipitate.

Ca2+

White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate inexcess reagent.

(NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate, insolublein CH3COOH.

Cr 3+

Greyish green precipitate, soluble

in excess to formgreen solution.

Greyish green precipitate soluble in

excess to form purplesolution.

Greyish green precipitate.

Green precipitate,soluble in mineral

acids.

Greyish green precipitate.

(a) Exc ess NaOH + H2O2: yellowsolution.

(b) Acidified solution + H2O2: bluesolution blue precipitateyellow solution.

Cu2+

Blue precipitate,turns black when

heated.

Blue precipitate,soluble in excess to

 produce dark bluesolution. Soluble in

 NH4Cl.

Blue precipitate,turns black when

heated.

Redish brown precipitate soluble

in excess NH3(aq)to produce blue

solution.

Blue precipitate. Black precipitate,soluble in hot

HNO3.

Black precipitate. (a) SCN

: black precipitate.(b) KI: white precipitate in brown

solution.

Fe2+

Dirty green precipitate.

Dirty green precipitate,soluble in NH4Cl.

Dirty green precipitate.

Blue precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) K 3Fe(CN)6(aq): dark blue precipitate.(b) KMnO4/H

+: decolourisation at roomtemperature.

Fe3+

Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Dark blue

 precipitate.

Yellowish white

 precipitate, solublein mineral acids,

insoluble inCH3COOH.

Yellow precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) SCN

: blood red solution.

(b) K 3Fe(CN)6: brown solutin.(c) KI: brown solution/yellow/black 

 precipitate.(d ) K 2CrO4: orange brown precipitate.(e) CH3COONa: red solution, brown

 precipitate when heated.

Cation 

Reagent 

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 NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K 4Fe(CN)6(aq) Na2HPO4(aq) H2S in acid mediumH2S in alkaline

medium or (NH4)2SOthers reagent

Mg2+ White precipitate,

soluble in NH4Cl.

White precipitate,

soluble in NH4Cl.

White precipitate,

soluble in NH4Cl.

White precipitate,

soluble in mineralacid.

(a) Magneson reagent + NaOH: blue

 precipitate.(b) Na3PO4: white precipitate.

Mn2+ White precipitate,

turns brown.

White precipitate,

turns brown, soluble in

 NH4Cl.

Yellowish brown

 precipitate.

Yellowish brown

 precipitate turns

 brown when heated.

Yellowish brown

 precipitate.

(a) Sodium bismutate + HNO3: violet

solution.

(b) PbO2 + HNO3 (conc): violetsolution.

(c) K 2S2O8 + AgNO3: violet solution.(d ) NaClO + NaO: dark brown

 precipirate.

 Ni2+ Green precipitate. Green precipitate,

soluble in excessforms blue solution.Soluble in NH4Cl.

Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dimetilglioksima reagent + NH3:

red precipitate.(b) NaClO + NaOH: black precipitate.

Pb2+

White precipitate,soluble in excess.

White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate. Black precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dilute HCl: white precipitate,soluble when heated; reforms whencool.

(b) Dilute H2SO4: White precipitate,

soluble in (NH4)2C2O4.(c) KI: yellow precipitate, soluble

when is heated, reforms when cool.

(d ) K 2CrO4: yellow precipitate.(e) NaClO: dark brown precipitate.

Zn2+

White precipitate,soluble in excess.

White precipitate,soluble in excess,

soluble in NH4Cl.

White precipitate. White precipitate,soluble in alkali,

insoluble inmineral acid.

White precipitate,soluble in NaOH,

mineral acid or  NH4Cl.

White precipitate. K 3Fe(CN)6: orange brown precipitate.

 NH4+ Pungent gas

liberated whenheated.

Pungent gas liberated

when heated.

(a) Nessler reagent: brown precipitate.

(b) Heated with NaOH, gases evolvedtested with concentrated HCl: whitefume.

Cation 

Reagent 

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Appendix B 

Table of Ani on Reactions 

Dilute HCl or 

H2SO4Concentrated H2SO4 

BaCl2(aq) or 

Ba(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq)Pb(NO3)2(aq) atau

Pb(CH3COO)2(aq) FeCl3(aq) Others reagent

HCOO   Choking gas isliberated. Gas burned with a blueflame is liberated. White precipitate turns black. Dark red solution; brown precipitate when heated. (a

) KMnO4/H

+

: decolouration.(b) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:fragrant smell

CH COO3

 

Gas smell of vinegar isreleased when heated.

Gas of vinegar smell isreleased.

White precipitate inconcentrated solution,

soluble in HNO3 or  NH3(aq).

Red solution; brown precipitate when heated.

(a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:fragrant smell.

(b) Sodalime: gas burned with blue flamewithout soot.

C H C OO6 5

 

White precipitate,

soluble in hot water,white crystal formedupon cooling.

White precipitate,

soluble in hot water;white crystal formedupon cooling.

White precipitate,

soluble in hot water or  NH3(aq).

White precipitate. Yellowish-brown

 precipitate.

(a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:

fragrant smell.(b) Sodalime: gas burned with yellow flame

without soot.

C O2 4

2   Gas burned with blue

flame and gas turned limewater chalky when

heated.

White

 precipitate,soluble in HCl,

HNO3 or H2SO4.

White precipitate,

soluble in HNO3 or  NH3(aq).

White precipitate,

soluble in HNO3.

(a) KMnO4/H+: decolourised when heated.

(b

) CaCl2(aq): when precipitate.

Cl   White fume is formed. White precipitate,insoluble in HNO3 butsoluble in NH3(aq).

White precipitate,soluble in hot water; or concentrated HCl; white

crystal formed uponcooling.

MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): greenish-yellow gasis liberated.

Br    Redish-brown gas isliberated.

Light yellow precipitate, insolublein dulute HNO3 or 

 NH3(aq).

White precipitate,soluble in hot water,white crystal formed

upon cooling.

(a) MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): redish-brown gasis liberated.

(b) Cl2 /NaOCl(aq) + CCl4: redish-brown

colouration at the bottom layer.(c) Concentrated HNO3 and heated: redish-

 brown gas is liberated.

I   Brown fume is formed; purple fume formed whenheated.

Yellow precipitate,insoluble in diluteHNO3 or NH3(aq).

Yellow precipitate,soluble in hot water;yellow crystal formed

upon cooling.

Redish brown solution. (a) Cl2 water/NaOCl(aq)/Br 2 water + CCl4:redish violet colouration formed at the

 bottom layer.

(b) NaNO2(aq) + dilute asid: brown solutionand brown gas is liberated.

Anion

Reagent 

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Dilute HCl or 

H2SO4Concentrated H2SO4 

BaCl2(aq) or 

Ba(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq)Pb(NO3)2(aq) or 

Pb(CH3COO)2(aq) FeCl3(aq) Others reagent

CO3

2   Gas liberated can turnlime water chalky.

Gas liberated can turnlime water chalky.

White precipitate,

soluble in HClor dilute HNO3. 

White precipitateturned yellow in excess;

 become brown whenheated.

White precipitate,soluble in dilute HNO3.

Brown precipitate;gas liberated which turn

lime water chalky.

MgSO4(aq)/MgCl2(aq): white precipitate.

SO3

2   Brimstone smell gas/

 burnt sulphur,

gas decolouriseKMnO4/H

+.

Brimstone smell gas/

 burnt sulphur, gas

decolourise KMnO4/H+.

White

 precipitate,

soluble in HClor HNO3. 

White precipitate,

soluble in HNO3,

 NH3(aq), or SO32 inexcess; turn black 

 precipitate when heated.

White precipitate,

soluble in dilute HNO3.

Red solution; brown

 precipitate when heated.

(a) I2: decolourisation.

(b) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation.

(c) K 2Cr 2O7/H+: green solution.

S O2 3

2   Yellow precipitate; brimstone smell gas/

 burnt sulphur, gasdecolourise KMnO4/H

+.

Yellow precipitate; brimstone smell gas/

 burnt sulphur, gasdecolourise KMnO4/H

+.

White precipitate in

concentratedsolution.

White precipitate turn toyellow and then brown

and finally black; white precipitate soluble in

excess S2O32

.

White precipitate,

soluble in excess S2O32

;turn black precipitate

when heated.

Purplish solutiondecolourise.

(a) I2: decolourisation.(b) KMnO4/H

+: decolourisation.

(c) K 2Cr 2O7/H+: green solution.

(d ) Ammonium molybdate + H2SO4: blue ring.

S2   A foul (rotten egg),

smell was liberated, blackeningPb(CH3COO)2 paper.

A foul (rotten egg)

smell was liberated, blackeningPb(CH3COO)2 paper,

yellow precipitate.

Black precipitate,

soluble in hot HNO3.

Black precipitate. A yellow sediment in an

acidic medium. A black sediment in an alkalinemedium.

(a) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation,

yellow precipitate.(b) K 2Cr 2O7/H

+: green solution,yellow precipitate.

SO4

2   White precipitate,

insoluble inHCl or HNO3.

White precipitate,soluble in aqueous

ammonium ethanoate.

 NO2

  Brown fume liberated. Brown fume liberated. White precipitate inconcentrated solution,

soluble in HNO3 or  NH3.

Redish brown precipitated/solution

when heated.

(a) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation.

(b) K 2Cr 2O7/H+: green solution.

(c) FeSO4 + H2SO4: brown ring.(d ) Devarda alloy: pungent gas.(e) KI + dilute acid: brown sol.

 NO3

  Brown fume liberated. (a) FeSO4 + H2SO4: brown ring.(b) Devarda alloy: pungent gas.

(c) Concentrated H2SO4 pekat + Cu: brown

fume, blue solution.

MnO4

  (a) C2O42-/SO3

2-/S2O32-/NO2

- with H+:

decolourisation.

(b) S2-

: decolourisation, yellow precipitate.

Anion

Reagent 

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