The Modern Middle East and Rise of Islamic ExtremismThe Middle East After WWI• The Ottoman Empire after WWI was divided between France and Great

Britain – essentially becoming colonies under the ________________________________

• It is during this period that oil production began to boom in the Middle East and gained extreme regional importance, especially to modern Western nations

• In the small region of Palestine (historical/biblical homeland of Hebrews/Jews), Jewish immigrants increased causing tensions between Jews and Palestinians

• Nationalist regional leaders during this time began to push for independence from Europeans

The Middle East Since WWII• End of WWII led to ________________________________________ across the Middle East• Many places were taken over by

_________________________________________________________________ leaders who seized power

• The strict belief in Shiite and Sunni Islam and the wealth of the vast supplies of oil often complicated relations between the nations

• 1990 – Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait to seize oil – US invades to stop him (Persian Gulf War)

Soviet War in Afghanistan• When a ___________________________________________________occurred in Afghanistan in 1979 the Soviet Union

sent in its military in support• The _________________________and funded the Afghan forces battling the Soviets known as the

_________________________________• Young Osama bin Laden rises as a prominent leader

• Upon the defeat of the Soviets, Afghanistan fell under the control of a strict Islamic government called the Taliban• Implemented Sharia Law across the country

Rise of al-Qaeda• Osama bin Laden and another Mujahedeen fighter Ayman al-Zawahiri created an organization based on an extreme

interpretation of the Quran.• Al Qaeda claims to have ___________________________:

• Establish a caliphate of Muslim control over Middle East• Remove all infidels (non-Muslims) from Muslim lands

• View U.S. and allies as enemies ____________________________________________• Begin using acts of terrorism against civilian targets in Western countries to create fear

• 1993 – Car bomb at World Trade Center• 1998 – USS Cole bombed

9/11 Attacks• September 11, 2001 al-Qaeda carries out the deadliest terrorist attack in U.S.

history• ____________________________________________________________ by al-

Qaeda suicide terrorists• Crash two planes into the ____________________________________________

Center in New York• Crash third plane into the _______________________________ building in D.C.• Fourth plane crashes into field in Pennsylvania when passengers fight back• Nearly _____________________ Americans killed in the attacks• U.S. responds by launching the Global War on Terror

War in Afghanistan• U.S. learns that Osama bin Laden was behind that attacks• The _________________________________________ of Afghanistan had been protecting him and allowing him to plan

the attacks• U.S. responds by leading a NATO attack into Afghanistan in October 2001 to capture bin Laden and remove Taliban• _____________________________________________ at ousting the Taliban and overseeing democratic elections, the

war carried on as insurgents fought back until U.S. leaves in 2014• Nearly 2,500 U.S. soldiers killed

War in Iraq• In 2003 the U.S. led an invasion of Iraq based on two claims:

1. Iraq’s dictator Saddam Hussein was helping al-Qaeda2. Iraq secretly had Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)

• Like Afghanistan, the war was initially successful as the U.S. ____________________________________ and held democratic elections

• Between 2003 and 2011 the U.S. battled an _________________________________and still has troops present overseeing the Iraqi Army’s fight against extremists - Nearly 4,500 U.S. casualties

Rise of Islamic Extremism• The insurgencies in Afghanistan and Iraq led to the rise and spreading of extremist Islamic groups and beliefs• Claims of U.S. and other western involvement in Muslim lands, as well as support for the existence of Israel, fuel these

beliefs• Groups such as al-Qaeda begin operating against U.S. troops across the middle east• Bin Laden is killed by Navy SEALS in May 2011, but splinter groups of al-Qaeda carry on such as Al-Qaeda in Iraq; al-Qaeda

in YemenThe Arab Spring

• Beginning in the spring of 2011 a ______________________________________________ and uprisings spread across the Middle East

• Students and others organize against existing dictators over factors such as political oppression and unemployment• Many of them use ________________________________ such as twitter and Facebook to organize their efforts• Several long-time dictators are

__________________________________ and democracies are established

• Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, etc…

Syrian Civil War• During the Arab Spring, Syria erupts into civil war between forces loyal to the dictator Bashar al-Assad and those who

want to overthrow him• ___________________________________ is still ongoing an hundreds of thousands have been killed• In 2013 an al-Qaeda fighter in Iraq named Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi creates ISIS and sends fighters into the Syrian Civil War

Rise of ISIS• Al-Baghdadi uses his recruits to begin taking control of land in the war-torn areas of Iraq and Syria beginning in 2013• Also begin controlling oil-fields which bring in huge amounts of money to fund operations• ISIS stands for ________________________________________________________________• Begin recruiting thousands of soldiers from across the disaffected Muslim populations of the Middle East and Europe• Use a powerful propaganda machine and social media to recruit members

Goals of ISIS• Create a _______________________________________________________ (Islamic Government) and establish Islam as

the supreme form of government for all Muslims around the world• Leader claims to be a direct descendent of Muhammad which gives him

legitimacy to lead the caliph• Propaganda has influenced Muslims around the world to join him

• Ultimate goal is to wage the great war against all non-Muslims around the world that they believe was predicted in Muhammad’s teachings

• This is why they have carried out attacks not just in the Middle East, but in Europe and the U.S.

ISIS Terrorist Attacks• Many, many more attacks have occurred and killed huge numbers across the Middle East, but the ones that target

European and US civilians have received the most coverage.1. - November 2015

• Gunmen attack restaurant and nightclub in Paris killing 130 and wounding 4002. – December 2015

• Husband and wife attack a government center in California killing 14 and injuring 22• Not directly tied to ISIS, but influenced by ideas and carried out based on ISIS beliefs

3. Brussels Airport Attack – March 2016• Three suicide bombers in Belgium kill 32 at the airport and train station in Belgium’s capital

4. – June 2016• Omar Mateen, a 29-year-old security guard, killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in a terrorist attack/hate

crime inside Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida5. Bastille Day Attack (Nice, France) – June 20166. Berlin Christmas Market – December 20167. (Manchester, England) – May 2017