MR. LIPMAN’S APUS MR. LIPMAN’S APUS CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER TWO

England Begins SettlementEngland Begins Settlement

Why England colonized Americas late Why England colonized Americas late

– First 1/2 of 1500s, England was Spain’s ally and hFirst 1/2 of 1500s, England was Spain’s ally and had ad little interest in competing with Spainlittle interest in competing with Spain

– In the 1530s, Henry VIII broke with the Catholic In the 1530s, Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church, setting off decades-long religious conflict and Church, setting off decades-long religious conflict and thus were not equipped to begin settlement of North thus were not equipped to begin settlement of North America when Spain did.America when Spain did.

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

South America and Mexico had been radically South America and Mexico had been radically altered by European contactaltered by European contact

North America in 1600 largely unclaimed and North America in 1600 largely unclaimed and unexplored unexplored

Early 1600s – 3 European powers make Early 1600s – 3 European powers make claims in 3 different parts of North America claims in 3 different parts of North America – 1607 – English at Jamestown 1607 – English at Jamestown – 1608 – French at Quebec1608 – French at Quebec– 1610 – Spanish at Santa Fe1610 – Spanish at Santa Fe

Queen Elizabeth (1533 – 1603) Queen Elizabeth (1533 – 1603) – Powerful and popular queenPowerful and popular queen– encouraged English expansion encouraged English expansion

English English “sea dogs” “sea dogs” – English pirates who plundered Spanish treasure English pirates who plundered Spanish treasure

ships and settlements (even though England and ships and settlements (even though England and Spain were technically at peace)Spain were technically at peace)

– Encouraged by ambitious Queen Elizabeth Encouraged by ambitious Queen Elizabeth – Most famous was Sir Francis DrakeMost famous was Sir Francis Drake

Travelled world; brought back huge amount of treasure Travelled world; brought back huge amount of treasure to England stolen from Spanishto England stolen from Spanish

Queen ElizabethQueen Elizabeth

Roanoke Roanoke – 1585 – island settled off coast of Virginia 1585 – island settled off coast of Virginia

by Sir Walter Raleigh by Sir Walter Raleigh

– Roanoke colonists disappeared; still a Roanoke colonists disappeared; still a mystery as to what happened to themmystery as to what happened to them

Spanish Armada Spanish Armada – Catholic Spanish King Philip II assembled “Invincible Catholic Spanish King Philip II assembled “Invincible

Armada” of ships to invade EnglandArmada” of ships to invade England

– Spanish wanted to end the Protestant Reformation and Spanish wanted to end the Protestant Reformation and take revenge for English raids by sea dogs take revenge for English raids by sea dogs

In 1588, the Spanish sailed for England In 1588, the Spanish sailed for England – English sea dogs attacked using better ships (faster, English sea dogs attacked using better ships (faster,

with better crews)with better crews)– Then huge storm (the “Protestant wind”) finished off the Then huge storm (the “Protestant wind”) finished off the

SpanishSpanish

Importance of the Spanish Armada to Importance of the Spanish Armada to EnglandEngland– England’s navy dominant in North Atlantic, England’s navy dominant in North Atlantic,

eventually led to England becoming world’s eventually led to England becoming world’s strongest ocean powerstrongest ocean power

– Dampened Spain’s fighting spirit Dampened Spain’s fighting spirit – England now displayed the characteristics that England now displayed the characteristics that

Spain earlier had: a strong, unified country under Spain earlier had: a strong, unified country under popular monarch, religious unity (Protestants had popular monarch, religious unity (Protestants had put down Catholics), and a strong sense of put down Catholics), and a strong sense of nationalismnationalism

1604 – peace treaty between English and 1604 – peace treaty between English and Spanish Spanish

England on the Eve of EmpireEngland on the Eve of Empire

England’s “surplus population” England’s “surplus population” – Population expanding ( 4 million – by 1600)Population expanding ( 4 million – by 1600)

– English land owners enclosed croplands for sheep English land owners enclosed croplands for sheep grazing, removing many people from the landgrazing, removing many people from the land

– Late 1500s – depression hit wool industry, putting Late 1500s – depression hit wool industry, putting many people out of workmany people out of work Puritans strong in these areasPuritans strong in these areas

– Laws of primogeniture – only eldest sons inherited Laws of primogeniture – only eldest sons inherited estates; ambitious younger sons (like Gilbert, Raleigh, estates; ambitious younger sons (like Gilbert, Raleigh, Drake) had to seek fortunes elsewhere Drake) had to seek fortunes elsewhere

Early adventurers (on their own) were Early adventurers (on their own) were unsuccessful unsuccessful

Joint-stock company, forerunners of the Joint-stock company, forerunners of the modern corporation, were perfected in modern corporation, were perfected in the early 1600s the early 1600s – Investors (“adventurers”) pooled capital to Investors (“adventurers”) pooled capital to

finance trips to the New World finance trips to the New World

KEY FACTORS FOR KEY FACTORS FOR ENGLAND’S COLONIZATIONENGLAND’S COLONIZATION

1.1. Defeat of SpainDefeat of Spain

2.2. Enclosure ActsEnclosure Acts

3.3. Primogeniture LawsPrimogeniture Laws

4.4. Joint-Stock CompaniesJoint-Stock Companies

JamestownJamestown Late 1606 – Virginia Company sent out 3 ships Late 1606 – Virginia Company sent out 3 ships

May 24, 1607 – about 100 colonists (all men) May 24, 1607 – about 100 colonists (all men) landed at Jamestown, along banks of James landed at Jamestown, along banks of James River (both named for the king) in VirginiaRiver (both named for the king) in Virginia

Map of JamestownMap of Jamestown

1608 – John Smith took control of colony and 1608 – John Smith took control of colony and set up strict ruleset up strict rule

– Smith was credited with saving the colonySmith was credited with saving the colony

– ““He who shall not work shall not eat.” It He who shall not work shall not eat.” It became the rule of the colony became the rule of the colony

In December 1607 Smith was captured and In December 1607 Smith was captured and subject to a mock execution by the Indian subject to a mock execution by the Indian chief, Powhatanchief, Powhatan

– Pocahontas “saved” Smith in ritual designed to Pocahontas “saved” Smith in ritual designed to show Smith the power of Powhatan and the desire show Smith the power of Powhatan and the desire of the Indians to live in peace of the Indians to live in peace

– Pocahontas became the intermediary between Pocahontas became the intermediary between Indians and colonists, preserving peace and Indians and colonists, preserving peace and providing the colonists with food providing the colonists with food

PocahontasPocahontas

Cultural Clash in the Cultural Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

1622 – 1644 – periodic attacks between Indians 1622 – 1644 – periodic attacks between Indians and settlersand settlers– Indians pushed back off land and killed by European Indians pushed back off land and killed by European

diseasesdiseases– 1622 – Indians attacked English, killing 347 1622 – Indians attacked English, killing 347

(including John Rolfe) (including John Rolfe) – Virginia Company called for “perpetual war” against Virginia Company called for “perpetual war” against

Indians Indians – English raids reduced native population and drove English raids reduced native population and drove

them further westward them further westward

1644 – 1646 –Powhatan War 1644 – 1646 –Powhatan War – Last effort of natives to defeat English Last effort of natives to defeat English – Indians again defeated Indians again defeated

Peace treaty of 1646Peace treaty of 1646– Removed Powhatan Indians from their Removed Powhatan Indians from their

original land original land – Formally separated Indian and English Formally separated Indian and English

settlement areas settlement areas

Powhatan Indians victim of the three Ds:Powhatan Indians victim of the three Ds:

– Disease, disorganization, disposabilityDisease, disorganization, disposability

– Foreshadowed what would happen to the Foreshadowed what would happen to the rest of the natives as white settlers moved rest of the natives as white settlers moved inland inland

Cultivation of tobacco Cultivation of tobacco

– 1612 – John Rolfe perfected curing the weed 1612 – John Rolfe perfected curing the weed to eliminate its bitter taste to eliminate its bitter taste

– Soon grown everywhere to fill unquenchable Soon grown everywhere to fill unquenchable desire for it in Europe desire for it in Europe

– Virginians pushed inward/westward (against Virginians pushed inward/westward (against Indians) for more landIndians) for more land

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economyTobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy

– Vital role in putting Virginia on firm Vital role in putting Virginia on firm economic footing economic footing

– Ruinous to soil when continuously planted Ruinous to soil when continuously planted

– Chained Virginia’s economy to a single Chained Virginia’s economy to a single crop crop

Representative self-government in Virginia Representative self-government in Virginia

– In 1619, the Virginia Company authorized In 1619, the Virginia Company authorized settlers to form an assembly (called the House settlers to form an assembly (called the House of Burgesses) of Burgesses)

– This was the first of many mini-Parliaments in This was the first of many mini-Parliaments in America America

Virginia soon became a royal colonyVirginia soon became a royal colony– James I grew hostile to Virginia; he hated James I grew hostile to Virginia; he hated

tobacco and distrusted the House of Burgesses tobacco and distrusted the House of Burgesses (a “seminary of sedition”)(a “seminary of sedition”)

– In 1624, the king revoked the charter of the In 1624, the king revoked the charter of the bankrupt Virginia companybankrupt Virginia company

– Virginia was made a royal colony, under the Virginia was made a royal colony, under the king’s direct control king’s direct control

1634 – Maryland founded by Lord Baltimore 1634 – Maryland founded by Lord Baltimore

– Wanted profit and refuge for fellow Catholics Wanted profit and refuge for fellow Catholics (who were discriminated against by Protestant (who were discriminated against by Protestant England)England)

Colony of Colony of MarylandMaryland

In 1649, Catholics threw their support behind the In 1649, Catholics threw their support behind the Act of TolerationAct of Toleration, which was passed by Maryland's , which was passed by Maryland's assemblyassembly

– The law guaranteed toleration to all Christians, but The law guaranteed toleration to all Christians, but decreed death to those who denied divinity of Jesus decreed death to those who denied divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheists)(Jews, atheists)

So in some ways, Maryland was less tolerant than So in some ways, Maryland was less tolerant than before law was passedbefore law was passed

The West IndiesThe West Indies

In the early 1600s Spain lost control of In the early 1600s Spain lost control of West IndiesWest Indies– Weakened by military overextension and Weakened by military overextension and

rebellion in Dutch provinces rebellion in Dutch provinces

England moved in to take over England moved in to take over – By the mid 1600s, England controlled several By the mid 1600s, England controlled several

important islands (including Jamaica) important islands (including Jamaica)

Sugar was foundation of West Indian economySugar was foundation of West Indian economy

Sugar planters had to import huge numbers of Sugar planters had to import huge numbers of African slavesAfrican slaves– From 1640 to 1690, 250,000 were importedFrom 1640 to 1690, 250,000 were imported– By 1700, blacks outnumbered whites 4 to 1 By 1700, blacks outnumbered whites 4 to 1 – West Indies are predominantly black to this day West Indies are predominantly black to this day

The West The West Indies and Indies and Carolina in Carolina in

the 17th the 17th CenturyCentury

Colonizing the CarolinasColonizing the Carolinas

In 1670, Carolina was founded, named for In 1670, Carolina was founded, named for Charles II Charles II

– The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters (Lords/ The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters (Lords/ Proprietors)Proprietors)

– These 8 hoped to use Carolina to supply their These 8 hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe silk, and olive oil to Europe

Early Carolina and Georgia Early Carolina and Georgia SettlementsSettlements

Rice became primary export of CarolinaRice became primary export of Carolina

– Rice was grown in Africa, so planters imported West Rice was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves African slaves

– These slaves were ideal because they were These slaves were ideal because they were experienced in rice cultivation and had genetic trait experienced in rice cultivation and had genetic trait that made them relatively immune to malaria that made them relatively immune to malaria

– By 1710, black slaves were a majority in Carolina By 1710, black slaves were a majority in Carolina

Virginia was dominated by aristocratic planters Virginia was dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally members of Church of who were generally members of Church of England England

Dissenters moved south to northern Carolina Dissenters moved south to northern Carolina – Poor farmers with little need for slavesPoor farmers with little need for slaves– Religious dissenters Religious dissenters

1712 – after fightin North Carolina was 1712 – after fightin North Carolina was officially separated from South Carolina officially separated from South Carolina – Both became royal colonies Both became royal colonies

GeorgiaGeorgia

– Founded in 1733 Founded in 1733 – Last of 13 colonies Last of 13 colonies

– Named for King George IINamed for King George II

– Founded by James OglethorpeFounded by James Oglethorpe

Purposes of GeorgiaPurposes of Georgia

– Chiefly was to serve as a buffer between the Chiefly was to serve as a buffer between the valuable Carolinas and Spanish Florida and French valuable Carolinas and Spanish Florida and French Louisiana Louisiana

– Served as a haven for debtors thrown into prison Served as a haven for debtors thrown into prison

– Determined to keep slavery out because poor Determined to keep slavery out because poor worried they would then be forced out by rich slave worried they would then be forced out by rich slave ownersowners

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies

Wide scattering slowed growth of cities; Wide scattering slowed growth of cities; made schools and churches difficult and made schools and churches difficult and expensive expensive

Some religious toleration existed Some religious toleration existed – Church of England was dominant faithChurch of England was dominant faith

ExpansionaryExpansionary– Excessive tobacco growing drove settlers Excessive tobacco growing drove settlers

westwardwestward

KEYS TO CHAPTER TWOKEYS TO CHAPTER TWO

1.1. 1600s sees rise of England’s 1600s sees rise of England’s Empire and fall of Spain’sEmpire and fall of Spain’s

2.2. Colonies develop differently and Colonies develop differently and independentlyindependently

3.3. Slavery is present in all coloniesSlavery is present in all colonies