Mr. Peter Best, Railways Horticultural Chief, looks happy ... · A group at the Oppenheimer Tower Gardens, Soweto. The Linleys (right), from Natal, found nothing new in a Zulu hut,

Mr. Peter Best, Railways Horticultural Chief, looks happy with the results of his staff's efforts in reproducing the Institute crest in flowers. The Hon. F. W. Waring

and the President look pleased with it too!Photo: S.A.R. & H.

A group at the Oppenheimer Tower Gardens, Soweto. The Linleys (right), from Natal, found nothing new in a Zulu hut, but with the Tills and Mark Theron enjoyed their

outing to the Bantu areas.

48 JANUARY / JANUARIE 1969 Park Administration

Golf Course Management and Construction

by R. Wilson, District Officer, Parks and Recreation Department, Johannesburg

Golf . . . Is it that wonderful game from the Highlands of Scotland, or is it a form of mental torture and frustration to would-be golfers and greenkeepers alike? From a humble beginning, this game has grown to be the universal recreation of millions. The early golf records in South Africa are not very complete, but it is claimed by some that the first "course" was laid in Port Elizabeth, this being little more than bare veld, "no reflection on the Port Elizabeth Parks Department", beside the old Military Reserve. During Easter, 1903, the first really true South African Championship tournaments were held. This brought South African golf into line with the game as played at St. Andrews, the home of golf. Since those early days, the game has gone from strength to strength.

New York City's Parks Department's Dyler Beach Course in Brooklyn has 115,000 rounds played per year — from sunrise every six minutes, until dusk. Golfers arrive on week-ends, any time after 3.00 a.m., and wait for the course to be opened. With the registration of the first and each succeeding golfer, the waiting time increases with "waits" of five and six hours before teeing off being commonplace. I believe that the same situation arises in Great Britain and is even worse in Japan. The number of rounds played at the Huddle Park Golf Course, Johannesburg, has increased from 27,155 in 1944/45 to 91,852 during 1967/68 — more than treble the number; to overcome this to a degree, only one extra course has been constructed.

The excessive number of persons wanting to play on the Council Courses in Johannesburg, can be the result of a number of reasons. There has been a tremendous increase in golf popularity since the war; the old golfers are still playing, and the number of juniors has increased out of all proportion, probably inspired by Bobby Locke and Gary Player. There is also a widening appeal amongst all income groups; golf was previously looked upon as a rich man's sport — nowadays, 18 holes can be played for as little as 35 cents on the Municipal courses. Private courses have been closed down to make room for highways, markets, etc. The much improved conditions at the Huddle Park Golf Course have drawn many players, and the new types of golf clubs and balls provided today (making the game so much easier for the player) have also attracted more people to

Park Administration JANUARY/JAIMUARIE 1969 49

the game. This, incidentally, puts large sums of money into the pockets of the manufacturers and professionals.

We now have a situation where there are just enough courses to accommodate all the aspiring golfers, and, with the trend towards increased leisure, a further increase in potential golfers is inevitable. The only satisfactory answer to the problem is the construction of additional courses.

However, the provision of a golf course is the last item which authorities consider when the problem of local amenities arises. The rising costs of construction and maintenance and the limited availability of suitable land reduces the prospects of any new private courses being constructed. Thus it would appear that the public bodies are saddled with the problem of providing this form of recreation.

Compared with the number of private courses, public courses are rather meagre in South Africa; as far as I can ascertain, there are only those in Durban and Johannesburg. Some of the public courses overseas have private clubs attached to them, but these clubs have no special rights or privileges compared with the general public (I feel that this is a very important point); they are merely a collection of golfers who organise their own competitions and activities within the facilities offered.

The examination of the balance sheets of most Municipal golf courses will show a substantial loss to the ratepayers. Should this loss be borne completely by the ratepayers, or should the fees be increased to make it more realistic? There are various means of obtaining from the golfing public a larger share of the costs of these amenities; however, our local authorities appear loath to apply these means. I would say that a rise in the charges for golf is long overdue — there could be a sliding scale of charges covering play at certain times of the

days, say, during mid-week, green and caddy fee, 40 cents, and on week-ends and holidays, 50 cents. This will also help spread the peak demand over a longer period if consideration is given to levying a premium charge on Saturday afternoons and Sunday mornings. Sale of score cards (free issue is abused), hire of caddy carts and clubs, rental for professional shop and catering facilities, are all means whereby money can be brought into the Municipal coffers. It is preferable to have recreational facilities with higher charges, than none at all.

Golfers are a nation all of their own; what will please some, will make others complain bitterly. With this in mind, the superintendent will find his work much easier to bear. It must be noted that the Municipal golfer frequently feels that the Municipal course is his. Rightly so, but not his to abuse. Many practice shots taken from tees are unneces- ary and could only be controlled by having a ranger at each tee, which would be unrealistic. The practice is is the cause of constant renovation to tees. A funny thing about public golfers is that many of them will tee off from a worn area, regardless of where the markers may be located; this also applies to practice greens.

The public golfer embraces a range from scratch players down to those who are just rank beginners. Anyone having the equipment and the prescribed fee is welcome. This results in excessive wear and thousands of loose divots. The low handicap players are always trying to improve their game, and they, too, put unrecorded traffic and wear on the course by playing two or more balls, by practising chip shots and putting, all, of course, when not being observed by the official on duty. People who play golf expect ideal conditions at all times. However, at certain times of the year, "Spring operations" do cause inconvenience to players — this cannot be helped. It is sound policy to ex

50 JANUARY/JANUARIE 1969 Park Administration

plain the reasons why such operations must be carried out. It the position is explained briefly, golfers accept the fact and, in turn, will counter any criticism arising from other golfers, it pays to take the gomng public into your confidence and to dispel any thoughts that you are a dictator as far as the course is concerned, and that the operation will be carried out whether the golfers like it or not. These operations should be carried out with the least possible inconvenience to piayers. It is clear that most of the many golfers playing over the public courses are novices — I would estimate 5 out of 10.

Common complaints of golfers are listed as follows:—

Greens

1. Surface not perfectly true.2. Too soft — balls marks badly

repaired.3. Uneven texture.4. Pin placement, at times, unfair.5. Cups not moved often enough.6. Cups dirty — grass growing

around the edges.7. Cups not properly replaced,

being either too high or too low.8. Approaches not merged into

fairways and greens.9. Grass mowings left near the

green.Traps

1. Inadequately raked.2. Too little sand for explosive

shots.3. Edged inadequately.4. Constructed so that they re

strict the back swing.Fairways

1. Lies poor.2. Divots not repaired.

3. Often too tight for second wood shot, being cut too short.

4. Rough not lush near the edge of fairway.

Tees1. Not smooth, undulations.2. Not firm enough.3. Markers not moved often

enough.4. Markers not squared-up with

the correct line of flight.5. No water in ball washes.

Planning a Golf Course and Surrounds

The design and lay-out of Municipal courses is governed by the amount of money available for the purchase of land and for construction costs. Although much of the success will obviously depend on the material advantages of soil, landscape, water and accessibility, its golfing qualities and enjoyment come primarily from the skill with which the arrangement of holes has been adjusted to the land and their individual merits consequently enhanced. A pleasing course plan and a fair test of playing skill must be provided. High quality turf on greens, tees and fairways is essential for good play, but will receive only casual player recognition and appreciation if the design is faulty or uninteresting. The lay-out is, above all, a compromise — it strikes a balance between the hoped for ideal and the practical solution; if the land has been poorly used, it is unlikely that any big advantages can be secured without sacrifice elsewhere. It will, however, always be found that slight room for improvement will be found as the lay-out takes shape. There should be no comment that the layout is good enough for a Municipal course. The public should have as good as, if not better than, private clubs.

Good golf course architecture requires a sound knowledge of the

Park Administration JANUARY/JANUARIE 1969 51

game, practical engineering and landscape architecture, as well as an ability to manage labour and utilise construction equipment efficiently. It must consider all the items of site selection, cost of property, and cost of construction of the course. Ample space must be provided to avoid cramping, and the artistry of the landscape construction must always be considered; in short, every advantage should be taken of the natural features of the land. The best method is to follow the American pattern of a country club, catering for the whole family, with adequate provision for tennis, fishing, horse riding, swimming and bowls.

The Site

This is of primary importance. A location convenient and attractive to the majority of local players, as well as transient golfers, should be selected. Although there are vast areas not built upon, there is a desperate shortage of land in urban centres, resulting in staggering prices. However, the ever-widening ownership of personal transport should guarantee the success of any new course in outlying areas from the centre of population. The aspect of making better use of land must be in the forefront of parks men's minds, for, when the demand for land rises, the most likely sufferers are those requiring space for recreational use. Golf courses should be planned to act as green belt wedges; they are sources of deep pride to officials and communities owning them, with their green grass, white sand, tranquil pools and stately trees.

The common mistake in site selection is to choose an area too small to provide an adequate lay-out. For the best design, a course of 18 holes requires between 160 and 200 acres. Small tracts necessitate tight layouts, requiring designs which throw some holes close together and parallel to each other. This results in dull and uninteresting lay-outs, where a sliced or hooked shot from

adjoining fairways may become dangerous when play is heavy. A gently rolling site is preferable to one that is very hilly or flat. The hilly course is generally too strenuous for many players. Topography that eliminates the necessity for blind holes and arduous climbs (very important to women and elderly players) should be sought. In addition, the rugged course is more costly to construct and more difficult and expensive to maintain. The increasing use of caddy carts is also a factor to be considered in this type of course, controlling carts on steep slopes is difficult and irksome. The flat course is uninteresting and can only be helped in this respect by judicious planting of trees, and much landscape work, which is costly.

The ideal property for a golf course is a gently rolling site, irregular in shape, with the long dimension north and south. This will avoid the problem of playing into the sun on every other hole. There should be a minimum amount of tree clearance and earth moving. Soil that is capable of producing good turf under proper management is necessary. The property should be well drained; the provision for removal of excess surface and sub-surface water often requires expensive installations or an excessive amount of soil moving and grading. A stream, lake or pond, is a decided asset, making possible the inclusion of interesting water holes, and can often be used as a source of water for turf maintenance on the course. Availability of water is essential. The cost of land, the revenue producing value of the location and community recreation must also be borne in mind.Property Survey

A topographical survey of the entire area is a must. It is practically impossible to plan or contruct a thoroughly fine course without such a survey. The findings will be borne in mind throughout the entire period of course construction, especially in the grading, drainage and water supply phases of the work. All these


items require an accurate survey to avoid errors. The survey should show elevations of property, location of trees and groves, all streams, ravines, swamps, stone out-crop- pings and boundaries. A scale of 100 feet to the inch is preferable. An aerial survey of the property is also desirable.

The location for the club-house should be on a slight knoll, near the starting and finishing holes. A flat area to provide for ample parking space, a practice green, swimming pool and garden lay-out, and an area for practice range for wood and iron shots convenient to the club-house, must be shown on the plan. When these practice facilities are located, they can be floodlit, thereby providing an added source of revenue. To all this, must be added the general traffic and service roads, and housing for staff (European and Bantu). Fairway Design

This is an integral part of the course planning. After the route and length of the holes have been determined in relation to the topography of the site, the fairways are located accurately on the plan. Their design is based on planned strategy of play, and should provide fair tests of skill for both the long and short players. Modern fairway design employs traps primarily for directing shots, rather than punishing them. Here again, traps should take on a natural appearance; quick drainage, ease of machine maintenance and avoidance of sand waste by excessive washing. They should have gentle slopes which merge naturally into the fairway and the trap faces must be so designed that they are seen easily from locations where shots are normally played.

Trees can often be used to accentuate the playing strategy of a hole, or to increase the beauty of the landscape. Good long-lived trees should be used and planted in large masses, similar to the way they grow in a natural forest. This also acts as a protection from flying golf balls.There should be ample space be

tween greens and tees, and the surrounding trees on all sides in wooded areas.

In locating trees, long walks between greens and tees should be avoided. Back-tracking from the green may subject players to the risk of being hit by approach shots. Similarly, a wild drive must not endanger players on nearby greens. Out-of-bounds shots should not menace traffic on roads bordering the course.Length of Holes

In a course with an average length of 6,400 to 6,500 yards, it is possible to reduce or add 200 to 300 yards to its length by having alternate tees or, better still, large tees which permit moving the tee markers within a range of 10 or more yards. This type of lay-out is very practical for a course where the play is heavy and on which there are all classes of play in all kinds of weather. The length of a par 3 hole should be between 100 and 250 yards; a par 4 between 300 and 500 yards; and a par 5 between 500 and 600 yards. Fairways should broaden to a maximum width of approximately 200 to 250 yards, like a bottle neck. The average width is between 35 and 50 yards, depending on the hole.Par Rotation

A good short course should be approximately 6,200 yards in length, an average course 6,400 to 6,500 yards, and one of long championship calibre 6,700 to 7,000 yards. The accepted standard for an 18 hole course includes 4 par 3 holes, 10 par 4 holes and 4 par 5 holes, for a total par of 72. Similar par holes in the rotation of holes should be avoided.

Consecutive holes having approximately the same yardage or character, are also undesirable. Wherever practicable, holes should be varied to approximately the following par rotation: 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4. This eliminates consecutive holes having the same par, and satisfactorily distributes the par 3's and 5's. It also


permits a sufficient number of long holes before the first par 3, to get the play out and away quickly on a crowded course. This is particularly desirable on public courses.

The actual lay-out of the course must be pleasing to the average player whose shots seldom exceed 200 yards. At the same time, the course should be a test of skill for the expert. A sound design will incorporate restraints against monotonous par shattering by the experts, and still permit the great majority of golfers to score comfortably. Arguments often arise in the planning stages as to whether the course should be designed for the long or the short hitter, the skilled or the hacker, and whether for championship or regular play. It can be planned for all; this is accomplished largely through long tees, strategic placement of hazards and provision of alternate routes. The long tees permit placement of three or more sets of tee markers, so the lay-out is actually three courses in one, with yardage for the skilled, medium for the average, and short for the beginners and women. Hazards are placed to keep the game interesting for the low handicapper and still not discourage the amateurs. Hazards are also arranged in relation to greens and tees, so the less skilled can use an alternate, but safe route, if he is content to reach home a stroke over regulation.

The present fashion in architecture should be strategy and the setting of a series of problems (these being the arch enemies of golfers) such as ponds, dams, sluits and traps, so that the player has to think out the best shot to play in order to reach the hole. The game should provide mental as well as physical exercise.

The lay-out should be such that, if possible, no two consecutive holes are played with or against the same wind, and each hole should have distinct characteristics. The up and down system of lay-out is both dull and monotonous and should, at all

costs, be avoided. However, the layout is always dependent upon the shape of the selected land and the funds available for development. Many well-conceived golf course schemes have been spoilt at the outset by faulty construction, inadequate top soil, poor drainage, poor bunker construction and tree hole preparation. This leads to increased costs as well as much inconvenience to players in the future.Greens

In laying out and constructing greens, the future maintenance should be borne in mind; avoid features which will make work. For example, large steep undulations on a green surface must be avoided, as this wastes space and causes many problems, such as skimming by the mower, shortage of pin placement space, and green areas which do not earn their keep. There is also risk of drought, localised dry spots occur on mounds and matted turf forms below. These problems constantly require special care. It is absolutely essential anywhere to construct putting greens on a drainage foundation and to add pipe drainage, if necessary. A uniform layer of soil, 9 inches deep, is required; if the soil is heavy, it should be lightened with organic matter and sand. I prefer to plant the grass by "tu fts" rather than by sodding, as it has been found that the latter method causes the "nap" to run in all directions, unless the sods are removed and replaced in the same lines.

Greens should be elevated and highlighted by the adjacent bunkers and mounds which enables players to see what lies ahead and quickly and accurately judge the distance of the shot, select the right club and get on with the game without wasting time. The size, shape, elevation, opening and trapping should vary, so that they will offer a pleasurable game and a test of skill to the player. The green surface should be true, uniform in colour and speed, and should be capable of holding the ball on the line of putt. The golfer


will excuse many blemishes, provided that he can putt accurately. Good greens should never be absolutely level; slight undulations and slopes must be provided. Greens may be tilted left or right, but never from front to back. The surface of the green should be visible from the point at which the stroke is meant to be played. The smallest greens should be on holes with the shortest and least difficult approach shots, and the iargest ones on the holes with the longest and most difficult approaches. The average size of a green should be between 7,000 and9,000 square feet — this does not include the slopes and shoulders, which might be an essential part of construction.

Greens should have a watering system, electrically or hydraulically controlled, if funds are available and if possible, the approaches or aprons should also be covered by this system. This saves a great deal of labour and does a better watering job. Modern techniques and modern golf clubs are not intended to encourage the "scuffle" approach shot.

The use of properly adjusted mowing equipment that is in good condition is essential on putting greens. The direction of cut should be changed each time the green is mowed, and numerous directions of cut should be used — this will reduce the "grain" or "nap". The best putting surfaces are maintained when greens are cut daily at the same depth as bowling greens, brushing and scarifying relieves matting and "stemminess" in the grass and develops a more upright growth. Vigorous fast growing stoloniferous grasses require heavier and more frequent brushing and cutting and careful feeding and watering than the slower growing forms.

Some grasses are more disease resistant, or recover more rapidly following fungus attacks. Others may have a greater tolerance to injury caused by herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. Because of the differences in the way each grass reacts to maintenance prac

tices, it is impossible to establish blanket rules for fertilisation, top dressing, watering, and the many other necessary maintenance operations. If the reasons for, and the effects of, each one are understood, they can be adjusted to meet the local conditions. The quantities and rates of fertiliser are influenced by the amounts of water available. Fertiliser use has a direct bearing on clipping frequency, top dressing and similar operations which control putting quality.

Lastly, greens should not be so soft that the "run” of a poorly played shot is checked; however, a properly played ball must hold. An attempt should be made to keep the greens free from those "pitch" marks, by the players themselves repairing this damage.Tees

There is no portion of the golf couse which receives less treatment than the tees, yet these are the most heavily used of any part. The tees have a gruelling time, especially on busy week-ends and holidays; they are comparable with the goal-mouth of the football field. I would say that there is nothing more objectionable nor ugly than a tee which has been cut to pieces by clubs or constant traffic.

Tees should be designed with slopes and elevations which blend into the surrounding landscape naturally, and lend themselves to good drainage and machine mowing. Rectangular plateaux must be avoided; large tee areas will provide better playing conditions, as markers can be moved more frequently and grass given sufficient time to cover over. Turf on tees should be dense and firm, cut close enough so that the ball can be teed up clear of uncut grass at a proper height for the type of shot to be played. Surfaces should be reasonably dry and sufficiently resilient to provide a firm stance. Grass must be kept free from any tendency towards matting or sponginess — this is particularly important on iron-shot holes where


turf is taken (divot) in making the shot. A fast growing grass like Kikuyu is best suited where traffic is heavy.

FairwaysGrass of good playing quality

should be dense enough to hold up a ball and firm enough to provide a good stance and the necessary club- head resistance for all types of shots. It must be clipped sufficiently close to provide a good lie — i inch depth usually twice a week, is required. The shot is much more difficult for the average player when the ball rests "in" in the grass, instead of "on" it. Thin open turf requires closer cutting to provide good lies, than dense and firm turf. Any tendency towards fluffiness or matting is undesirable; soft grass is especially objectionable, and hard, compact soil, covered with weeds, causes poor lies and seriously affects playing conditions. In fertilisation, the most important nutrient is nitrogen, with applications of 2.3.0 or 2.3.2, as required. Cuttings are always returned on the fairways, so the cycle is retained. The aim of good management on every golf course should be to produce and maintain a turf which fulfills the playing requirements.

Approaches or ApronsApproaches or aprons to golf

greens should not be neglected; they should be maintained in a condition in height somewhere between the putting green and the fairways. Fertilising, worm killing, weeding and watering should be on a par with the green. There is a need not only to merge the fairways into the greens, but also to provide a run-up to the putting green (mostly required for beginners). A good approach is a standby when the green requires renovating or resting. On the aprons, undue deflection of the ball on approach and run-up shots must be prevented; here again, as on the greens, steady undulations must be sought.

HazardsHazards or sand traps should be

large and limited in number. Fairway bunkers should be designed to cover the play of the hole and then to penalise the scratch player's shot, which has not been quite good enough. Bunkers should be placed in positions to gauge the next shot to be played "distance wise" and also to indicate the correct route to the green. They should not be regarded as a hazard to trap players. Modern courses should not contain any hidden or invisible bunkers or hazards. This is not always possible at the Huddle Park Golf Course, as sand traps are used on either side of the green to help prevent the encroachment of Kikuyu grass on to the green. The narrow strip between the green and the fairway, so formed, approximately 30 to 60 feet, is laid with polythene, 12 inches deep. This is a big help in preventing the Kikuyu roots running wild into the fine grass. Bunkers add to the maintenance costs, but are a necessary evil.

The main items for consideration are raking, weeding, replacing of sand, and the sweeping up of sand from putting greens after a shot has been played (this latter item causes untold damage to mowers, if not attended to). Dams, waterways, ditches, etc., are the remaining hazards to be kept clean and tidy — this can be done quite easily with good rough-cut machines.

The remaining areas on a golf course constitute the rough. The tendency today is to mow the grass at regular intervals, keeping it within reasonable bounds. An overgrown rough leads to much inconvenience and delay because of lost balls. Rough in the Transvaal should be cut very low just before the winter months, the cuttings raked off and compost made. This helps in the control of fire, which is one of the most destructive and difficult to control of all golf course problems on public courses. Further than this, all that is required is judicious plant


ing of trees and the merging of the rough into the fairways.The Club-House

This should be economical to run, and convenient to players. Light and air should be plentiful; sanitation must be first class, and dressing rooms large with proper facilities (lockers, foot stools, etc.). Air conditioning could be installed and measures should be adopted to expedite service (an important corollary of which is less walking for the much-tired legs of the staff). The kitchen should be capable of serving first rate meals. The lounge should be furnished with comfortable and capacious armchairs, into which a person could sink in leisure, to rest golf-weary limbs and enjoy a drink; carpets and other articles of comfort should also be provided. This room should be redolent to the game of golf, in its pictures and photographs of famous players and notable occasions.

However, I am afraid that this would not be in keeping with the usual austere municipal buildings, where the barest essentials are provided.

It is not a pleasant thought that as soon as a player leaves the premises, he wishes to have no further visual reminder of the game. There are times, after a particularly poor round, when this is understandable, but must it be a permanent state of mind? Surely there is more to the game than some figures pencilled on a piece of cardboard. The social side of the game, both before and after, it very important, and cannot be enjoyed unless congenial surroundings are at hand. It is also vital that the visitor should be welcomed by a cheery face, and told what facilities are available in a pleasant manner. The visitor should also be able to change his clothes in a suitable changing-room, and be sure that they are free from theft.

Lastly, there should be a spacious veranda overlooking a well-laid-out garden, the practice putting green, and the 18th hole, if possible.

Refreshment Kiosk or Half-way House

Here again, the building and all its contents, fridges, heating plates, etc., should be in tip-top condition — there is nothing more degrading for the officer in charge to direct the public to a third-rate eating house. Toilet facilities should also be borne in mind for this area. This is also a good region for the professional shop, as all golfers pass this area.Equipment

Equipment required with a minimum of hard labour, will vary from course to course, depending on the topography, architecture, and physical conditions. The following list includes those items which, ordinarily, are required where a high standard of maintenance is required: one truck (tip), two tractors, one power sprayer, two sets gang mowers, one set rough gang mower, three to four power green mowers, two power tee mowers, one 10 ft. fertiliser distributor (tractor drawn), one 3 ft. fertiliser distributor, one aerifier or corer, and a shed to house the aforementioned.

Golfing equipment required for the course is as follows: cup cutter, hole tins (eighteen, plus a few extra for thefts, etc.), one cut setter, flag poles and flags (nine white and nine red), tee markers and distance par and stroke markers, tee benches and rubbish receivers. To these items can be added the normal hand tools, forks, rakes, etc. A special item would be the irrigation system, pumps and motors, water lines with connecting valves, sprinklers, hoses and drinking fountains.Equipment Maintenance and Repair

This is one of the most important items of golf course operation, particularly in this day of widespread use of power mowers and other mechanised equipment. It is imperative to have a man with some mechanical ability who can be responsible for the everday care and maintenance of equipment. Each mower and tractor operator should


be held responsible for the cleaning, lubrication, and everyday care of the equipment he uses, but few are competent in repairs and adjustments to mowers and motors. Necessary adjustments, mower settings and repairs should be the responsibility of the mechanic or the official in charge. The most needed replacement parts should be kept on hand at the course, and a regular check made of the spare part inventory to keep it up to date. The primary factors to be considered in maintaining all equipment are inspection, cleaning, lubrication, adjustment, operation and storage. It is false economy to operate machinery beyond its period of usefulness. When a machine reaches the point where it must be continually repaired and adjusted to keep it in operation, it is more economical to discard it and replace it with a new unit. If yearly depreciation on all equipment units is properly set up in the budget, and this amount is reserved for replacements, the problem can be simplified.Golf Course Operation

Golf course operation consists essentially of effective organisation and sound budgeting of available funds, efficient management of labour and equipment, and maintenance of accurate records of costs and operations. Maintenance of the modern golf course requires a wide range of knowledge and experience. This demands the services of a trained man, whose qualifications include good executive ability and a thorough working knowledge of the technical phases of growing turf to meet the requirements of golf. He must be able to handle labour and to maintain adequate operating schedules and necessary records. He must have a faculty for the orderliness and neatness which is essential in the well kept course. He must also have a fair knowledge of mechanics, be capable of keeping expensive equipment in repair at a minimum cost, and understand the requirements of the game, being

alert to foresee impending trouble, before playing conditions are impaired. It is his responsibility to maintain the best playing conditions possible on all areas of hte course.

The management of a course should be in the hands of a competent official who should be given full responsibility for operation within the limits of general policy formulated by the public body. Courses can only improve in quality and provide more enjoyable golf when a competent official is given complete authority to operate within an adequate budget.Records

Records of day-to-day operations should be kept by the official; such records are important for the part they play in acquainting the Head of the Parks Department with the problems of course maintenance; they provide a good picture of the operation, activities and costs. Accurate records greatly simplify the preparation of a comprehensive budget and report. They constitute an itemised record of expenditure for the entire season. The official should keep records throughout the year of the dates, amounts, and areas of all applications of fertilisers, top dressing, fungicides, etc. These records should be correlated with periodical evaluations of the condition of greens, tees, fairways, etc.Management of Labour

This constitutes a major problem, due to the shortage of steady reliable Bantu. A skeleton crew of trained permanent workers should be paid a higher wage to hold them. The other labour that may be required is drawn from the normal channels. A general standard as to how many men are required to maintain an average 18 hole golf course, is difficult to ascertain. Much depends upon the design and physical characteristics of the course in relation to adaptability to efficient maintenance with modern mechanised equipment, the number and extent of sand traps, and the degree of


excellence of playing conditions. Staff required for course duties would be: a supervisor, superintendent or manager at the head, followed by the green-keeper, then the tractor drivers (two would be required), four machine operators and one boss boy, followed by fifteen to twenty labourers. To this must be added the recorder or clerk, caddy master, cleaner, and police, for duties at the club-house.

Caddies

Caddies are usually drawn from casual labour — mostly youngsters looking for a fast dollar. The control of the above poses quite a problem at the Huddle Park Golf Course, as between 300 and 450 are required during peak periods. I have found that by having two caddy yards controlled by two police boys, the mad rush to grab bags is curtailed. Batches of 50 caddies at a time are marched from the main marshalling yard to the issuing point, where they are taken over by the caddy master, who organises the issuing.

In South Africa, most of us are just too lazy or spoilt to man-handle a bag of clubs around the course, yet why should we, when there is a large non-European population prepared to carry out this inconvenience for a fee. Caddies are very much an unsavoury part of the game, yet golf without a caddy is like soda without whisky. Golfers, as a class, take very little interest in their caddies, beyond considering them as necessary evils, useful as beasts of burden, and to be treated with suspicion, owing to their propensity to lose balls, either from lack of attention, or with the full intent to "find" such balls and sell them to some insufficiently scrupulous golfer.

The job of maintaining and promoting the turf, and the eliminating of undesirable features, usually passes unnoticed, but criticism is quickly levelled if normal conditions are not present through one or more operations being carried out, such as deep

coring or scarification. However, it is an asset if officials learn to accept criticism with a calm attitude (this is beyond me), and realise that the condition of the course and those who look after it, are open to criticism at all times, particularly if short putts are missed. At any rate, without the problems and pressure, the services of many of us engaged in turf production would be dispensed with, so I say "God bless all Golfers!"

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Botne f » n die Toekomsdeur J. E. Repton, Direkteur van Parke en Ontspanning, Pretoria

Grondstruktuur en plantegroei is die twee belangrikste materiale in beide die natuurlike- en beplande landskap as 'n agtergrond vir geboue en die alledaagse lewe.

Die mees prominente eienskap van hierdie agtergrond is dan ook die borne. Borne dien baie doele in die geheel ontwerp en is as sulks belangriker as die ornamentale waarde daarvan. Dit is dan ook alleenlik wanneer ons ten voile van die bates gebruik maak dat ons al die aspekte van hul skoonheid waarneem.

Van die hele planteryk is die boom die mees uitstaande en oorleef dan ook die ander plantegroei, is groter en oor die algemeen breër van voorkoms. Hulle is die statige vorste in die landskap en tuin en is dan ook nog soms ouer as ons vaders en oupa's. Vanweë dié rede kan hulle dan ook aanspraak maak op die nodige respek en agting. Die Oerin- woner het na die boom omgesien met verering en ontsag.

Die feit dat die Oerinwoner borne verpersoonlik het, was moontlik ’n groter rede as wat hulle beset het, omdat daarin die fundamentele ver- skil tussen die planteryk en die diere- ryk, die boom is, wat inherent meer besit as wat ons as mens het, nl. altyd groeiende weefsels.

Baie spesies van borne maak meer gebruik van dié bate as ander, gevolglik lewe hulle dan ook langer en word baie oud, groot en massief. Om 'n paar voorbeelde aan te haal noem ons die palmagtige Draceana draco (die Draakboom). Hierdie boom het 'n lewensduur van ongeveer 6,000 jaar. Die Krematart bereik 'n omvang van 90 vt. en word ongeveer 5,000 jaar oud. Die sogenaamde Rooihout van Kalifornië, Sequoia sempervirens, word ongeveer 367 vt. hoog en 40 vt. in deursneë, terwyl die Eucalyptus regnans 320 vt. hoog word.

Die mees fantastiese feit is dan ook dat die Rooihout en andere, tonne water kan opsuig sonder die hulp van 'n pomp.

Die hedendaagse Fisioloog weet dat die vertikale beweeglikheid van sap hoofsaaklik toe te skryf is aan die buitengewone kohensie eien- skappe van die watermolekules. Met die beweging van sulke molekules neig hulle om hulle onmiddellike bure saam te neem. In die binnenetwerk van die boom is die vogweefsels en waterdraende haarbuisies aanwesig vanaf die wortels tot op die hoogste punte van die blare. By die punte eindig die haarbuisies in klein openingetjies op die blare waar water gedurigdeur verdamp. Sodra een molekule verdamp, neem 'n volgende een sy plek in, met ander woorde as gevolg van die molekule kohensiedruk beweeg die water op- waarts en vervang een volume molekule met 'n ander. As triljoene van die molekules verdamp, skuif die waterinhoud op in ooreenstemming met wat verdamp het.


LugbesoedelingIn ons stede word die lug kwaai

besoedel deur die industrië, rook uit huise asook die verkeer. Die nadeel daarvan is meer waarneembaar op plantegroei as op die mens. Onder normale omstandighede is die invloed van lugbesoedeling skaars waarneembaar op die mens.

Reeds in die jaar 70 N.C. het Plinius in sy Histora Naturalis melding gemaak van die skade wat deur rook veroorsaak word. Hierin word gemeld van plantegroei wat doodgaan in die omgewing van smelt- kroese.

Alhoewel plantegroei as sulks be- skadig word deur lugbesoedeling kan die plant nogtans 'n belangrike invloed uitoefen vir 'n verbetering in die varsheid van die lug.

Die inname uit die lug van skadelike gasse in die aktiwiteit van borne moet nie vergroot word nie en daar moet dan ook gewys word op die vele voorbeelde van borne wat hier ’n belangrike rol speel.

Die invloed wat sekere groen oop- gedeeltes in ons stede het op die beweeglikheid van sulke skadelike gasse is wel bekend. Die stofdeel- tjies wat as gevolg van winde hier- oor beweeg word deur die borne op- gevang en hulle dra dan die neerslag. Die onaktiewe materiaal afkomstig van dakke, mure en strate word deur die son verhit en bring 'n lug- stroom in werking wat vervang moet word deur die koeler groen spasies uit parke en die omliggende gebiede buite die stede en dorpe. Vanaf hierdie areas beweeg koel vars lug in om as onderlaag te dien vir die warm besoedelde lug.

Voorafgaande inaggeneem, moet oorweging verleen word aan die aanbevelings van Stadsbeplanners. Behuisingskomplekse en Industriële- gebiede moet ver van mekaar geleë wees en die spasie daartussen moet groen oop vlaktes wees. Behuisingskomplekse moet weer afgewissel word met groen aangeplante parke.

sportvelde en ontspanningsgebiede omdat die aktiewe en passiewe ontspanning op groot skaal aangepak moet word terwyl klein spasies ver- my moet word, wat die grootste moontlike gebied sal meebring vir die sirkulering van vars lug.

Verder moet daar borne langs alle strate aangeplant word. Dit is dan ook waarneembaar dat die Land- skapsargitek en die onderskeie Parke Afdelings 'n streng pleidooi rig vir borne terwyl die argitek skeppings wil optower ongeag die natuur en oopspasies.

Die Fisioloog vertel ons ook dat omstandighede houding bepaal en nie anders nie. C. Tunnard, 'n Land- skapsargitek en Stadsbeplanner, ver- wys na borne in die stede en wys daarop dat borne afwesig was in die stadsbeplanning tot ongeveer die 17de eeu, omdat stede beskou was as 'n aparte kompleks aan die een- kant en die wilde natuur aan die anderkant. Die stede en dorpies was klein en die natuur maklik bereikbaar en die strate was smal. Die hedendaagse kuns van stadsbeplanning het 'n definitiewe estetiese en ge- kontroleerde vorm.

,,Groen spasies as 'n gedeelte van die organiese struktuur van die stede het saam met die 17de eeu sowel as met die veranderde sosiale uitkyk gekom." (Vertaal)

Hy deel ten slotte mee dat die sogenaamde groen vorms altyd noodsaaklik en 'n integrale deel van die stedelike patroon sal wees. Oopspasies in ons stede met 'n kompli- mentêre patroon en aanvullende argitektoniese vreugde om aan die behoeftes van die mens te voorsien is 'n noodsaaklikheid.

Lewis Mumford deel mee: In die stede van die toekoms moet 'n groen strook deur elke kwart loop om sodoende 'n aaneenlopende band van tuin en wandelpad te vorm. Hierdie band moet wyer loop na die einde van die stad, om aan te sluit in bewaarde groen belde, sodat die tuin en die omliggende landskap nie


alleenstaande is nie, maar 'n integrals deel van die stedeling word.

Met die koms van die industriële revolusie het gemotoriseerde vervoer die stede begin oorneem en die strate het die voertuig oorgeneem en die voetganger moes tweede viool speel. Die motor is nou 'n dominante toevoegsel tot ons stede.

Min het Houssmann geweet dat deur die strate van Parys te verdeel in lane, hy 'n begin gemaak het met iets wat tot nogtoe onbekende stede ook sal vernietig. Die fantastiese argitektoniese konsep van laan ontwerp wat luister aan Parys verleen het, mag vir ons verregaande klink.

Die veronderstelde verantwoordelikheid van straatdominansie in die stedelike landskap, is dat strate die mees betekenvolle ondervinding in die stad moes wees. In plaas hiervan bly die strate 'n dobbelspel kata- strofe met die dood om elke hoek.

Die landskap van 'n straat word begrens, nie deur die reg-van-weg- strepe nie, maar deur die geboue aangrensend daaraan — dit geld vir die wolkekrabbers sowel as die voorstedelike huis. Daar het dan ook in alle strate of lane waar genoeg- saam spasie aanwesig is, borne op die sypaadjies verskyn om harmonie en indiwidualiteit aan die tuin en pad te verleen.

Baie van ons dorpe wat nog nie tenvolle ontwikkel is nie en dus nog nie al sy ou borne verloor het nie, word die gesigs- en klimaatsfaktore gespaar van 'n onderdak van borne op die landskap.

Die moderne straat oorheers ons samelewing orals. Ons stop, kyk en luister voordat ons van die rand- steen afstap. Dit moet ons doen as ons 'n goeie oudag nog wil sien. Die motor en die voetganger is altoos onverenigbaar. Die moderne straat domineer ons lewenswyse op 'n sig- bare manier, veral wanneer sy wydte van gebou tot gebou twee keer die hoogte oorskry van die geboue, soos wat die geval meesal is in stedelike en buitestedelike gebiede.

Wanneer dit dan die geval is, is die oplossing vir hierdie alomteenwoor- digende massas teer of beton: Borne. Hierdie borne moet van so ’n aard wees dat hulle besonder hoog en wyd verspreid groei sodat hulle die straat as sulks domineer. Daar is dan ook veelvoudige kombinasies en variasies beskikbaar. Borne wat so 'n hoogte moet bereik het groot spasies vir wortels nodig, min of meer gelykstaande aan die volume van die boonste gedeelte, en grond- spasie helfte van die wydte of hoogte, watter een ookal die grootste mag wees. Volgens hierdie standaard is daar dan ook min sypaadjies wat aan die vereiste gaan beantwoord. Hieruit vloei die naarstigte- like soektog na 'n netjies, lenige, nie- probleemoplewerende boom wat aan die stadskompleks sal beantwoord, waar dié kompleks nie plek inhou vir die boom nie. Dit gebeur selde dat so 'n boom 100% aan sy doel sal beantwoord.

Rasionele en Kulturete Stadsbeplanning

Wanneer rasionele en kulturele stadsbeplanning die boom aanvaar as 'n element in die struktuur sal die denkwyse verander met inagneming van die boom in plaas van om die boom te wil verander in vergelyking met die meganiese straat formule gebaseer op fynbesnede ekonomie en ondeurdagte wette en regulasies.

Aangesien dit nodig is om genoeg- saam spasie vir die boom te bied is dit nogtans ook nodig dat die ondergrondse en boleidings so beplan moet word dat dit probleme met die groei sal uitskakel. Dit moet liewers gedoen word as om die boom uit die prentjie weg te laat. U mag nou sê: Dis makliker gesê as gedaan. Die oplossing daarvoor is 'n noue kontak en deurdagte samewerking tussen die betrokke ingenieurs, stadsbeplanners en boomplanters.

Van tyd tot tyd kom daar ander klagtes oor borne, bv. blare en takke wat val, val van vogtigheid, te veel skaduwee en die uitsluiting van lig.


Ook hierdie probleme kan in 'n groot mate uitgeskakel word deur 'n deeglike selektiewe keuse van spesies, beskikbare meganiese masjiene vir die onderhoud en instandhouding en ’n bevredigende verstandhouding tussen die inwoners en die betrokke beherende liggaam. 'n Konsep vir stedelike kontinuiteit is: 'n Skeppen- de erkenning van die strukturele potensiaal van bome.

Terwyl bome benodig word om 'n agtergrond van die argitektoniese skepping af te rond in die stedelike toneel, is daar ander soorte wat dekoratief gebruik kan word in die tuin. Dit is dan ook hulle wat aan die straat toneel lewe gee en daardie nodige emosie waarsonder geen komposisies ooit volmaak sal wees nie verskaf.

Vir die industriële kolos dien die boom dan ook tweeledig. Hulle ver- berg die onnette rondlêende materiaal in so 'n gebied of dié wat op dompingsgronde voorkom en gee 'n samehangende agtergrond vir die oneindige paal- en draadstruktuur en vorm 'n afwisselling teen die gewel- dige hoogtes van sulke strukture en verkoelingstorings. In die komposisie van vertikale geboue met horisontale oopspasies, vervul die boom die rol van samevoeging.

Bome is daardie element en ge- meenskaplike faktor wat deurvleg- gend is in alle tipes van landskappe.

Die grootste verbeterings in die landskap van die stedelike gebiede sal tot stand kom wanneer daar 'n beter verstandhouding is oor hoe bome behandel moet word, deur beide die beherende liggaam en die publiek.

Bome in die Stedelike PatroonNerêns is die styl en voorkoms

belangriker as in die verskillende sleutel posisies van 'n stad, die strate en pleine, waar die strome van industrië, administrasie en stedelike leefwyse in die algemeen saamgevoeg word en waar spasie ten duurste bekom moet word.

Hierdie sentrale posisies verskaf tonele waardeur dorpe bekend raak en onthou word en ook hier vul bome die nodige aan.

As sulks speel bome dan ook 'n rol in die stryd om elke dorp of stad sy eie identiteit te laat behou, nie net alleen om aanwesig te wees daarin nie, maar om as omsoming te dien op sy grense.

Bome en Nuwe GebiedeMet die uitbreiding van ons dorpe

en stede na die omliggende lande- like areas kan groepe bome of enkel- linge aangetref word wat in geen verband gaan staan tot die geboue nie. Hierdie toevallige samestelling bied 'n uitdaging aan die landskaps- beplanner van weë die uitsondering van straat en ander bome in die ander gebiede van die tuin.

In die ontwikkelingsproses van nuwe gebiede, voorstede en dorps- gebiede moet die posisie van erwe, paaie, ondergrondse leidings in ver- houding geplaas word tot die bestaande bome en die sukses van bewaring sal afhang van 'n deeglike hantering van die hele ontwikkellen- de projek.

Liggame wat beplanning beheer kan bepaal dat die standaard van beplanning hoër moet word om sodoende te verseker dat alle bestaande en uitstaande bome nie vernietig word nie. Die totstandkoming van nuwe voorgestelde gebiede is onder- hewig aan die goedkeuring van die beheerliggaam en hulle kan verseker dat bome bewaar bly en dat genoeg- saam grond beskikbaar gelaat word vir verdere aanplanting. Ongelukkig egter is die ontwikkelaars van sulke gebiede meer behep met die ver- koopswaarde van die stukke grond sodat min of geen spasie gelaat word en sal alleen afstand doen as dit verkoop kan word of die verantwoordelikheid vir die onderhoud op iemand anders geplaas kan word.

Plaaslike liggame verkies gewoon- lik om die verantwoordelikheid te aanvaar vir gebiede binne sy jurisdik-


sie en toekomstige inwoners wat die meeste het om te wen is ongelukkig nie verteenwoordig op die beplanningskomitees nie, en kan assulks nie hulle belange beskerm nie.

Indien hierdie doodloopstraat oorbrug moet word, kan dit alleen geskied op die inisiatief van die beplanningskomitee en 'n duidelike standpunt oor die probleem deur die plaaslike liggaam en hierby moet die Buitestedelikegebiedsrade ingesluit word. Beter ontwikkeling, landskaps- beplanning en boombewaring in nuwe gebiede bring hoër belasting mee maar bevorder die karakter van die dorpskema. Hierdie opoffering is dit werd vir die welvaart van die gebied en om te baat vir 'n vergesig in die beplanning.

Die Bewaring van Borne in die Middestad

Borne in enige deel van die stad en veral langs die strate is noodsaaklik en 'n aanwins. Hulle verskaf 'n kussing vir lawaai, dien vir lig en skadu, verskaf 'n menslike skaal aan die omgewing, is 'n plesier en bowenal gee karakter aan 'n stad.

Tot 'n groot mate het die bewaring van borne buite die stad en die aaneenskakeling van straatbome tot in die middestad aan Pretoria karakter verleen wat selde in ander stede in die land aangetref sal word.

Ongelukkig egter, met die hedendaagse trant en die eise van die voertuig sal 'n groot mate van hierdie eienskap verlore gaan. Byna elke maand val borne onder die verkeers- byl om te voldoen aan die vereiste van die alles-oorheersende motorvoertuig in die moderne stadslewe. Op dié wyse gaan nog 'n aanwins velore.

Is die voetganger nie meer as die besturder van die monster, ,,die motorvoertuig", geregtig op kon- siderasie nie?

'n Sagte, fyn stemmetjie van 'n boom is gehoor en het gesê: „Ek dink dat, as die moeë wêreld dit

maar wis dat gemeenskap met die geeste, wat vrede adem, kragtiger wyse 'n sluier sou lig — dit 'n lig sal laat opgaan en die donker rumoer van ons lewens sou stil." (Vertaal)

Terwyl die aanvraag vir gemotoriseerde verkeer groot is en die mens vasgevang is in die werk van sy eie masjien is daar geen rede waarom die aanvraag nie gekontrolleer en langs sekere bane gestuur kan word, om sodoende die bestaande borne te bewaar en om die karakter in die sentrale gebied van die stad te laat behou nie.

Oorweging moet gegee word aan 'n ondersoek om vas te stel of die sentrale gedeelte van die stad die plek is waar verkeer byeengebring moet word.

Om by te dra tot die gemeenskap se karakter en aansienlikheid is daar seker noodsaaklike vereistes. Indien u 'n stad of dorp sou moes verkies vir u nuwe tuiste of grand soek vir ’n nuwe fabriek sal u keuse beïn- vloed word deur die aanwesigheid of afwesigheid van genotvolle natuurlike tonele — ongerepte strande, riviere, berge en historiese bakens. U sal ook kyk na die bereikbaarheid van hoof of sekondêre paaie, skoon skaduryke straatbome, versorgde geboue en grande, 'n besigheidskom- pleks met 'n sentrale plein wat maklik bereikbaar is, mooi parke, skole, kerke en publieke geboue en byme- kaarkomplekke vir die publiek sowel as sport- en ontspanningsterreine.

Hierdie is kenmerke wat ontwikkel, bewaar en verbeter moet word en nie om af te breek nie. Elke stad poog om aantrekliker te vertoon en sal ontwikkel word om aan sy behoeftes te voorsien. Waarop die klem ookal gaan val, sal 'n program gebaseer op indiwidualiteit die beste oplossing gee. Verwantskap en 'n positiewe karakter vir so 'n program so bydra tot die maksimum skoonheid van die stedelike gebied.

Moet Groeikrag Skoonheid Vernietig„Vandag se groei bring somtyds


verwrongheid mee. Die platteland verdwyn met die aanstuiwing van voorstede. Die harmonieuse dorpie maak plek vir kroom en neon uit- nodigings van die groot stede en die stad word vervelig, onpersoonlik en gestandaardiseerd."

Groei hoef nie noodwendig ver- nietiging in die hand te werk nie. Dit kan nuwe vooruitsigte vir reëlmaat en skoonheid bring as die beplanning oortuigend met vergesig beplan is.

Vele ontwikkelings is die gevolg van die hedendaagse groeineiging en affekteer ons alledaagse lewe en die gesondheid van die inwoners. Nuwe verdelings, paaie en ontwikkelings en talle ander groot kon- struksies verskaf gronde vir probleme en geleenthede. Almal is bewus van die onaantreklike voorkoms van vele behuisingsskemas. Die barre nuwigheid, klein stukkies grand, die skaarste aan borne en die eentonige eendersheid.

Met hierdie manifestasie van moderne groei kom die gevaar dat te veel waarde verlore kan gaan. Baie ou statige bome en soms blokke van hulle moet plek maak vir die groei. Geboue uit vervloë dae moet plek maak vir vervelig enerse woonstele, vulstasies en parkeer- terreine. Veranderinge moet kom maar nie ten koste van skoonheid nie.

Stedelinge en plaaslike liggaame moet nie so vooruitstrewend wees dat daar te veel van die historiese of skoonheidswaardes verlore gaan, in ruil vir geld, op die altaar van vooruitgang nie.

Ou huise, bome en tuine, as hulle met sorg instandbehou word, is 'n bate vir die gemeenskap en gee onderskeiding aan die omgewing. Te min van hulle word bewaar en ons moet poog om wat nog oorbly te bewaar. So ernstig as wat die probleem is kan geleenthede opduik met die groei. Beplanners, argitekte, Afdelings Parke, Landskapsargitekte en groepe belangstellende inwoners

wat saamwerk met 'n skeppende drang en 'n goeie oordeel en met behulp van die stadsvaders kan 'n nuwe benadering in kanale stuur en sodoende 'n groter skoonheid skep.

Stedelike skoonheid het 'n unieke waarde. Wat maak 'n stad uniek? Is dit 'n karaktertrek verwant aan die ope veld, die berge of die dalende heuwels? Die skaduryke straatbome en tuine met die omliggende landskap met plase, weivelde, prieële, grasvelde of die boombedekte bos- veld. Wat ookal die antwoord mag wees, hou dit in gedagte; dit het 'n groot invloed op die beplanning en ontwikkeling en as die waarde van die boom inaggeneem word wat skoonheid betref, dan begin ons die waarde van die boom besef.

Dit sal 'n interessante navorsings- werk wees om te probeer vasstel hoever die tekort aan bome in ons stede is. Die noodsaaklikheid van bome vir die vrugbaarheid van die grond, die opberging van water, atmosferiese reinheid, die uitskake- ling van geraas, die estetiese waarde in die dorp en stad, die inkrimping van voëllewe is welbekend in die algemene sin, maar dit is nog nie gewaardeer of naderby bestudeer om die waarde te bepaal van die praktiese waarde in die hede en in toekomstige dekades nie.

Ten slotte:—

GIVE FOOLS THEIR GOLD

AND KNAVES THEIR POWER

LET FORTUNE'S BUBBLES

RISE AND FALL;

WHO SOWS A FIELD

OR TRAINS A FLOWER

OR PLANTS A TREE

IS MORE THAN ALL.(Whittier)

66 JANUARY / J ANUARIE 1969 Park Administration

Regs: Mnr. J. A. Marais. Hoofkurator, Kirstenbosch, aan die woord gedurende 'n amptelike aangeleentheid.

Photo. S.A.R. & H.

Left: "Happiness is a Parks Conference". Peter Best (S.A.R.) and Mark Theron (Dir. of Parks, Alberton) are enjoying themselves.

Photo: S.A.R. & H.

Left: Mr. T. A. Linley, Parks Dept. Chief from Durban, reminisces with Mr.Horace Mumford, who also knows a thing or two about organising a conference.

Photo: N.E.A. Dept.


The Hygiene and Control of Swimming Pools

by E. A. Lean, Chief Superintendent, Swimming Pools and Water Features, Parks and Recreation Department, Johannesburg

IntroductionMr. President, Ladies and Gentle

men, I thank you for the honour extended to me to present a Paper at this Conference and it is my pleasure to address you today on the subject of the Hygiene and Control of Swimming Pools.

All public swimming pools must be controlled by a local authority, which in the case of Johannesburg is the Johannesburg City Council.

The standard governing these municipal swimming and paddling pools are grouped under the following four headings, each of which will be discussed in detail during this address.(a) The adequacy and cleanliness

of the dressing accommodation.(b) The securing of the purity of the

water in the pools.

(c) Regulating the conduct of the bathers.

(c) The prevention of accidents.The Parks and Recreation Depart

ment controls the swimming pools reserved for the use of European persons, whilst those reserved for Non-European persons are controlled by the Non-European Affairs Department; as I am an official of the first named Department, this paper has been based mainly on the control and management of the swimming and paddling pools in the Parks and Recreation Department, City of Johannesburg.Brief Description

The Department presently controls 15 major and 11 district swimming pools, 11 paddling pools in parks and 2 children's water playland features, with a further major and a district swimming pool presently in course of construction.

A tariff of admission charges applies for the use of the major swimming pools, which refers to the principal or Olympic, indoor, regional (suburban competitive) and the neighbourhood (non - competitive) types of swimming pools, each of which is staffed by a Pool Superintendent, two Pool Supervisors (one only at each of the neighbourhood swimming pools). Woman Atten- dants/Cashiers, European Subsidised Male Labourers and Bantu Cleaners.

District swimimng pools are admission free, having depths of from two feet to four and a half feet, with water areas ranging from one- third to two-thirds of the regional

68 JANUARY/JAIMUARIE 1969 Park Administration

types and having capacities from between 20,000 and 100,000 gallons. They are each sited in parks of the suburbs not immediately served by a major swimimng pool, and are intended primarily for, although not exclusively restricted to, the use of children.

They all have change-rooms, shower and toilet facilities, but do not have any facilities for the storage of clothing, custody of personal belongings, hire of costumes or towels, etc., and each bather must, therefore, take care of his/her own belongings. Each district pool is staffed by a Pool Supervisor for control of the bathers and the correct chemical treatment of the water, and a Bantu labourer to maintain the cleanliness of the premises.

Paddling pools in parks are fairly large, shallow, free admission, and pools are situated in parks throughout the city and are intended for the use of toddlers and young children.

The children's water playland features are combined paddling pools, water slides and fountain features, presently situated in the parks of the densely populated suburbs of Yeoville and Hillbrow and are serving to bring immense pleasure, not only to the young children of those two suburbs, but also to children from other suburbs both near and far.

I shall now deal in greater detail with the aforementioned administration standards and the first group falls under the heading of:1 The Adequacy and Cleanliness of

the Dressing Accommodation(a) Provision of adequate dress

ing accommdation.Dressing accommodation should

be sufficient for maximum attendances, bearing in mind that females will require greater privacy than males, but who are, however, likely to outnumber females and that children will outnumber adults, in the ratio of approximately 60% to

40% in both cases.(b) Provision of adequate number

of shower cubicles and toilet facilities.

While it is difficult to estimate accurately the attendances at a proposed public swimming pool, it is good practice to compare statistics to gauge what minimum number of shower cubicles, toilets and urinals should be provided:No. & Kind No. of No. of of Facility Males Females

Served Served Based on Based on

Max. Load Max. Load1 Toilet per 120 801 Shower per 120 801 Urinal per 120

To quote an example, a pool estimated to have a bathing load of1,000 per session, at the ratio of 60% males to 40% females, would require five toilets and showers for each dressing side, plus urinal space for five adult men.

It is recommended that the walls of the showers, toilets and urinals be glaze-tiled to a height of six feet above ground level to reduce vandalism to a minimum and to facilitate cleaning.

It is desirable to have the showers, which should be provided with soap, situated before the toilets, which in turn should be situated before the pool surrounds, so that the bathers, who should always be encouraged to take a Shower before entering the pool, would have to pass the toilets on the way to the pool.

(c) To ensure that the passages in the dressing accommodation have ample width for maximum permissible space, sunlight and crossventilation.

(d) To ensure that adequate cross-ventilation is provided to all change-rooms, cloakrooms, toilet accommodation, etc.

Park Administration JAIMUARY/JAIMUARIE 1969 69

(e) To ensure that the floors of the passages, dressing - rooms, change-rooms, cloakrooms, etc,, are of the non-skid, easily cleanable variety, having a slope sufficient to permit speedy and thorough drainage. Constantly damp areas, accompanied by possible algae growth, detracts from the general beauty of the pool and causes concern to all.

(f) To ensure that the cloakroom clothing storage hangers and baskets are of vermin-proof design, having separate compartments for the bather's footwear to prevent contamination and fouling of the clothing. They should be constructed of durable material to withstand the rigours of public usage and to permit their being washed and disinfected by being dipped entirely into a cleansing fluid, without risk of rusting or the need for repainting. It is essential that this cleansing procedure is carried out regularly.

(g) To ensure that the seats and floors of the dressing cubicles and change-rooms are washed and thoroughly disinfected daily by being sprayed with a 0.3 to 0.6 per cent chlorine solution.

This procedure should also be carried out to each of the dressing cubicles and change-rooms immediately after the departure of each group of school pupils who may have used the dressing facilities during their school's organised swimming periods, in order that the accommodation may be clean and fresh for the following organised group of scholars.

Children frequently urinate on the dressing-room floors while changing, hoping that their acts will go undetected by their urine mixing with the water which is dripping from their wet bodies and swimwear.

It could be considered that these precautions are elaborate and not entirely necessary, but various authorities on swimming pool sanitation have indicated that an unsanitary dressing-room or change-room

may harbour fungus, infections of the skin, impetigo, scabies and body-lice infection. The bare anus on a dressing-room seat or bench may result in pinworm ova infection or amoebic cysts. In any case, bathers are always delighted and thankful to be able to make use of a recently washed, disinfected and dried dressing cubicle or changeroom.

(h) To ensure that each dressing cubicle or changeroom is provided with the requisite number of footboards or duckboards, and that these units are vermin-proof, and are washed and disinfected daily. The painting of these units is not permitted, as this practice only serves to disguise their true state.

(i) To ensure that an adequate number of receptacles for rubbish, complete with some form of hinged lid to prevent fly settlement and for concealment of contents, is provided at each swimming pool.

(j) To arrange for footbaths to be provided at the entrances to or exits from the pool surrounds and that these facilities are adequately and constantly disinfected by the application of a 0.3 to 0.6 per cent chlorine solution. This can be done manually, but a more effective method is to have each footbath inter-connected to the filtration system and arranged to have a turnover rate of flow from four to six times an hour.

(k) To arrange for the walls of each communal dressing-room to be equipped with clothing hooks, spaced approximately 15 to 18 inches apart, to prevent contact between the individual sets of clothing belonging to pupils who are using them during organised swimming periods, and who would not, because of the short length of time, have to make use of the storage cloakrooms.

(l) To ensure that all swimming garments and towels available for hire to the public are thoroughly washed, disinfected, dried and aired before begin reissued. It is far wiser


and safer to refuse the use of incorrectly laundered garments than to risk the transmission of infection by their use.2, Securing the Purity of the Water

in the PoolsThe water in the pools should be

maintained constantly at, or as near as possible to, drinking-water standards. This is done by the provision of a filtration plant, complete with the necessary chemical dosing and disinfection apparatus, to the following specifications:—

(a) That the turnover rate of flow for large open-air pools will not take a period longer than six hours and four hours for indoor pools, provided that the quantity of filtered water added per 24 hours shall not be less than 500 gallons per bather.

This would mean that a six-hour turnover filtration plant operating continuously for 24 hours a day would pass the volume of the water in the pools through the filter tanks four times, or six times in the case of four-hour turnover filtration plant. The rate of 500 gallons per bather, treated by the filtration plant per 24 hours, would provide for a bathing load of 4,000 bathers at an open-air pool having a capacity of 500,000 gallons, or 2,000 bathers at an open- air pool having a capacity of 250,000 gallons.

On this basis, toddlers' pools, or pools such as the popular playland water features, having small capacities of from 3,000 to 5,000 gallons, would have to have turnover rates of one hour or less. The wisdom of this formula can readily be appreciated by the explanation that shallow pools of low capacities soon become overloaded by the comparatively heavy bathing load, comprising mainly of babies or toddlers who, at their tender ages, are not only unable to control themselves, but are susceptible to all manner of illnesses and, in addition, in the process of playing delightedly introduce all manner of foreign matter into the

water — thus further increasing the load imposed on the filtration plant.

(b) That the filtration rate of flow per square foot of filter area per minute be as follows:—

(i) For rapid pressure sand filters — From 3 but not greater than 5 gallons per minute.

(ii) For diatomaceous earth pressure filters — Not greater than 1 gallon per minute.

(c) That the pH of the water be maintained at a value of between 7.2 and 7.6. A pH value of less than 7.0 would be acidic, which would lead to bathers' discomfort, incorrect flocculation, corrosion of metalwork, etc., and is caused by the introduction of gaseous chlorine, alum, urination, perspiration, etc. Low pH is corrected by the addition of soda ash at the rate of 1.2 lbs. per lb. of gaseous chlorine, and 1 lb. per lb. of alum, but this is only a guide and the use of a good comparator colouro- meter gives far better results.

(d) That the free available chlorine be not less than 0.3 p.p.m, at any time. The common sources of chlorine for disinfection purposes are:—

(i) Liquid chlorine (gas) CL2, made commercially by the electrolysis of common table salt, is dried, cooled and compressed into a liquid and Stored in steel containers. It averages 99.9% purity. Through the use of chlorina- tors, the liquid passes back into a gaseous state, is metered, dissolved in water and injected into the supply to be disinfected.

(ii) Calcium Hypochlorite Ca- (OCL)2, is obtainable in either powder or granular form, and averages about 70% available chlorine.

(iii) Sodium Hypochlorite NaOCI, is made by passing chlorine gas into a caustic; it usually contains about 10% available


chlorine, and both types should be introduced by a hypochlorinator unit, although they may be introduced manually.

It should be appreciated that every foreign article introduced into the water, whether it be a bather or a blade of grass, will absorb a certain amount of chlorine, and that it is, therefore, essential to increase the chlorine input as the demand rises.

Algae growth is prevented by being oxidised by chlorine, but in order to introduce sufficient chlorine for this purpose, it is advisable to practice super-chlorination at least once per week, which is done by adding fairly large chlorine dosages during a night when the demand is reduced to a minimum.

(e) That the filtration system be arranged to have a 50% to 100% top draw-off and bottom draw-off action from the deepest point of the pool. This is necessary to allow chlorinated water to be drawn down to all points of the pool, as otherwise there could be a possibility of the chlorinated and filtered water being drawn back to the filter over the surface weirs and permitting algae to flourish on the floor and the walls in the deeper sections.3. Regulating the Conduct of the

Bathers(a) No soap or other such sub

stance may be introduced into the pool by the bathers.

(b) Bathers may not wilfully foul the water, hired swimimng costumes or towels, dressing-rooms, etc.

(c) No bather suffering from any cutaneous, infectious or contagious disease may be admitted to the pool; the pool staff must be ever alert to detect any bathers who may be affected.

(d) Animals may not be admitted. Dogs admitted into swimming pools may not only create a danger by

biting bathers and causing accidents by running around wildly, but also are nuisances due to their habit of fouling the premises and increasing the noise level by barking.

(e) Prohibition of rough or promiscuous play. Rough play or games, both within the water and on the pool level or grass surrounds, must not be permitted at any time, nor must the pleasures of any of the bathers be interfered with by any person. Promiscuous conduct must never be permitted.

(f) Prohibition of persons under the influence of alcohol. No persons under the influence of alcohol may be admitted to a swimming pool nor may any alcoholic beverages be brought into or consumed on the pool premises.

The provision of a reliable public address system to assist the Pool Superintendent and his assistants to carry out the abovementioned regulations, and for the use during swimming galas, water-polo matches, etc., should always be given serious consideration.4. Prevention of Accidents

Regulations for this are essential for the safe administration of swimming pools and the main points are as follows:—

(a) The varying depths, as well as the shallow and deep ends of the pool, must be clearly indicated.

It is essential that all bathers be able to see the depths of the water at various points, not only for the benefit of the non- or less capable swimmer, but also for competent swimmers who may want to dive into the pool. Serious, if not fatal, accidents can happen so easily.

At this stage I would like to point out that it has been estimated that approximately 80% of the bathers concentrate in the shallow end of the pool, while the remaining 20% possibly are making use of the deep or semi-deep sections. This factor


can be fully appreciated when it is pointed out that the competent swimmers, after having completed their swimming in the deep end, will invariably join the non- or weaker swimmers in the shallow end. It is, therefore, only logical that the shallow end should be made as large as the pool dimensions permit, without unduly restricting the deep end, necessary for the staging of water- polo matches or for practising diving, etc.

The slope of the floor at the shallow end should have a gentle fall from the shallow end wall to a depth of 4' 6", after which the slope may increase rapidly to the deep end depth, because the average adult is waterborne at the depth of 4' 6" and the increased slope beyond this point will not be hazardous to any wading bathers.

This latest development has resulted in the Johannesburg Municipality following the undermentioned pattern for the slope of the floors at the latest swimming pools or at pools which have to have the floors renewed.

To slope from a depth of 3' at the shallow end wall to a depth of 4' over a distance of 45% of the length of the pool, then to a depth of 4' 6" over the next 10% of the length and thereafter to the desired deep end depth at an incline recommended not to exceed 30 degrees.

(b) Adequate depth of water for Diving apparatus.

Rule 107 by Federation Internationale De Natation Amateur (F.I.N.A.) prescribes that the minimum depth for pools constructed after 1st May, 1957, shall be 3.0 metres for a one-metre diving springboard and 3.5 metres for a three- metre diving springboard.

While it may be necessary for this ruling to apply at the South African and Provincial Championships, it would indeed be a great pity to apply this rule rigidly to all swim

ming pools and by the same token to introduce a hazard by disregarding it entirely.

This Department has, therefore, adopted the practice of providing diving facilities at the pools having a minimum depth of 10 feet under each diving springboard.

The one-metre and three-metre diving springboards should, if possible, be located alongside each other, to the measurements referred to by F.I.N.A. on one side of the deep end of the pool, if a separate diving pool has not been provided, so that only one section of the deep end area would have to be utilised by the divers, and so that the deep end pool surrounds would be free of obstruction for swimming competitors, swimming officials, water-polo referees, etc.

(c) Pool steps must be provided.Each pool should have a set of pool steps, situated in each pool corner, with suitable handrails and sufficient number of treads to permit safe and easy usage by all age groups. They should be of the removable type, for removal during swimming galas and for cleaning, and should be constructed, for preference, from polished stainless steel tubing, which will not only far outlast most other types of removable or portable pool steps, but will be of pleasing and satisfactory appearance. The greater initial cost will easily be offset by the reduced maintenance costs.

(d) Pool must be provided on all sides with handgrips. A scum channel round the pool's periphery serves as a handrail for bathers as well as a means of surface draw-off, and to dampen wave-action during swimming competitions.

It is usual to have the surface draw-off weir points, which are inter-connected to the filtration system, located in the deep end wall, but this has not been found to be entirely satisfactory, because scum channels cannot have sufficient


slope to permit the rapid draw-off to the nearest weir point from any point in the scum channel. Mucus or any other floating scum which may have been deposited in the scum channel other than at a point near to a surface weir point would almost certainly be washed out, by wave action, back into the pool.

This difficulty has now been overcome, to a great extent, by the provision of surface weir points at each corner of the pool, with additional drainage points from the scum channelling to the weir ducting, placed at frequent intervals between each weir point.

(e) All electrical apparatus to be effectively earthed. It is essential that all electrical apparatus be checked annually by the Electricity Department to safeguard the bathers and the Council.

(f) Lifebuoys to be provided in readily accessible positions. It isadvisable to have lifebuoys made readily accessible to the bathers at various points around the polo, so that a non-swimmer could, if necessary, endeavour to render assistance to a bather in difficulty.

(g) All walk areas to have non- skid surfaces. The pool curbing, surrounds, pathways, etc., should have non-skid surfaces to prevent bathers from slipping. Steps and stairs, similarly, should also be of non-skid design, and should, if possible, be equipped with handrails.

(h) The premises, surrounds and apparatus to be maintained in good repair. It is understandable that the swimming pool's premises, surrounds, apparatus, etc., are not only used extensively by many thousands of bathers each year, but are also subjected to rapid and frequent changes in temperature, all of which cause damage and the need for repair. The repairs to the buildings, etc., may be carried out in the swimming season if the need arises, although this could present difficulties, and it is .therefore, advisable that

the maintenance programme be carried out during the closed season. However, the inspection of and the need for any repairs to the pool walls, piping system and floor must be carried out during the closed season and the pool must, therefore, be drained each closed season for inspection purposes.

(i) Prohibition of glass bottles.This regulation is necessary because the fragments of glass from only one broken bottle could be the cause of injury to and complaints from numerous bathers. The removal of glass fragments from pool surrounds is difficult, but their removal from the pool may only be done by vacuum sweeper operation or pool drainage.

(j) Adequate first-aid supplies and resuscitation apparatus. Adequate first-aid supplies for the treatment of injured persons must be on hand at each pool. Swimming pool male personnel are required to be competent in lifesaving and first-aid. Each pool is equipped with a modern fully automatic resuscitator unit, complete with all accessories and a spare oxygen cylinder, for the resuscitation of the apparently drowned. Personnel are trained in their use and, in addition, are trained in the application of the expired air method of artificial respiration. The training in the application of the expired air method is necessary so that artificial respiration may be commenced as soon as possible without loss of valuable time while the automatic device is either brought to the scene or the patient is taken to the first-aid room. The need for immediate ventilation to the lungs of the apparently drowned will be appreciated by the fact that it is understood that the brain of a human being will in all probability suffer irreparable damage if it is starved of the vital oxygen for a period longer than four minutes — far too short a period of time to waste or use while taking the patient to a comfortable bed in the first-aid room.


GeneralSwimming clubs are permitted to

stage their club swimming events on a club night once per week from 7.30 to 8.45 p.m. Scheduled interclub swimming league fixtures on Friday evenings from 7.30 to 9.00 p.m., a weekly water-polo practice period of one hour during a quiet period on a weekday evening, and to play off any scheduled water-polo matches on Saturday afternoons between the hours of 2.30 and 5.00 p.m., depending on the number of games scheduled.

A period of fifteen minutes must be allowed between each match to allow the members of the general public to make use of the deep water area.

The staff are instructed to switch off the filtration plant at least one hour before the commencement of any swimming gala, club swimming event or inter-club swimming league fixture, to allow sufficient time for any currents which may have been created by the filtration plant inlet ports to subside.

Starting blocks, if available, must be firmly installed and the floating racing lane ropes fitted in place well before the commencement of any swimming competition.Lawn Grass Cuttings

Wide expanses of beautifully green grassed verges at swimming pols are a most pleasing sight and essential for the enjoyment of the bathers, but grass cuttings can play havoc with the filtration plant system. Dry grass at the beginning of each swimimng season or grass cuttings which may not have been completely picked up by the lawn mowers present problems by being

carried into the pools on the wet bodies of the bathers. This grass, in addition to needlessly absorbing chlorine, also chokes the strainer units situated before the pumps and clogs up the filter beds, thus reducing the turnover rate of the filters and necessitating the pool staff having frequently to neglect the bathers in the pool in order to clean the filters.

Lawns, therefore, should always be well swept and top-dressed in good time before the commencement of each swimming season and steps taken to ensure that grass cuttings are not permitted to be left by the lawn mowing machines. The unboxed type of mower should never be used at swimming pools.Conclusion

In conclusion, I wish to state that I consider that swimming pool personnel, particularly the new entrants to the service, should be given a course of instruction which should include training in the correct operation of filtration plants, water purification, chemical application, swimming pool administration, local by-laws, staff control, lifesaving, artificial respiration, etc.

The Parks and Recreation Department has had such a course in operation for the past three years, with excellent results, but I feel that all local authorities should endeavour to introduce a similar course, or better still, that a South African Association of Swimming Pool Superintendents similar to the overseas institution in London and Rhodesia should be formed and that all Pool Superintendents and Supervisors should be encouraged to enrol and become accepted as members by examination.

ONDERSTEUN ONS ADVERTEERDERS.


Die Modernisering van ons Plaaslike Kwekerye

Die Wennende Referaat deur 'n student in die Bruins-Lich Trofee Kompetisie The Winner’s Paper in the Bruins-Lich Trophy Competition

deur L. J. WILLERS, Pretoria-Afdeling Parke

Ek is besig met 'n vier-jarige kursus by die Afdeling Parke en Ont- spanning, van die Stadsraad van Pretoria, en wil net 'n bydrae lewer en die idee inbring om ons kwekerye te moderniseer en meer stroombe- lynend te maak, aangesien ons in 'n tydperk leef waar tyd, arbeid en ekonomie 'n baie belangrike rol speel.Die Bewaring van Ons Grondmateriaal

'n Groot fout wat ons tuinboukundiges begaan is om die grondmateriaal sommer so in die openbaar te laat lê. Dit is juis hier waar al ons swamsiektes en onkruid voortplanting hul oorsprong vandaan kry. Die probleem kan oorbrug word deur netjiese groot sement bakke met 'n dak oor te bou. Sodoende word die nadeel uitgeskakel dat die grand tydens die somer maande nat reën en dan die bewerking daarvan baie bemoeilik.Die Sterilisering van Ons Grondmateriaal

Die sterilisering van grand is van uiterste belang en tog word dit nie gereeld gedoen nie; miskien is dit omdat ons nie oor die nodige sterili- seringsmasjiene beskik nie. Vandag is daar verskillende soorte sterili- seringsmasjiene op die mark wat aangekoop kan word, wat dan die tuinboukundiges sal aanspoor om die grand wat hulle gebruik gereeld te steriliseer. Die voordele vir die sterilisering van die grand is natuurlik dat dit alle swamsiektes en die voortplanting van onkruid sal voorkom. Die moontlikheid dat ons plante, veral „Cyclamens" dan met aalwurms besmet sal word, word dan ook uitgeskakel.

Plek waar die Grondmengsels Gemeng Word

Na die steriliseringsproses moet daar baie versigtig met die grand gewerk word. Dit sal nie help om dit dan op enige plek te meng nie aangesien die gevaar bestaan dat dit weer met ander grand kan meng en die steriliseringsproses dan heeltemal onnodig was.

Die beste sal wees om 'n sement oppervlakte te bou wat gereeld skoon gehou word waarop die grand gemeng kan word.

Die Verkryging van Ons Grondmengsels op die Tafel

Op die oomblik word die grand met kruiwaens na die tafels aangery en dan word dit graaf vir graaf op die tafel gegooi, wat 'n groot ver- morsing van tyd is. Die rede hiervoor is natuurlik ons plaaslike potskure wat aan die nodige bergingsfasiliteite ontbreek.

Ons Huidige PotskureDie heel modernste metode om 'n

potskuur te bou is om dit so te bou dat die verskillende grondmengsels maklik op die bank verkry kan word. Dit kan gedoen word deur bakke aan die buitekant van die muur te bou met dakke oor. Die doel van die dakke is om te verhoed dat die grand nat reën. Die dakke moet egter los wees sodat die grondmengsels van bo-af in gegooi kan word. Hierdie metode word natuurlik baie vergemaklik waar die grand 'n natuurlike val het, aangesien die bakke dieselfde hoogte as die banke aan die binnekant van die potskuur moet wees.


Die bakke aan die buitekant van die potskuur word dan met 'n gat in die muur met die banke verbind. Na- mate 'n mens van die grand aan die binnekant gebruik bly dit steeds in- vloei.

Die banke moet in verskillende seksies ingedeel word sodat daar 'n seksie vir elke bak aan die buitekant is. Die bakke het die groot voordeel dat die verskillende grondmengsels nooit meng en ook dat 'n mens nie vir elke soort plant wat jy wil verplant of verpot, grondmengsels voor hoef te maak nie. Hierdie metode staan bekend as die vaste bank metode.

Potskure kan ook gebruik word met los banke en wat so ingerig is dat dit met 'n hystoestel werk. Die grand word deur die kraan opgeraap wat met behulp van 'n spoor en kabels die grand verskuif. Die los bank word dan onder die kraan inge- skuif en so word die grand dan in groot hoeveelhede en vinnig op die bank verkry.

Die derde metode waarop verpot- ting van plante gedoen kan word is deur gebruik te maak van meganiese metodes. Vandag kry ons 'n waentjie wat spesiaal vir hierdie doel gebou is. Die grondmengsel met die potte kan dus dan na die plante toe aangery word waar dit dan verpot word. Veral in die geval van glashuise is dit baie handig aangesien die plante dan nie so baie gehanteer en dit ook nie aan die ope lug en lig blootgestel word nie. Dit het die groot voordeel dat die plante wat verpot moet word, nie eers na die potskuur aangery word en dan weer terug nie. Dit kom egter ook baie handig te pas waar daar net klein groepies plante is wat verpot moet word. Dieselfde waentjie is ook geskik om groot hoeveelhede plante wat verpot moet word na die potskuur toe aan te ry. Dit is 'n groot besparing van tyd en maak die hantering van plante 'n groot plesier. Hierdie tipe van waentjie is al voor- heen in die ..Farmers Weekly" be- spreek.

Plastiese BedekkingDit is heeltemal logies en ons is

bewus van die feit dat plastiek nie geskik is vir die bedekking van glashuise nie, aangesien dit nie sterk genoeg is nie. Dit kan egter in kleiner vorm baie doeltreffend gebruik word vir die bedding van gewasse wat nie teen ryp en koue bestand is nie.Die Was van Potte

'n Faktor wat ook nie as belangrik beskou word nie, is die metodes waarop die potte gewas word. Vandag gebruik ons 'n Bantoe wat heel- dag net sit en potte in 'n deurgesny- de 44 gallon dram was. Dit is egter baie oud-modieus en kan vervang word deur ordentlike bakke te bou met krane wat toegerus is met 'n warm water stelsel. Dit het die groot voordele dat die potte beter skoon kom en dat dit ook nie vir die Bantoe in die winter so koud is om die potte te was nie.

Op die oomblik kan 'n mens ook borsels kry wat higiënies werk. Die borsels word deur 'n masjien gedraai en die potte word dan net oor die borsels gedruk wat natuurlik weer 'n besparing van tyd is.

Die PotpersieDit is 'n masjien wat plaaslik ver-

krygbaar is waarmee daar seskan- tige potte gemaak kan word. Die potpersie is op die oomblik by Roodeplaat te sien en het alreeds 'n prys vir Duitsland verower. Die masjien kan met die hand of met elektrisiteit werk.

Die geheim van die potpersie is die grondmengsel waarmee die potte gemaak word. Verskeie persone het al van die potpersie probeer gebruik maak, maar het egter ondervind dat die potjies meeste van die tyd nie mooi uitdruk nie en ook gereeld aan die masjien vas sit. Soos ek alreeds gesê het, die geheim lê in die grondmengsel. Die grand moet nie te kleierig of aan die anderkant weer te sanderig wees nie. Die probleem kan egter oorbrug word deur vermikuliet by die grondmengsel by te voeg. Dit


maak die potjies ook meer deursig- baar.

Die masjien kan baie handig gebruik word aangesien ons nou nie meer nodig het om ons plantjies in kassies te plant nie maar somaar direk in potjies.

Die kassies het die nadeel dat daar altyd drie tot vyf plantjies doodgaan en sodoende verkry die persone in die parke wat 'n sekere hoeveelheid plantjies benodig, altyd 'n tekort of teveel waar, as hulle met potjies voorsien word, hulle altyd net die regte hoeveelheid sal verkry.

Die plant van die plantjies kan ook baie vinning geskied. Die potte beweeg op 'n band voor die Bantoes verby wat dit dan weer op hulle beurt met grond vul en dan drie saadjies daarin saai. Dit het dus dan ook die groot voordeel dat die plantjies nie weer uitgeprik hoef te word as dit opgekom het nie.Steggies

Deesdae het ons die probleem dat steggies baie van ons kosbare plek in die glashuise inneem. Dit kan oorbrug word deur steggies op die volgende metode voort te plant.

Al wat benodig word is 'n stuk plastiek, ongeveer 6" breed en 2' lank, met mos. Die mos word klam gemaak en op die een helfte in die lengte van die plastiek geplaas. Die leë helfte van die plastiek word nou oor die ander helfte gevou. Die steggies word nou gemaak en dan aan die oop kant van die plastiek in die mos gesteek. Die plastiek word nou in die lengte opgerol en met 'n rek- kie vasgemaak met die nodige etiket natuurlik daarby. Die pakkie kan nou op enige plek gestoor word en het ook die groot voordeel dat dit nie weer voor oor 14 dae enige aandag (soos bv. natgooi) sal vereis nie. Met hierdie metode kan egter net gebruik gemaak word van steggies wat 14 dae tot seifs drie weke neem om wortels te maak.Gifkamers

Die ontwerp van ons gifkamer in

ons plaaslike kwekerye is vandag van uiterste belang veral met al die verskillende tipe en vorms van gif- stowwe wat daar verkrygbaar is. Die vereistes vir 'n ordentlike gifkamer is dat dit oor 'n ordentlike ventilasie sisteem moet beskik, aangesien 'n bedompige gifkamer groot gevaar inhou vir mense wat die gifkamer moet betree. Die gifkamer moet ook net as 'n plek gebruik word waar daar gif gestoor word anders kan die geval wat onlangs gebeur het weer herhaal word.

Die mieliemeel van die Bantoe werkers by 'n Portugees was in die gifkamer gestoor en het tot gevolg gehad dat ses Bantoes gesterf het.

Ons GlashuiseDie nuutste vorms van glashuis

banke is banke waarvan die oppervlakte met wieletjies toegerus is. Die gevolg is dat die banke breër gemaak kan word aangesien die kassies maklik tot agter, met behulp van die wieletjies, gestoot kan word en dan net weer met 'n hak nader getrek indien dit weer benodig word.

Die ou probleem om op en af te loop in die glashuis met een of twee potte op 'n slag by die regpak van 'n glashuis, kan ook uitgeskakel word deur gebruik te maak van 'n waentjie wat rakke het waarop die potte gepak kan word en sodoende alles met een slag vervoer kan word.

Om baie onnodige tyd te bespaar sal dit ook die beste wees om ons glashuise met voile outomatiese „mist sprayers" toe te rus, aangesien dit die tuinboukundige die moeite sal bespaar om gereeld die „mist sprayers" oop en toe te draai.

Die Natgooi van Ons Plaaslike Kwekerye

Dit is seker een van die belangrikste faktore in ons kwekerye prak- tyk, aangesien die natgooi van ons plante en struike baie tyd en arbeid vereis.

"Buckner Sprinkler Co." maak die natgooi van ons kwekerye vir ons


baie maklik, aangesien enige plant vandag outomaties natgegooi kan word. Die outomatiese metode van natgooi moet veral in ons glashuise gebruik word, aangesien die tuinboukundige die plante nie so gereeld kan natgooi en die grond se vogtigheidsgraad so konstant hou soos wat dit outomaties moontlik is nie.

Indien die kwekery ten voile toegerus is met 'n outomatiese water- sisteem, sal dit nie nodig wees om 'n groep Bantoes vir die doel te gebruik nie, wat dan natuurlik die eko- nomiese sy van die saak bevoordeel.

Die outomatiese natgooi van plante het die volgende voordele:—1. Die misstowwe word nie uit die

grond uitgespoel nie.2. Minder water word benodig.3. Die grond word nie op een slag

versuip nie maar hou net altyd die vereiste vogtigheidsgraad.

4. Die grond struktuur word nie verander nie.

5. Die tuinboukundige kan die hoeveelheid water wat toegedien word en vogtigheidsgraad ordentlik kontroleer.

Hierdie metode van natgooi werk baie beter in grond wat van goeie kapilêre gehalte is.

Die grond word by die metode nie toegelaat om heeltemal uit te droog soos in onder gevalle van natgooi nie, aangesien 'n geskikte vogtigheidsgraad geskep kan word wat tot voordeel van die plante strek en sal lei tot beter groei van die plante.Die Beplanning van Ons Kwekerye

Onder al die kwekerye wat ek be- soek het, het ek nie een gevind wat ordentlik beplan is nie, en dit sal baie tyd en arbeid bespaar as 'n kwekery goed beplan is.

By goeie beplanning bedoel ek dat alle kwekerye Alfa-numeries behoort uitgelê te word. Sodoende kan daar presies boek gehou word van elke struik in die kwekery. Die probleem om ook altyd na spesifieke soorte te

gaan soek word ook heeltemal uitgeskakel. Deur presies rekord te hou van alle struike in die kwekery, weet die tuinboukundige gereeld hoeveel steggies hy van die verskillende struik- en boomsoorte moet maak om sy voorraad gedurig konstant te hou.

Die kwekery kan Alfa-numeries gebou word op die volgende manier. Al die beddings kan eers netjies Alfa- numeries uitgelê word. Die volgende taak is nou om ordentlike beddings te bou. Die beste is om dit van sement en bakstene te bou. Die bedding moet natuurlik skuins gebou word sodat die water waarmee die plante natgegooi word weg kan vloei. Vir goeie dreinering kan die geboude bedding se oppervlakte met 'n duim lagie gruis bedek word net sodat die blikke nie op die sement hoef te staan nie.

Op die ente van die beddings kan nou 'n sement blok gemaak word, ongeveer 6" breed by 12" hoog. Hierop word dan die nommers gedruk en netjies geverf. Die doel van die blokke is om te verseker dat die nommer nie kan wegraak nie, wat natuurlik maklik kan gebeur by die pen en plaatjie metode.

Die boekhouding geskied dan as volg. Kaarte word gemaak wat maklik geliasseer kan word. Die beson- derhede wat dan op die kaarte verskyn is:—

Links bo in the hoek van die kaart, die genus en specie naam en die alfabetiese blokke waarin die spesifieke boom of struik staan; en

In die regterkantse hoek die hoeveelheid borne en struike.

Sodoende word presies rekord gehou van elke struik.

Ek is bly om te sien dat daar wel van ons plaaslike kwekers is wat in dié rigting begin dink het.

Mnr. Braak was onlangs oorsee om die moderne metodes te gaan besigtig om in sy kwekery toe te pas en sodoende met die helfte van sy


nie-Blanke arbeid klaar te kom. Ek hoop regtig dat mnr. Braak die wiel aan die rol sal sit.

Ek wil net van hierdie geleentheid gebruik maak om ons geagte direkteur, mnr. Repton, te bedank dat hy my die voorreg verleen om die ver- slag aan u voor te lees en ook my

dank uitspreek teenoor hulle wat my werk gekritiseer en daarmee gehelp het.

Ter afsluiting wil ek nou net, met behulp van die modelle wat u hier voor my sien, punte wat ek moontlik onduidelik gestel het, belig.

The 1968 Director of your Parks Department

Script of a broadcast talk on the programme "Top Level" by the President on 13th October, 1968, the eve of the Conference.

Make no mistake; your Director of a Parks Department today is a very different character from his counterpart of even twenty years ago. He, with his department, has had to move along with the changing times and the justifiable new demands of the urban population.

Many listeners will remember well enough that a popular week-end jaunt for the whole family, ma, pa, granny, any odd relatives who had turned up for the week-end, and of course all the youngsters from the baby in the pram to daughter Jane with her beau, was to go off to the local park and admire the flowers.

Mind you, they had probably to be careful where they walked, because there were rather severe notices scattered around instructing them to keep off the grass, not to touch the flowers, not to picnic, not to bring in any dog unless on a leash, not to play any musical instrument, not to cause any nuisance, etc., etc. None the less, the family enjoyed it; they must have done, because they came to the parks in great numbers.

In those days, the production of beautiful beds of flowers was the prime concern of the parks staff, and one must admit that they fulfilled these needs very well indeed.

What kind of man was the Director of Parks in those days? First and foremost, he was a horticulturist, carrying on an old tradition brought to South Africa from Europe. He was often recruited from the great estates of the European aristocracy, where perfection in horticulture was a tradition. Being in charge of parks, he tended perhaps to regard them as just another form of huge estate, where the public was merely tolerated, and not really made to feel welcome in the midst of the floral perfections.

How different today; the "Keep off the Grass" notices have largely disappeared, and the motto made famous by a New York Commissioner for Parks is the watchword of parks departments everywhere; he said "Parks are for People", and of course, so they are.

People don't frequent the parks much these days merely to admire the flowers; at week-ends, they get into their cars and away they go to picnic spots or game reserves a hundred or more miles from home.

True, the older people still do make good use of the parks, as also do mothers taking the younger children for an outing. But generally, the modern Director of Parks realises


that attractions in addition to beautiful floral displays are needed to bring people to the parks in any great numbers.

For this reason, you will find attractions like open-air art displays in the parks, illuminated floral features to be enjoyed on summer night; open-air theatres, and many more ideas to encourage the public to make use of their parks — the parks which "are for people".

Tackling the modern needs in another direction, it is noticeable that quite elaborate floral displays are being conjured up by parks departments along the main roads of our towns and cities; these are very popular indeed with the public; they lighten the spirits of the motorists caught in the morning and evening traffic crawl. This method of bringing flowers to the people is now quite normal procedure, but it is not so many years ago that Mr. Henri Bruins-Lich, Pretoria's Director of Parks at that time, first introduced the simplest form of horticultural display on the city's traffic islands. So popular did this prove that more elaborate floral efforts were made, and towns everywhere followed suit.

The fickle public which we serve, demands novelty, novelty, novelty. A first-class display of new flowers this year will earn praise for the man who devised it; but should he do the same thing next year, the public will say "Oh, yes; we saw those last year; haven't they got anybody with ideas in the Parks Department?"

This week in Johannesburg, the 23rd Conference of the Institute of Park and Recreation Administration is being held for five days. The official opening will be performed by the Honourable the Minister for Sport and Recreation, Mr. F. W. Waring. As the main theme of the Conference is to be "Recreation", we may well expect the Minister will in his speech spur the parksmen of South Africa on to the provision of more recreational facilities of all kinds.

Now it is time to look at the modern Parks Department and its Director; as I have said, his background and activities are very different from those of his predecessors. Horticulture in all its forms still plays a role, but let it be noted, not an exclusively important role.

Recreation comes more and more to the forefront; the modern parks- man is skilled in the provision and maintenance of all kinds of recreational facilities: tennis courts, from simple suburban-type pairs of courts to veritable tennis stadia for international matches; soccer and rugby fields of every degree of grandeur; athletic tracks fit for Springbok athletes to prepare for international competition; swimming-pools for both casual and competition use; golf courses to cater for the great upsurge in popularity of the game; concrete cycle-tracks; cricket fields; bowling greens in ever-increasing numbers (over 60 municipal greens in Johannesburg); and for the many other sports too. This is our job, and if I may be allowed a boast on behalf of our Parks Departments, I'd say it is very well done.

These tasks you may think to be big enough, but there are lots more for today's Director of Parks to tackle. They may vary from town to town, so let's look at a few of them. In Vereeniging, the head of the parks undertaking also runs two very large municipal farms, which operate on a commercial basis.

In Port Elizabeth, the Director of Parks is also titled "Director of Town Attractions"; a job with wide scope; in addition, he sells firewood in bulk quantities from municipal woodland. In Durban, the teeming crowds of holidaymakers on the beaches are under the care of the head of the Parks Department; if you have to be pulled out of danger in the sea, the lifesaver is one of the department's staff. In Cape Town, the large forest areas owned by the City Council are cared for by the Parks Department; on a lesser scale.


some Free State towns also have forestry undertakings. In Springs, the Director of Parks is also responsible for public cleansing including refuse removal. Zoos are of course to be found in many towns and cities, and invariably they are in the care of the Parks Department.

Johannesburg has taken a lead in providing clubs for many activities: physical recreation, handicrafts, teenage clubs and old-age clubs (or should I rather say "Senior Citizens" clubs?); these are controlled by the Parks and Recreation Department. Let us not forget that many of the facilities I have mentioned throughout this talk are duplicated according to need for the Bantu and Coloured populations.

It can be seen that from the baby's first outings to the park, to the children's playgrounds of his schooldays; the active sports of his teens and middle years; the restful gardens for his old age, until finally he is laid to rest in the municipal cemetery, the Director of Parks is there to cater for his needs.

Parks Departments introduce and test new breeds of plants, shrubs and trees, and thus widen the scope of domestic gardeners. I'd say more than half the shrubs and trees in your garden were introduced to cultivation via Parks Departments.

The Institute of Park and Recreation Administration was formed in 1934, and has grown in strength considerably over the years since then. From the beginning, the greatest concern of its leaders has been the education programme for pupils in the profession. Whereas for many years pupils went to Europe for advanced courses after pupilage, the Institute has been successful in conjunction with the Government education authorities in organising advanced courses in Horticulture and Parks Department Administration. A bright young crop of men is now climbing the ladder in the profession.

Many more are needed; Parks Departments everywhere are expanding. A satisfying career awaits the young man who wishes to train in Park Administration, and who has the patience to master the problems of working with nature and with people.

On the horticultural side of things, South Africa is very favoured. The climate over much of the country allows us the best use of both the temperate and the sub-tropical horticultural worlds. Does England boast of its roses? They grow just as well on the Highveld, and can even be grown in Durban. Does Japan mean chrysanthenums? Our growers are now flowering them twice a year near Johannesburg. Has Holland got fine tulips? We can grow them here now with ease, from locally-raised bulbs. Does Australia show off its red-flowering eucalyptus trees to tourists? They are widely used in the Cape as street trees. Is hibiscus synonymous with Hawaii? We have a hibiscus coast. Are Iceland poppies wild in Scandinavia? They are at their best in a Highveld spring.

Then, of course, the almost infinite variety of the South African flora, which is the joy of both the botanist and the horticulturist. With this wide range of plant material, a new and distinctive South African pattern of garden design is growing up around us, and I have no doubt will become as famous as the British and French schools of landscape design; less formal, with wise use of rock and water, and stamped indelibly with this land of its origin. Parks Departments will be leading the way.


The President congratulates the winner of the Pretorius Prize for the best N.C.H. student of the year. For the first time it was won by a lady, Mrs. A. Vincer.

The final act in the Conference. The incoming President, Mr. P. R. Botha, receivesthe Chain of Office.

Photos: H. F. Lacey.


by Joyce Linley (with apologies!)

O

The call went out and we all did race to the Golden City, Dick Shaw's meeting place, there with furrowed brow and deepest thought the problems of Parks, Admin, and Recreation to sort

The wind it blew and the heat beat down as all conferred in the mine dump town.

The atmosphere one of friendly fun after the daily deliberations were done.

But the many wives, be they short or tall,had the greatest fun of Dick's people all,for Renee Lacey put them thro' the beauty pacewith words of wisdom, taught them poise and grace.

The thin and the fat on padded chairs sat, with well-shaped thigh and chin held high.

"Lift up your head girl, and walk tallor on your false eye-lashes you'll surely fall."

Now to learn the products of our wondrous land, a visit to Woolworths' one morning was planned, with demonstration and display of clothes, we learned to spend the money our hardworking spouses earned.

And the glamorous girls with glides and whirls perfect foils made for the dashing male blade.

But woe is me, for to wear that array would require strict diet for many a day.

So we came to the end of an informative session which on delegates all, left a lasting impression, at a solemn ceremony, midst great applause,Dick relinquished the mantle of "The Cause".

From Vereeniging was brought a sincere and pleasant thought of praise to youthfor dress and manners not uncouth.

And so this story of our Dick Shaw adds another chapter to the Institute lore.

On behalf of all wives, a grateful thanks I sayfor the many hours of friendly fun, which came our way,and to new Chief Philip and his Alice tooa successful year in office is our wish to you.


As Joyce Linley has taken the trouble to invoke her poetic muse, the least the Editor can do is to reply in like vein!

Joyce, it's been a pleasureto organise the leisureof the Ladies of the Congress,be they interested in dress,in matters recreationalor in Jo'burg shows sensational.

We are pleased that you enjoyed it and are glad you didn't avoid it; when Durban's beach is solid with Jo'burg folks so stolid, among our mine dumps come to stay for the happiest holiday.

Here is the "Philip" (Mr. P. R. Botha) to whom Joyce Linley, and all of us, wish a happy year in

office as President of the Institute 1968/69.

Parks Administration JANUARY/JANUARIE 1969 85

Parks Department, P.O. Box 15,

Brakpan.The Editor,"Park Administration” .

Dear Sir,

l wish to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to the Institute of Park and Recreation Administration (S.A.) for a wonderful time during the 23rd Conference in Johannesburg.

I was one of seven who were released by the Brakpan Council to enjoy one full day's attendance at the Conference. This was on the 16th October. To my benefit, I was able to see the Jabula Recreation Centre, Huddle Park Municipal Nursery, the Huddle Park Golf Courses, and the display of the various types of machinery used in all forms of parks department maintenance. On the way back to the Cranbrooke Hotel, we saw the most thrilling modern swimming-pool for children at Yeoville.

Mr. Ralph Wilson was the main speaker in the afternoon Conference session. He explained the expenditure incurred by the City Council in maintaining the golf courses, etc. I found his clear answers to questions from the audience most interesting.

Please note that our contingent from Brakpan was seven in number, though not all could attend every day with the Director, Mr. Overholster. We all attended the Annual General Meeting. Thank you again for a most interesting Conference.

Yours faithfully,

C. B. EVANS.

On the right are two more gentlemen who enjoyed the Conference — Mr. I. D. Klapka (Asst. Manager, N.E.A. Dept.) and Mr. D. J. Schmidt (Senior Recreation Officer

of the same Department).


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Mr. Peter Best, Railways Horticultural Chief, looks happy ... · A group at the Oppenheimer Tower Gardens, Soweto. The Linleys (right), from Natal, found nothing new in a Zulu hut,