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AP Chemistry 12 Predicting Properties Based on Bonding

Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

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Page 1: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

AP  Chemistry  12  

Predicting  Properties  Based  on  Bonding  

Page 2: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Predic'ng  Proper'es  Based  on  Bonding  

•  So  far,  we  have  been  discussing  bonding  within  a  molecule,  this  type  of  interaction  is  known  as  intramolecular    

•  Intramolecular  interactions  don’t  really  tell  us  anything  about  the  properties  though…  For  Example:  v   Why  is  H2O  a  liquid  at  room  temperature,  but  H2S  and  H2Se  are  gases?  (Both  are  bent  geometry)  

v   Why  is  I2  a  poor  electrical  conductor  but  graphite  (C)  a  great  conductor,  even  though  both  are  non-­‐metals?  

Page 3: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Predic'ng  Proper'es  Based  on  Bonding  Bonding  

Ionic  

Lattice  Bonding  

Metallic  

Delocalized  Electrons  

Covalent  

Molecular  Covalent  

IMF  (London  Dispersion,  Dipole-­‐Dipole  Interactions,  Hydrogen  Bonding)    

Network  Covalent  

Extended  Covalently  Bonded  Structure  

Page 4: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Ionic  Bonding  

•  In  ionic  compounds,  the  metal  loses  electrons  and  the  non-­‐metal  gains  them  •  The  metal  becomes  positively  charged  and  the  non-­‐metal  becomes  negatively  charged  •  The  positively  charged  ion  (cation)  and  the  negatively  charged  ion  (anion)  attract  one  another  

Page 5: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Reacting  Elements:  

Electron  ConViguration:  

During  Reaction:  

New  Electron  Arrangement:  

Ions  Formed:  

Na   Cl  

1s22s22p63s1   1s22s22p63s23p5  

loses  1e-­‐   gains  1e-­‐  

1s22s22p6   1s22s22p63s23p6  

transfer  of  an  electron  

e-­‐  

Na   Cl  -­‐  +  

Page 6: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Electrosta'c  Attraction  

Ionic  compounds  form  a  LATTICE  STRUCTURE.  Millions  of  oppositely  charged  ions  are  held  together  in  a  very  stable  arrangement.  

-­‐  Na  

+  Cl  

Page 7: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Electrosta'c  A5rac'on  

•  The  strength  (lattice  energy)  of  this  attraction  is  given  by  the  formula:  

 Q  =  the  charge  on  the  ions  r  =  the  distance  between  them  •  This  formula  shows  that  higher  charges  and  smaller  radii  ions  have  the  strongest  attraction  

•  Exact  formula  is  called  Coulomb’s  law  

E∝Q1Q2

r

Page 8: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

La7ce  Energy  

• We  don’t  need  to  actually  calculate  the  lattice  energy  in  this  case,  but  simply  compare  the  energies  qualitatively  between  different  ionic  compounds  •  Example:  LiF  vs  LiI  vs  LiF  •  Example:  NaF  vs  MgO  

Page 9: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

LiF  vs  LiI  vs  LiF  and  NaF  vs  MgO    

Page 10: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Physical  Proper.es    of  Ionic  Solids  

1.  Brittle,  Crystalline,  Hard  2.  High  Boiling  and  Melting  Points  (Strong  

attraction)  3.  Conductive  when  melted  or  dissolved  in  

water  (electrolytes).  Any  time  ions  are  formed,  the  solution  will  conduct  electricity.  (l  or  aq)  

4.  Non-­‐conductive  as  solids  or  gases  (s  or  g)  5.  Low  vapour  pressure  6.  Generally  soluble  in  water  (many  

exceptions;  recall  solubility  table)  

Page 11: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Side  Note  on  Vapour  Pressure  •  Molecules  in  the  liquid  or  solid  phase  can  escape  into  the  gas  phase  due  to  random  motion  (vapourization)  

•  At  the  same  time,  molecules  in  the  gas  phase  will  condense  back  into  the  liquid  or  solid  phase  (condensation)  

•  When  both  rates  are  equal,  the  number  of  molecules  in  the  gas  phase  remain  constant,  we  can  measure  the  pressure  of  this  gas.  This  is  called  the  vapour  pressure.  

Page 12: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Side  Note  on  Vapour  Pressure  •  Vapour  pressure  depends  on  the  temperature  of  the  system.  Vapour  pressure  increases  with  temperature.    v   More  molecules  have  enough  energy  to  escape  and  stay  in  the  gas  phase  

•  Strong  attractive  forces  between  molecules  result  in  lower  vapour  pressure  while  weak  attractive  forces  result  in  higher  vapour  pressure  (indirect  proportionality)  

•  Substances  with  high  vapour  pressure  are  known  as  volatile  substances  

Page 13: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#
Page 14: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Predic'ng  Proper'es  Based  on  Bonding  Bonding  

Ionic  

Lattice  Bonding  

Metallic  

Delocalized  Electrons  

Covalent  

Molecular  Covalent  

IMF  (London  Disperson,  Dipole-­‐Dipole  Interactions,  Hydrogen  Bonding)    

Network  Covalent  

Extended  Covalently  Bonded  Structure  

Page 15: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Metallic  Bonding  • Metal  atoms  share  its  valence  electrons  with  its  neighbours  •  The  positive  metal  nucleus  are  embedded  in  many  valence  electrons  •  The  valence  electrons  are  free  to  roam,  acting  similar  to  a  “sea  of  electrons”  

Page 16: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Metallic  Bonding  

Page 17: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Physical  Proper'es    of  Metallic  Solids  

1.  Malleable,  Ductile,  Strong  2.  Generally  high  melting  point  3.  Conductive  as  solids  and  liquids  4.  Low  vapour  pressure  5.  Not  soluble  in  water  

Page 18: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Alloying  •  Because  many  metal  cations  are  similar  in  size,  small  amounts  of  another  metal  can  be  added  • When  atoms  of  similar  sizes  are  used  to  replace  metal  atoms,  the  result  is  a  substitutional  alloy  •  An  example  of  this  is  brass    

v Copper  and  Zinc,  both  have  0.135  nm  radius  

Page 19: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Alloying  •  Because  there  are  small  spaces  between  metal  atoms,  other  atoms  can  Vit  in  between  them  when  alloying  • When  atoms  of  smaller  radii  are  used  to  alloy,  a  interstitial  alloy  is  created  •  An  example  of  this  is  steel  

v   Iron  and  carbon,  0.125  nm  and  0.070  nm  radii  

Page 20: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

 Pure  metal:    Iron,  Fe  

 Substitutional  Alloy:  Brass,  Cu/Zn    

Interstitial  Alloy:  Steel,  Fe/C    

Mixed  Alloy:  Stainless  Steel,  Fe/Cr/C  

Alloying  

Page 21: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#

Drawing  Alloy  Prac'ce  

•  Substitutional  Alloy  v 50  %  Copper  and  50  %  Zinc  by  mass  (Brass)  v Convert  the  mass  to  nearest  whole  #  mole  ratio  v Draw  at  least  30  atoms  in  total  

•  Interstitial  Alloy  v 90  %  Iron  and  10  %  Carbon  by  mass  (Steel)  v Draw  at  least  30  atoms  in  total  

Page 22: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#
Page 23: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#
Page 24: Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding...Bonding* Bonding# Ionic# Lattice Bonding# Metallic. Delocalized. Electrons. Covalent# Molecular# Covalent# IMF(London Disperson,Dipole DipoleInteractions,#