M/s E. V. Ranga Reddyenvironmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/online/EC/... · 2019-05-16 · Hydro- Geological Study Report for M/s E. V. Ranga Reddy Iron Ore and Laterite mines

2019

M/s E. V. Ranga Reddy

[Hydro- Geological Study Reportfor M/s E. V. Ranga Reddy IronOre and Laterite mines over anextent of 201.914 Ha at SurveyNo. 172, Village Pagadalapalli,Mandal Pendlimari, District YSRKadapa, Andhra Pradesh]

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Typewritten text

Annexure-13

Hydro- Geological Study Report for M/s E. V. Ranga Reddy Iron Ore and Laterite mines over an extentof 201.914 Ha at Survey No. 172, Village Pagadalapalli, Mandal Pendlimari, District YSR Kadapa,Andhra Pradesh

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

CHAPTER-1 ....................................................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................3

1.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 WATER REQUIREMENT OF THE PROJECT..........................................................................................3

1.3 LOCATION...............................................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER-2 ....................................................................................................................................................5

HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE AREA.....................................................................................................................5

Ground Water in Archaeans .....................................................................................................................5

Ground water in Basalts and Laterite ....................................................................................................... 5

Depth of ground water .............................................................................................................................6

2.1 OBJECTIVE OF HYDROGEOLOGY STUDY........................................................................................6

2.2 METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................7

2.3 LOCAL PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE .......................................................................................8

2.4 GEOMORPHOLOGY .......................................................................................................................8

2.5 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY ...................................................................................................................9

2.6 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS ...............................................................................................................10

2.7 GEOLOGY OF THE AREA ..............................................................................................................12

CHAPTER-3 ..................................................................................................................................................14

HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETUP ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1 HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETUP............................................................................................................14

3.1.1 Ground water in Archaean Crystalline rocks: .....................................................................14

3.1.2 Ground Water in Cuddapah and Kurnool formations:........................................................14

3.1.3 Ground Water in Alluvium formation: ................................................................................15

3.2 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL .................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................................................21

GROUND WATER RESOURCE ......................................................................................................................21

4.1 GROUND WATER QUALITY..............................................................................................................21

4.2 REGIONAL GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................................21

CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................................22


CHAPTER-1INTRODUCTION

Water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life. It

carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately

allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as

a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of

many metabolic processes within the body. Due to meteoric growth of population

and development has led to the exploitation of the resource result in over use of

both surface and ground water. Surface water is limited and subject to evaporation

losses and possible contamination. Ground water does not suffer from these

disadvantages. Ground water plays a vital role in catering to a lion’s share of the

total water requirement of the country. Its use has gained increasing popularity over

the year because of its ubiquitous nature of occurrence and easy accessible to the

resource. As drilling technology has improved so ground water based structure has

been increased. However exploration of ground water is best with considerable

problem.

1.1 BACKGROUNDThe proposal of Sri E. V. Ranga Reddy is for production of Iron Ore - 274000 TPA and

Laterite 62000 TPA (ML Area 201.914 ha, located at Survey Number 172 at Villages

Pagadalapalli, Mandal Pendlimarri, District YSR District, State Andhra Pradesh. The

mining lease is located on Open series map, Survey of India Topo-sheet no.D44G11

(57 J11). The area is bounded between the coordinates Latitude 140 26’ 18.1” N to

140 27” 17.7’N and Longitude 780 36’ 01.5” E to 780 37’ 04.2” E. The said activity is

covered under category A of item 1 (a) of the Schedule to the EIA Notification,2006

as amended, and requires prior EC from the MoEF&CC.

Government of Andhra Pradesh, Industries and Commerce (M-III) Department

sanctioned the Mining Lease (ML) order, vide G. O. Ms. No. 73, dt.13.03.2006 for a

period of 20 years. Assistant Director of Mines and Geology (ADMG), Kadapa has

executed the mining lease deed and work orders issued vide proceedings No.

695/M1/06, dt.25.03.2006 for 20 years period with effect from 25.3.2006 to

24.3.2026.

1.2 WATER REQUIREMENT OF THE PROJECTWater requirement for the project is mainly for maintaining the green belt, for

sprinkling on the haulage roads to mitigate dust emissions and for domestic


purposes. The total water requirement is 15 KLD. The rainwater stored in the

worked out pits is used for sprinkling, wet drilling and greenbelt development. The

domestic water is drawn from the nearby villages through tankers.

Table 1.1: Water Requirement.

Sl. No. Water Usage Quantity KL/day1 Sprinkling on haul roads 2.52 Wet drilling 0.53 Domestic 94 Green Belt 3

Total 15Source: As per the Approved Mine Plan

1.3 LOCATIONThe mine lease area is situated on Survey of India topo sheet no. 57J/11 with

coordinates of 14° 26’ 18.1” - 14° 27’ 17.7” N Latitude and 78° 36’ 01.5” - 78° 37’

04.2” E Longitude with a highest elevation of 244m above MSL in Southwest portion

of ML area and lowest elevation of 187m above MSL in northeast portion of the ML

area spread over an extent of 201.914 Ha. Pagadalapalli village is located at a

distance of 1.0 km in East direction from the ML area boundary. There is no forest

land or habitation within mine lease area and it is classified as hill Poramboke. The

main road access for ML area shall be Kadapa-Vempalli road which is at a distance of

250m from the ML area in south direction. Pendlimarri Mandal headquarter (Kadapa -

Vempalli road) is located at a distance of 2.3 km from the lease area in east.


CHAPTER-2HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE AREA

Hydro geologically the area is grouped under hardrocks comprising “Archaens” and

“Basalts” and soft rocks comprising “Alluvium” and “Laterites”. In the Archeans

ground water occurs under confined conditions in the weathered mantle, and under

semi-confined conditions in the fractured and fissured zones of the fresh rock below,

varying from place to place.

Ground Water in ArchaeansMajor Portion of the area is underlain by crystalline rocks of Archaean age. The

occurrences and movement of ground water is mainly controlled by the nature and

depth of weathering, joints and fracturing system. The open wells existing in the

area are tapping upper weathered zone of depth ranging from 5 to 18 m below

ground level (B/L). Most of the wells in the area fall in the depth range of 5 to 18 m

B/L and about 30% of wells fall in the depth range of 10 to 15 m B/L. Only 10% of

wells are in the range of more than 15-m depth. The depth of water table in them

ranges from 0 to 17 m B/L. The yield in dug wells with 10 to 15 m depth ranges from

80 to 180 KLD. The wells are capable of sustained yield of 500 LPM with draw down

ranging from 1 to 6 m. The yield of bore wells range from 2000 to 4000 LPH. The

wells take approximately 24 to 48 hours for complete recuperation.

Ground water in Basalts and LateriteGround water occurs in the joints, fractures and crevices of massive basalts while in

the case of vesicular basalts it occurs in the cavities which are left open without

being filled by secondary minerals. These cavities form good conduits for movement

of ground water. The occurrence and movement of ground water, is controlled by

the thickness of weathered and fractured zones and the intensity of vesicles in case

of vesicular basalts. The depth of open wells tapping is laterite and weathered

basalts range between 5 to 30 m. Most of the wells are Circular in shape and fall in

the depth range of 10 to 15m. Depth of water Table in them varies from 1 to 14 m

B/L. The yield of water in dug wells with 5 to 30m depth ranges from 50 to 150 KLD.

The yields of bore wells range from 3000 to 5000 LPH. The wells take approximately

24 to 48 hours for recuperation.


Depth of ground waterIn the granitic terrain, the average depth of ground water ranges from 5-8 m in

recharge areas and from ground level to about 3 m in low lying areas and valley

bottoms. The productive aquifers in the granitic terrain are met at the depth of 15 –

50 m below the land surface depending upon the topography. The annual water

level fluctuations in the recharge areas exceed 9 m where as it is less than 3m in low

lying areas. In basaltic terrain the maximum water level fluctuation is of the order of

20 m in recharge areas while the fluctuation along valley bottoms is about 6 m.

Ground Water Prospect map is given below in Figure No. 2.1.

Figure No:-2.1 Groundwater Prospect Map

2.1 OBJECTIVE OF HYDROGEOLOGY STUDY

Objectives


The detail hydro-geological investigation of the buffer zone has been undertaken with

the following objectives.

1. To decipher the present hydrogeological scenario of the study area.

2. To decipher the aquifer geometry in the area

3. To evaluate the status of the ground water storage

4. To assess the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer present in the area.

5. To evaluate the status of ground water resource and its utilization and ground

water budget.

6. To identify the effect of mining on groundwater regime.

Scope of Work

Following are the scope of the work to be carried out

I. To carry out well inventory and observe status of water table over 5

locations within the buffer zone.

II. To collect historical water level data of the area through secondary

sources and from different agencies.

III. To collect subsurface borehole data for demarcating aquifer geometry

and its disposition.

IV. Estimation of groundwater resource and utilization in the buffer zone as

per norms of Ground water Estimation Committee, Govt. of India

V. Analysis and interpretation of data and preparation of report.

2.2 METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATIONThe geology of the area and subsurface conditions have been interpreted based

on the exploratory data collected from different agencies, like geological

Survey of India, Central Ground Water Board, Govt.of India, Ground Water

Department, Govt.of AP etc. Intensive well inventory of the area have been

undertaken to establish the groundwater flow regimes. The groundwater

resource potential has been calculated as per GEC norms as well as on Pro-rata

basis. The ground water utilization was worked out on Pro-rata basis.

For all purposes, the area of influence is been chosen as the surrounding

watershed area with the watershed boundary as the hydro-geological boundary

for the study purpose. The core zone is considered as the lease area for the

study.


2.3 LOCAL PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGEThe district has an irregular landscape with a number of hill ranges and hills with

intervening valleys and high lands. The highest elevation is 1108 m amsl. The

important hill ranges are Velikonda, Nallamalais, Yerramalai, Palakonda and

Lankamalai are trending in NW-SE or E-W direction. Out of the total geographical

area of 5,00,961 ha (32.57%) of the area is covered by forests. Similarly, barren

and uncultivable land is 14.4% and cultivable waste and current fallows put together

is 9.1%. The net area sown is 8.6% to the total geographical area.

The YSR District (Kadapa) is drained by Pennar river and its chief tributaries are

cheyyair, Papaghni, Chitravati, Sagileru and Kunderu. Pincha and Mandavi are minor

streams. The drainage pattern in general is dendraitic to sub-dendritic and parallel.

The drainage is often parallel to sub parallel indicating structural control.

About 21,758 ha area is irrigated by canals while 4,168 ha. and 1,29,983 ha. are

irrigated through dug wells and bore wells respectively. It has ground water

resources of 1.05 lakh ham.

2.4 GEOMORPHOLOGYGeomorphology of the area is controlled by lithology and structure.

Geomorphologically, YSR District (Kadapa) has been classified into three units based

on relief, slope factor and soil. The three groups are (i) Structural land forms (ii)

Denudational land forms and (iii) fluvial land forms.

i. The structural landforms: These include structural hills, structural valleys,

cuesta hills, Mesa/Buttee, linear ridges, intermontane valleys etc. These

landforms occupy in considerable part and are mostly developed in eastern

part. The structural hills, cuesta hills, Mesa/Buttee are generally not suitable

for ground water development. The structural valleys and intermontane

valleys are generally suitable for ground water development with good

recharge.

ii. Denudational land forms: These include pediplain, pediment- inselberg

complex. Piedmont zone and residual hills. The ground water prospects are

limited in shallow weathered pedipline and pediment inselberg complex,

where as ground water prospects are moderate in moderately weathered

pediplain.


iii. Fluvial land forms: These include alluvial plains along major rivers and Bazada

zones. Flood plains form highly productive zones, while Bazada forms along

foot hills and form shallow aquifers with good yields.

2.5 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGYThe average annual rainfall of the YSR District (Kadapa) is 710 mm, which ranges

from nil rainfall in January to 137 mm in October. October is the wettest month of

the year. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 402.4 mm in southwest monsoon

(June-September), 239.1 mm in northeast monsoon ( Oct-Dec), 2.4 mm rainfall in

Winter (Jan-Feb) and 65.7 mm in summer (March – May). The percentage

distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is 56.7% in southwest monsoon, 33.7 % in

northeast monsoon, 0.34 % in winter and 9.3 % in summer. The mean monthly

rainfall distribution is given in Fig- 2.1.

Fig.2.1: Mean Monthly Rainfall Distribution




























Table2.1: Monthly Rainfall Distribution from 1999-2011

The southwest monsoon rainfall contributes about 56.7 % of annual rainfall. It

ranges from 200.6 mm in 2002 to 630.5 mm in 2007. The years 1999, 2002 and

2006 experienced drought conditions in the district as the annual rainfall recorded is

35%, 34% and 26% less than the long period average (LPA) respectively.

Wind Speed and Direction

Generally, light to moderate winds prevails throughout the year. Winds are light and

moderate particularly during the morning hours while during the afternoon hours,

the winds are stronger. The Composite Wind Rose diagram is given in Figure 2.2.

2.6 SOIL CHARACTERISTICSSoil may be defined as mixture of rock and mineral material with the organic matter

soil is the net result of the action of climate and organisms especially plants on the

earth. The study of soil characteristics of an area is useful in Hydrogeological

investigation.

Cuddapah district is endowed mainly with red and black soils ranging from poor to

fertile soils. Red soils occupy 54.2% of the cultivated area and are mostly situated in

L. R. Palli, Rayachoty, Rajampet, Pulivendla and Kodur Mandals. These soils have a

low nutrient status.














investigation.


















investigation.






The red soils are mainly found in the eastern and southern parts of the district

interrupted by belts of forest land. These soils cover about 54.2 per cent of the area

of which red loams are the dominant with 30.6 per cent followed by red sands with

18.2 per cent and red clays with 5.4 per cent.

Black soils covered nearly 47% of the cultivated area and are generally associated

with clay content located in Muddanur, Jammalamadugu, Proddatur,

Mydukur, Pulivendla and Kamalapuram Mandals.

Figure 2.2: Composite Wind Rose for Winter Season


Figure 2.3: Soil Type Distribution in Buffer Area of the Mines

2.7 GEOLOGY OF THE AREAThe area is underlain by various rock types belong to Late Archaean or Early

Proterozoic era which are succeeded by rocks of Dharwarian Age and both are

traversed by dolerite dykes. The older rocks are overlain by rocks of Cuddapah Super

group and Kurnool Group belonging to Middle and Upper Proterozoic Age. The

Cuddapah Sedimentary Basin, which is a huge depression formed over the denuded

surfaces of older rocks extending into neighboring districts occupies the major part of

the district in southern areas. The major rock types are quartzites, shales,

limestones, phyllites, granites, granodiorites and granite gneiss. The Archaean

comprises the Peninsular Gneissic Complex, represented by granite, granodiorite,

granite-gneiss and migmatite. These rock types typically occur in the southwestern

part of the district. Both the Archaean and Dharwar are traversed by dolerite dykes


and quartz reefs. Alluvium consisting of gravel, sand, silt and clay occur along the

river courses in the district.

The granite greenstone terrain of southern Indian peninsula is of late Archaean age

and is made up of vast stretches of granite, syenite and gneisses that enclose thin

linear schist belts (greenstone belt). The area under present investigation falls in the

eastern part of Dharwar craton close to the south-western margin of Proterozoic

Cuddapah basin. The Dharwar craton covering major part of southern peninsula is

divided into Eastern and Western Blocks separated by the Chitradurga boundary fault

situated to the west of the linear Closepet Granite. Based on the field relations,

structural and textural characteristics and the types of enclaves present, they are

further grouped into the following three well defined suites.

1. Tonalite-trondhjemite gneiss ( TT suite)

2. Tonalite-granodiorite-monzogranite (TGM suite)

3. Monzogranite-syenogranite / Granite (MS suite)

The litho-stratigraphy of the area is typified as given below.

Succession LithologyYounger Intrusives Quartz reef

Dolerite/Gabbro Dyke

Granitoids Monzogranite-Syenogranite (MS) Suite

Tonalite-granodiorite-monzogranite (TGM) suite

Tonalite-trondhjemite gneiss (TT) suite

Veligallu Schist Belt BIF, amphibolite, quartz-biotite schist, quartz-chlorite-

schist

The xenoliths derived from the country rocks are present in all the granitoid suites.

However the tonalitetrondhjemite gneiss carries enclaves of the schist belt rocks.

The TT gneiss is affected by all the deformations recorded within the schist belt and

may represent either an early tectonic granitoid or reactivated basement gneiss. The

TGM suite is syntectonic whereas the MS suite is late-post tectonic with respect to

regional deformation. Dolerite/gabbro dykes traverse all the units.


CHAPTER-3AQUIFER CONDITIONS

3.1 HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETUPThe YSR District (Kadapa) is underlain by various rock types of different age groups

ranging from Archaean to Recent.

3.1.1 Ground water in Archaean Crystalline rocks:

These rocks consists mostly granite gneisses, migmatites and generally lack primary

porosity. However, development of secondary porosity through weathering and

fracturing gives scope for occurrence of ground water. Ground water occurs under

unconfined conditions in weathered portion and under semi-confined conditions in

joints and fractures. The ground water in weathered zone is developed by large

diameter (6 m) dug wells and dug-cum-bore wells. The thickness of the weathered

zone is generally upto 10 m in most of the area. During the rainy season, these wells

sustain pumping around 4 hrs. in a day in two spells and yields 20 to 60 cu.m/day in

rainy season. However, during the Rabi season, most of the wells are likely to yield

less i.e., 5 to 20 cu.m/day and in drought years, likely to be dried up.

The ground water in fractured portion is developed through construction of

shallow/deep bore wells. Central Ground Water Board has carried out ground water

exploration at the locations from depth ranging 107.20 to 200 m bgl. The drilling

data reveals that fracture zones were encountered at various depths ranging from

8.00 to 145.80 m bgl. However, generally, the potential fractures were encountered

between 20 and 100 m bgl. The cumulative yield of fracture zones varies from 0.1 to

4.9 lps. However, general yield of bore wells was found to be between 1 to 3 lps

sometimes even more depending upon the fractured zone encountered in the bore

well. The hydrogeololgical conditions in the district are presented in Figure 3.1.

3.1.2 Ground Water in Cuddapah and Kurnool formations:

Kadapa/Kurnool formations consist of mostly shales, quartzites,

limestones/dolomites. Ground water occurs under water table conditions in

weathered portion of the formation and the thickness of the weathered portion is

around 10 m bgl. Ground water is developed in weathered potion through large

diameter dug wells (6m). As the pressure on ground water increases, the water


levels were lowered and the yields from dug wells decreased and occasionally dried

up in the drought years.

Central Ground Water Board has carried out ground water exploration at the

locations from depth ranging 30 to 200 m bgl. The drilling data reveals that fracture

zones were encountered at various depths ranging from 8.00 to 196.90 m bgl.

However, generally, the potential fractures were encountered between 25 and 120 m

bgl. The cumulative yield of fracture zones varies from 0.08 to 21 lps. However,

general yield of bore wells was found to be between 1 to 7 lps sometimes even more

depending upon the fractured zone encountered in the bore wells.

3.1.3 Ground Water in Alluvium formation:

Alluvium occurs along the river courses in the district. The thickness of the alluvium

varies from 1 m to 20 m bgl. Ground water development in alluvium is through filter

point wells upto 15 m depths. The yields vary from 2 to 12 lps, depending upon the

thickness of the alluvium. Infiltration wells are also constructed at suitable locations

for village water supply and lift irrigation schemes in these formations.


Figure 3.1: Hydrogeological Map of the Area

Source: Ground Water Brochure (CGWB)














3.2 DEPTH TO WATER LEVELStudy of depth to water level (DWL) is an important parameter of hydrological

investigation which is mainly influenced by topography, rainfall, lithology, drainage,

characteristics, depth and nature of weathering and soil condition of the area.

Ground water levels are monitored from a network of 29 hydrograph stations in the

district which are being monitored four times in a year i.e. in the months of January,

May, August and November. These observation wells, tapping the phreatic aquifer,

include dug wells (26) and 3 Piezometer wells. The historical water levels highlight

the areas extent of ground water behavior and over exploitation and fluctuations of

water levels and quality changes with time and in space, effects of surface water on

ground water, rainfall (Pre-and post-monsoon) recharge, chemical and other

anthropogenic activities on the ground water regime. The depth to water level

distribution maps are prepared for May(Pre-monsoon) and November(Post monsoon)

as shown in Figure. 3.2 & 3.3 respectively.

Pre-monsoon water levels:

The depth to water level during pre-monsoon ranges from 3.13 m to 17.35 m bgl.

The shallow water levels of 2 to 5 m are observed in north east and north western

part of the area. The depth to water levels between 5-10 m is observed in majority

of the area. Deeper water levels of more than 10 m bgl are observed in the south

eastern parts of the project area.

Post-monsoon water levels:

The depth to water level ranges from 0.85 to 12.27 m bgl during the post monsoon

period. The depth to water levels between 5-10 m is observed in major part of this

area. The depth to water levels 10 -20 m are observed in south eastern part of the

project area.

Ground Water Fluctuations:

Majority of the district shows rise in water level between pre and post monsoon

period. Rise of water level between 2-4 m is observed in major part of the study

area. Rise of water level of more than 4 m is observed only in south eastern and

southern part of the buffer area (Figure 3.4).


Figure 3.2: Depth of Water Level in Pre-Monsoon

Figure 3.3: Depth of Water Level in Post Monsoon








Figure 3.4: Regional Fluctuation in Water Level


CHAPTER 4GROUND WATER RESOURCE

Based on the Ground Water Estimation Committee (GEC 97) norms, ground water

assessment was done in 2008-09 by the state. The mandal-wise details are

presented in Table-2. The net ground water availability is 1,62,783 ha.m in

command area and 9,634 ha.m in non-command area and total ground water

resources available in the district 1,72,417 ha.m. The existing gross ground water

draft for all uses in the district is 31,933 ha.m, which is 27,604 ha.m in command

area and 4,329 ha.m in non command area. The net ground water availability for

future irrigation is 1,28,445 ha.m and 4,137 ha.m in command and non-command

areas respectively. The stage of ground water development in command area is

17%, while it is 45% in non command areas and 19% in the entire district. All the

mandals and falls under safe category.

4.1 GROUND WATER QUALITYThe ground water in the district is in general suitable for both domestic and irrigation

purposes. The Electrical Conductivity ranges from 472 to 3891 micro Siemens/cm at

25oC. Distribution of F ranges from 0.34 to 3.6 mg/l, while nitrates ranging from 0 to

340 mg/l.

The assessment of deep ground water is done based on 19 water samples collected

from the bore wells during the exploratory drilling programme. The deeper ground

water is generally alkaline with pH varies from 6.00 to 8.65. The electrical

conductivity varies from 444 to 2240 micro Siemens/cm at 25oC. About 58% of the

samples have Nitrate more than permissible limit of 45 mg/l. Fluoride content more

than permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l have in 10% of samples of deeper ground water.

4.2 REGIONAL GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENTIn the olden days, the ground water development is through dug wells. Over a period

of time, due to increase in population, the stress on ground water has increased.

Consequently, the water levels were lowered and the dug wells are replaced by dug-

cum-bore wells, shallow bore wells and presently by deep bore wells. The dug wells

are generally circular or rectangular in shape and generally down to 10 m depth. The

shallow bore wells for hand pumps are generally down to 60 m. Deep bore wells with


162 mm diameter were drilled down to 300 m in non-command areas and down to

100 m in command areas. The dug wells are fitted with centrifugal pumps of 5 to 7.5

HP whereas the shallow bore wells where water levels are shallow are fitted with

hand pumps for drinking and domestic purposes. The irrigation bore wells are fitted

with submersible pumps ranging from 5 to 20 HP.

There are 1243 P.W.S. schemes, 5443 bore wells and 210 open wells for meeting the

demands of domestic needs. Most of the open wells are in Atloor, Chapadu, B.

Mattanur, Kalespadu, Tandur and Srihardipuram mandals. Most of the irrigation is

through ground water in the district. Around 86% of the total irrigation is through

ground water of which 81% is through bore wells and filter points and 5% through

dug wells indicating the role of bore wells and filter points in the district.

CONCLUSIONDue to increased ground water development there is depletion of water table and

piezometric levels. Long term water level trends of last two decades (1993-2012)

shows that, about 56% of the monitoring wells showing depleting water table mostly

in the western part of the area and south eastern part of the area. From the CGWA

data, it is observed that most of the potential zones of aquifer are encountered

within the depth range of 20-150 m. The phreatic zones are encountered within 5 –

10 meter BGL depending upon the local soil conditions.

Rainwater harvesting structures like contour bunding, check dams, percolation tanks,

farm ponds are already present in these areas. However, construction of the artificial

recharge structures should be taken up scientifically for 50% of non-committed run-

off so as to not to deprive the downstream watersheds.

Modern irrigation systems using drip and sprinkler irrigation equipment have to be

used for reducing the stress on ground water system and help in enhancing the

availability of resource. Further emphasis on cultivation of high value and low water

requiring crops such as pulses, oilseeds are to be emphasized by the agricultural

department for these areas.

Documents

M/s E. V. Ranga Reddyenvironmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/online/EC/... · 2019-05-16 · Hydro- Geological Study Report for M/s E. V. Ranga Reddy Iron Ore and Laterite mines