CONTRACEPTION

Ms. Kehoe

9th grade Health

Misconceptions of Getting Pregnant

Can get pregnant before menstruation During her period First Time Impossible to flush sperm out Douching may push sperm further into vagina Can get pregnant even if…Standing, in a tub,

or just for a few minutes Withdrawal – male’s removal of the penis

from the vagina before releasing semen- pre- ejaculatory fluid often contains sperm. This method is not considered effective

Non- Perscription Birth Control

Condom Female Condom Foam, Gel, Suppositories Fertility Awareness Methods – Natural

Family Planning

Condom 85–98% EFFECTIVE — nearly 100% with

withdrawal

Thin sheath of latex,polyurethane, or animal tissue that is placed on the erect penis to catch semen

○ Spermicide- chemical that kills sperm that come in contact with it (second line of defense)

○ Leave space on end (receptacle tip)○ Hold onto it when removing penis from vagina○ Don’t reuse○ Petroleum jelly or hand lotion not to be used –

destroys latex○ Store in cool, dry place

Female Condom You will follow package instructions and

insert a female condom deep in your vagina to keep sperm from joining egg.

79-95% EFFECTIVE — female condom

Foam, Gel, Suppositories

FoamHas spermicide in it, applicator inserted into vagina

will coat cervix Gel

Has Spermicide in it, Same idea as foam Suppositories

Tablet shaped placed into upper vagina, they dissolve and fill the vagina with spermicide

NO more than 30 minutes should lapse before a new application

All of these are the least effective forms of contraception, could be used as a back up method to condom

Fertility Awareness Method (FAM) Natural Family Planning

Temperature method: Take your temperature everymorning before getting out of bed. Your temperature rises on the day of ovulation. It remains at that level until your next period. Cervical mucus method: Observe the changes in your cervical mucus. Normally cloudy, tacky mucus will become clear and slippery in the few days before ovulation. When this happens you are in your most fertile phase. You must abstain from vaginal intercourse or use a barrier contraceptive during this time to avoid pregnancy. Calendar method: Chart your menstrual cycles on a calendar. You may be able to predict ovulation if your periods are the same every month. You must abstain or use a barrier method during your "unsafe days." It will be more difficult to predict the day of ovulation if the length of your cycle varies from month to month. In that case, you will have more "unsafe days." It is best not to rely on this method alone. It is best to combine the temperature method, the cervical mucus method, and the calendar method. The combination of two or more of these methods is called the symptothermal method.

FAM is ineffective if… you have irregular periods

your partner is unwilling to observe periods of abstinence from vaginal intercourse, practice withdrawal, or use barrier methods at unsafe times

you have a sexually transmitted infection or frequent abnormal discharges

you cannot keep careful records

Prescription Birth Control Oral Contraceptive Diaphragm Contraceptive Implant (Implanon) Patch - Ortho Evra The Ring - NuvaRing Depo Provera IUD – Intra Uterine Device

Birth Control Pill- Oral Contraception

Effectiveness - The pill is one of the most effective reversible methods of birth control.How it works… preventing a woman's ovaries from releasing eggs (ovulation). They also thicken the cervical mucus, which keeps sperm from joining with an egg. Certain medicines and supplements may make the pill less effective…the certain antibiotic, certain anti-fungals for yeast infections, certain anti-HIV protease inhibitors, certain anti-seizure medications, St. John's Wort, Vomiting and diarrhea The pill does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. Use a latex or female condom along with the pill to reduce the risk of infection.

Oral Contraception Cont. Advantages

simple, safe, and convenientfewer menstrual cramps and lighter periods, offers

some protection against pelvic inflammatory disease, does not interfere with having sex

Possible Side EffectsSide effects that usually clear up after two or three

months includebleeding between periods ,breast tenderness, headache, nausea, depression, irregular spotting

Once in a while, menstruation is irregular or absent for as long as six months after stopping the pill.

Progestin Only Pill (POP)Oral Contraceptive

POPs use a hormone similar to the progesterone made by a woman's ovaries to

92-99.7% Effective

Not effective against sexually transmitted infections — use latex or female condoms to reduce the risk.

Advantages

can be used by women who cannot take estrogen, can be used while breastfeeding, ability to become pregnant returns quickly when use is stopped

Possible Disadvantages

irregular bleeding patterns, headache, nausea, dizziness, sore breasts, must be taken at the same time of day each day to reduce the risk of pregnancy and irregular bleeding

COST

$20-$35/monthly pill-pack at drugstores — often less at clinics. $35-$175/exam.

Diaphragm

Your clinician will fit you with a shallow latex cup and insert it in your vagina to keep sperm from joining egg.

Effectiveness - 84-94% Not effective against sexually transmitted infections — use latex or

female condoms to reduce the risk.

Advantagesno major health concerns, can be used during breastfeeding,

Possible Disadvantagescan be messy (spermacide), allergies to latex, silicone, or

spermicide, should not be used during vaginal bleeding or infection, increased risk of bladder infection, can only be left in place for up to 24 hours Cost

$15–$75/diaphragm, cap, or shield. $50–$200/examination. 8–$17 for supplies of spermicide jelly or cream.

Contraceptive Implant (Implanon) Uses a hormone similar to the progesterone made by a woman's ovaries to

prevent the ovaries from releasing an egg (ovulation) thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm from joining egg alter the lining of the uterus, which, in theory, may prevent implantation of a

fertilized egg

Advantages

can be used by women who cannot take estrogen, can be used while breastfeeding, gives continuous long-lasting birth control without sterilization, no pill to take daily, ability to become pregnant returns quickly when use is stopped

Possible Disadvantages

irregular bleeding patterns, headache, nausea, dizziness, sore breasts, acne, skin rash, change in appetite, weight gain, depression, hair loss or increased hair on the face or body, nervousness, and cysts on the ovaries, pain at insertion site, discoloring or scarring of the skin over the implants, risks of minor surgery, removal is sometimes difficult

Patch- Ortho Prevra Effective, reversible prescription method It is a thin, beige, plastic patch that sticks to the skin. A

new patch is placed on the skin of the buttocks, stomach, upper outer arm, or upper torso once a week for three weeks in a row. No patch is used in the fourth week.

The patch releases synthetic estrogen and progestin to protect against pregnancy for one month.

The hormones in the patch work by preventing a woman's ovaries from releasing eggs (ovulation). They also thicken the cervical mucus, which keeps sperm from joining with an egg.

Pregnancy can happen if an error is made in using the patch — especially if it becomes loose or falls off for more than 24 hours, the same patch is left on the skin for more than one week

Patch- Cont. Advantages

The patch protects against pregnancy for one month. And it does not involve taking a daily pill.

Many women who use the Patch have more regular, lighter, and shorter periods. And a woman's ability to become pregnant returns quickly when use of the patch is stopped.

These health benefits may include some protection against irregular menstrual cycles, infection of the fallopian tubes, ectopic pregnancy,

noncancerous breast growths, ovarian cysts, cancer of the ovaries and lining of the uterus, menstrual cramps, iron deficiency anemia that results from heavy menses

Possible Side Effects bleeding between periods, breast tenderness, changes in mood, headache,

nausea,weight gain or loss, depression skin reaction at the site of application

Effectiveness Said to be as much or more effective as the pill. (No forgetting to take pill) Certain medicines and herbs may make the patch less effective.

○ the antibiotic rifampin, certain anti-fungals taken orally for yeast infections, certain anti-HIV protease inhibitors, certain medicines used to treat seizures, mental illness,

Nationwide, the cost of an examination, if needed, ranges from about $35–$175. The patch costs between $30 and $40 a month.

The Ring- NuvaRing It is a small, flexible ring that is inserted into the vagina once a

month. It is left in place for three weeks and taken out for the remaining week. The ring releases synthetic estrogen and progestin to protect against pregnancy for one month.

The combination of hormones usually, it keeps the ovaries from releasing an egg (ovulation)

Pregnancy can happen if an error is made in using the ring Effectiveness

Although no studies have yet been published, it is assumed that the ring will be more effective than the pill

Certain medicines, including the antibiotic rifampin, certain drugs used to treat mental illness or to control seizures, certain anti-fungals for yeast infections, may make the ring less effective.

It is very important to remember that the ring does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. Always use a latex or female condom with the ring to reduce the risk of infection.

The Ring Cont. Advantages

Many women who use the ring have more regular, lighter, and shorter periods. And a woman's ability to become pregnant returns quickly when use of the ring is stopped.

health benefits may include some protection against○ irregular menstrual cycles, infection of the fallopian tubes

(pelvic inflammatory disease), ectopic pregnancy ) noncancerous breast growths, ovarian cysts, cancer of the ovaries and lining of the uterus, menstrual cramps, iron deficiency anemia that results from heavy menses, acne

Common Side Effects and Disadvantages bleeding between periods, weight gain or loss, breast tenderness,

nausea, changes in mood, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation or infection

The cost of the first visit and/or examination, if needed, ranges from about $35–$125. The ring costs between $30 and $35 a month.

Depo-Provera Receive a shot of hormone every 12 weeks from Doctor uses a hormone similar to the progesterone made by a woman's ovaries to prevent (ovulation)

97-99.7% EffectiveNot effective against sexually transmitted infections — use latex or female condoms to reduce the risk.

Advantagescan be used by women who cannot take estrogen, can be used while

breastfeeding, effective for 12 weeks, no pill to take daily Possible Disadvantages

irregular bleeding patterns, headache, nausea, dizziness, sore breasts, must receive injection every three months, loss of monthly period, change of appetite, weight gain, depression, hair loss, or increased hair on the face or body, nervousness, skin rash or spotty darkening of the skin, side effects not reversed until medication wears off (up to 12 weeks), causes temporary bone thinning, may cause delay in getting pregnant after shots are stopped

COST$20-$40/visits to clinician. $30-$75/injection. Costs vary from community to community, based on regional and local expenses. Some family planning clinics charge according to income.

IUD - Intra Uterine Device Your clinician will put a small plastic device in your uterus The IUD contains copper or hormones that keep sperm from joining

egg

99.2–99.9% EffectiveNot effective against sexually transmitted infections — use latex or female condoms to reduce the risk.

Advantages of the IUDParaGard® (copper IUD) may be left in place for up to 12 years, Mirena® (hormone IUD) for five years, no pill to take daily, Mirena® may reduce menstrual cramps, ability to become pregnant returns quickly when IUD is removed Possible Disadvantages of the IUD

increase in cramps and heavier and longer periods (copper IUDs), spotting between periods, increased chance of tubal infection leading to infertility if inserted when a woman has a sexually transmitted infection, rarely, wall of uterus is punctured during insertion, rarely, insertion can cause infection

Cost$175–$500/exam, insertion, and follow-up visit.

You May Need/Want Emergency Contraception if... His condom broke. You forgot to take your pill. You weren't

using any birth control. He forced you to have unprotected sex.

Emergency Contraception (EC)... ...is designed to prevent pregnancy after unprotected

vaginal intercourse. ...is provided in two ways: Emergency contraception pills — can reduce the risk of pregnancy if started within 120 hours after unprotected vaginal intercourse. The sooner they're taken, the better. If started within 72 hours, they can reduce the risk of pregnancy by 75 to 89%. Nausea, vomiting, and cramping are common side effects when combined hormones — estrogen and progestin — are used.

Emergency IUD insertion within five days of unprotected intercourse is 99.9% effective.

Permanent Methods Sterilization

Is a surgical procedure that make a male or female incapable of reproduction

Contraception rates would be low after surgery Vasectomy

Procedure of sterilization for malesCut vas deferens top of scrotumCan be an in office visit or hospital

Tubal Ligation Cutting and tying of the fallopian tubesAfter microsurgery - Limited success in restoring

fertility