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Sinhgad e Journal of Nursing Volume VIII, Issue I, June 2018
ISSN '2249 –3913' (online) Sinhgad e-Journal of Nursing ISSN '2278 – 893X' (Print) Sinhgad e-Journal of Nursing
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Cosmos Impact Factor, Cosmos Foundation, Germany. J Gate Informatics India Pvt. Ltd.
Sinhgad e Journal of Nursing is a medium for scientists to communicate with other scientist about the results of their research. Nursing is a caring practice comprised of both an art and a learned scientific discipline guided by sound theoretical and factual bases. Professional nurses practice according to a code of ethics, standards of care and professional guidelines. There was a time when professional nurses had very little choice of service because nursing was centered in the hospital and bedside nursing. Career opportunities are more varied now for nurses in India and worldwide. Keeping in view current need of good quality of nursing database, Sinhgad College of Nursing started ‘Sinhgad e Journal of Nursing.’ 'Sinhgad e-Journal of Nursing is a scholarly peer reviewed Journal. All papers submitted will undergo a double blind peer review process from experts in the field.' This is a biannual journal that publishes original research papers in the field of Nursing/Health Sciences.
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© 2018 Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune. All rights reserved.
___________________________________________
Sr.
No. Content
Page
No.
1. A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding First Aid
Management Among Truck Drivers At NH-12 With A View To Develop An
Information Booklet.
*Mr. Rajendra Jakhar, Asst. Professor, Symboisis Institute of Nursing,
Jaipur.
**Mr. Rishi Dutt Avasthi, **Mr. Arvind Jonwal, Nursing Tutors, College of
Nursing, A.I.I.M.S. , Jodhpur
**Seema Kumari, Nursing Tutor, MG College of Nursing, Jaipur.
[email protected], [email protected]
5 -9
2. Knowledge and Attitude among college students towards Organ Donation.
*Ms. Supriya Namdev Kadam, Final Year M.Sc. Nursing student, Department
of Mental Health Nursing, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
10 -
14
3
3. Assertiveness among undergraduate students.
*Ms. Supriya Namdev Kadam, Final Year M.Sc. Nursing student, Department
of Mental Health Nursing,
**Mr. Vishal R. Naikare, Professor, HOD, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
15 -
20
4. A study to assess the knowledge of married women in reproductive age
group regarding emergency contraception in selected hospital.
*Mr. Ganesh Darade, Ms. Rajnandani Gaikwad, Ms. Rani Dewade,
Ms. Ashwini Kande, Mr. Chetan Pawar, Ms. Manjusha Bandal
Final Year Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing,
Pune.
21 -
24
5. Study to assess the anxiety level among relatives of patients admitted in
emergency ward of selected hospitals.
*Ms. Akshada Kamble,
Final Year Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
25 -
28
6. Effectiveness of ice application on pain response in children prior to
intravenous procedure.
* Mr. Kendre Akash Ramesh,
Final Year Basic B.Sc. Nursing student, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
29 -
32
7. Assess the Knowledge and Attitude related to Hypertension among OPD
patients in selected hospital of Pune city in an view to develop an
Information Booklet
*Ms. Bhavana Kate, Ms. Swati Bade, Mrs. Rani Girigosavi,
Ms. Sonam Pawar, Mr. Sachin Sirsat, Mrs. Savita Dimble,
Ms. Komal Chaudhari. Final Year Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad
College of Nursing, Pune.
33 -
38
8. Comparative study to assess the problems among the preschooler of
working and non-working mothers in selected playgroups.
*Ms. Reshma laxman More, Ms. Megha Chhagan Khade,
Mr. Jwel Johnson Jagdale, Ms. Sarika Rajendra Palwankar,
Ms. Swapnali Kisan Thube, Ms. Rispa Ramesh Tayade. Final Year Post Basic
B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
39 -
46
9. Assessment of the Knowledge and Attitude of mothers on using O.R.S in
management Diarrheal Disease in children between 0-5 year in Hospital
of Pune city in view to develop Information Booklet.
Ms. Mayuri Mahamuni, Ms. Manisha Mangaonkar, Ms. Pratibha Hodnshil,
Ms. Ayesha Waghmare, Mr. Sanket Phadtare, Mr. Bhagwan Gaikwad.
Final Year Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing,
Pune.
47 -
50
4
10. Thought Stopping Technique on Perceived General Self Efficacy among
Nursing Students
Ms. Ketaki Sumitrakumar Tribhuwan
Final Year Basic B.Sc. Nursing student, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
51 -
57
11. Assessment of Quality of Sleep and level of Occupational stress among
Nurses working in Critical care units of selected hospitals.
Mrs. Prajakta N. Adhav, Ms. Pritam Gavit, Ms. Preeti Sable.
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
58 -
60
12. A study to assess the knowledge and attitude of diabetic patients
regarding Diabetes Mellitus in selected hospitals in Nashik.
Ms. Pallavi U. Jadhav,
Clinical Instructor, Sinhgad College Of Nursing, Narhe ,Pune.
61 -
62
13. A cross sectional survey to assess the stressors experienced and coping
strategies adopted by adolescent survivors of child abuse in Mumbai.
Mrs. Meena Zore, Lecturer, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune
63 -
65
14. A study to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on
knowledge regarding Human Milk Banking among students of B.Sc.
Nursing from selected College of Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
Miss. Vanshika Joshi,
Clinical Instructor, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
66 -
68
15. A study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme
on knowledge regarding breast feeding among primi postnatal mothers in
Sonawane Hospital, Pune.
Mrs. Priya Shahuraj Kamble
Clinical Instructor, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
69 -
73
5
‘A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE
REGARDING FIRST AID MANAGEMENT AMONG TRUCK DRIVERS
AT NH-12 WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION
BOOKLET.’ *Mr. Rajendra Jakhar, Asst. Professor, Symbiosis Institute of Nursing, Jaipur.
**Mr. Rishi Dutt Avasthi, **Mr. Arvind Jonwal,
Nursing Tutors, College of Nursing, A.I.I.M.S. , Jodhpur
**Seema Kumari, Nursing Tutor, MG College of Nursing, Jaipur.
[email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
A Descriptive Study to Assess the
Knowledge Regarding First Aid
Management among Truck Drivers at
NH-12 with a View to Develop an
Information Booklet. The subject was 60
truck drivers from NH-12, Age group
between25 to 45 years. The objectives
of the study were to assess the level of
knowledge regarding first aid
management among truck drivers at
NH-12, to find out the association
between socio demographic variable
and level of knowledge on first aid
management among truck drivers at
NH-12 and to prepare an information
booklet on first aid management to
develop a view among truck drivers at
NH-12.In this study reveals that truck
drivers had inadequate overall mean
knowledge regarding first aid
management. The findings of the study
revealed that overall mean knowledge
of truck drivers was found inadequate
(3.38) in first aid introduction and in
first aid common trauma overall mean
knowledge of truck drivers was found
inadequate (4). Where as in
management first aid overall mean
knowledge of truck drivers was found
inadequate (7.47)
The significant association was found
with education status only whereas no
significant association found with any
other demographic variables with
knowledge level of respondent on first
aid management (Significant at 0.05
Level). This study help to assess level of
knowledge regarding first aid among
truck driver which was very much
essential during emergency situation.
INTRODUCTION
First aid is the initial care provided to
someone who has suddenly fallen ill, or
who has been injured, until more
advanced care is provided or the person
recovers. Immediate and effective first
aid may reduce the severity of the injury
or illness and promote recovery.
Knowledge of first aid is important for
everyday life at home, work, or in the
community. Not every incident
requiring first aid will be life
threatening, however the more people
with basic first aid knowledge, the
better the chances are of saving a life.
The aims of first aid are: Preserve life- is
the overriding aim of all medical care,
including first aid, is to save lives
prevent further harm also sometimes
called preventing the condition
worsening, this covers both external
6
factors, such as moving a patient away
from a cause of harm, and applying first
aid techniques to prevent worsening of
the condition, such as applying pressure
to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
Promote recovery - first aid also
involves trying to start the recovery
process from the illness or injury, and in
some cases might involve completing a
treatment, such as in the case of
applying a plaster to a small wound.
NEED OF THE STUDY
1. First aid is an important skill. By
performing simple procedures and
following certain guidelines, it may
possible to save lives by giving basic
treatment until professional medical
help arise.
2. Rapid increase in vehicular traffic
have resulted in an increase in
morbidity and mortality due to
accidents Overcrowding, lack of
awareness and poor implementation
of essential safety precautions result
in an increasing numbers of
accidents.
3. First aid training is of value in both
preventing and treating sudden
illness or accidental injury and in
caring for large numbers of persons
caught in a natural disaster.
DELIMITATION
1. The study is limited to truck
drivers with first aid.
2. The period of study is limited to
6 weeks.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Approach: - Research
Approach is an umbrella that covers the
basic procedure for conducting
research. In order to accomplish the
objectives of the study, a survey
approach was adopted.
Research Design: - A descriptive design
was adopted to assess the knowledge
regarding first aid management among
truck drivers at NH-12 with a view to
develop an information booklet.
SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING
Sample: - The study was conducted on
Truck Drivers at NH-12.National
Highway in India that runs within the
states of Madhya Pradesh and
Rajasthan.
Sample Size: -Sample size is 60
Sample type: - Non probability
convenience sampling technique
Setting of the study: - The setting for the
present study was NH-12. National
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding first aid management among truck drivers at nh-12 with a view to develop an information booklet.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the level of knowledge regarding first aid management among truck drivers at NH-12.
To find out the association between socio demographic variable and level of knowledge on first aid management among truck drivers at NH-12.
To prepare an information booklet on first aid management to develop a view among truck drivers at NH-12.
7
Highway in India that runs within the
states of Madhya Pradesh and
Rajasthan.
Reliability of the Tool: - The reliability
was calculated by using Karl Pearson
coefficient obtain r = 0.7274 hence the
tool was found reliable
RESULT /FINDING
Descriptive and inferential statistics
were used for analysis. Study shows that
according to age, majority 33.33 % of
the truck drivers were in the age group
of 25 to 30 years and educational status
of the truck drivers, 43.33 % were
Upper Primary School.
Regarding the family income of the
truck drivers, 43.33 % were Rs: 10,001-
15,000and most of truck drivers, 76.67
% were Hindu where as Regarding the
Duration of driving (in years) of the
truck drivers, 41.67 percent were 0-5
years’ experience of driving.
In this study knowledge assessment of
Truck drivers had inadequate 49.5
percentages overall mean knowledge
regarding first aid management. The
findings of the study revealed that
overall mean knowledge of truck drivers
was found inadequate (3.38) in first aid
introduction and in first aid common
trauma overall mean knowledge of
truck drivers was found inadequate (4).
Where as in management first aid
overall mean knowledge of truck drivers
was found inadequate (7.47)
Results of the study revealed that
significant association was found with
education status only whereas no
significant association found with any
other rather demographic variables
with knowledge level of respondent on
first aid management (Significant at
0.05 Level)
SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS
Table1.1 : - Frequency and percentage distribution of selected demographic variables N=60
Variables n % Age of truck drivers
25-30 20 33.33 % 31-35 18 30.00% 36-40 14 23.33% Above 40 8 13.33%
Educational status Upper Primary School
26 43.33%
Secondary school
14 23.33%
Senior School 13 21.67% Graduate 7 11.67%
Family income (Rupees per month) Rs: Up to 5000
10 16.67%
Rs:5,001-10000
11 18.33%
Rs:10,001-15,000
26 43.33%
Rs:15,001and above
13 21.67%
Religion Hindu 46 76.67% Muslim 10 16.67% Sikh 3 05.00% others 1 01.66%
Type of family Nuclear 24 40.00% Joint family 36 60.00%
Respondents by Place of living Urban 19 31.67% Rural 41 68.33%
Respondents by Duration of driving (in years)
0-5 25 41.67% 6 - 10 16 26.67% 11-15 11 18.33% Above 15 8 13.33%
8
Table 1.2: Aspect wise mean Knowledge scores of Respondents on First aid
management n=60
Aspects
*
Respondents Knowledge
** *** ***
* ****
*
Introduction
8 3.38
22.76
1.61
.4763
Common Trauma
8 4 26.9
4 1.62
.405
Management
14
7.47
50.30
2.92
.3908
Fig.1.1: Aspect wise mean Knowledge scores of
Respondents on First aid management
DISCUSSION
Study shows that according to age,
majority of the truck drivers were in the
age group of 25 to 30 years and
educational status of the truck drivers,
were Upper Primary School.
Regarding the family income (rupees
per month) of the truck drivers, 43.33
percent were Rs: 10,001-15,000 and
most of truck drivers, 76.67 percent
were Hindu whereas Regarding the
Duration of driving (in years) of the
truck drivers were having 0-5 years’
experience of driving.
In this study reveles that truck drivers
had inadequate overall mean knowledge
regarding first aid management. The
findings of the study revealed that
overall mean knowledge of truck drivers
was found inadequate (3.38) in first aid
introduction and in first aid common
trauma overall mean knowledge of
truck drivers was found inadequate (4).
Where as in management first aid
overall mean knowledge of truck drivers
was found inadequate (7.47)
The significant association was found
with education status only whereas no
significant association found with any
other demographic variables with
knowledge level of respondent on first
aid management (Significant at 0.05
Level)
Max. Score: *
Mean: **
Mean %: ***
SD: ****
Coefficient of variation: *****
3.38
22.76
1.61
0.4763
4
26.94
1.62
0.405 7.47
50.3
2.92 0.3908
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mea
n
Mea
n %
SD
Co
effi
cien
t o
f va
riat
ion
Respondents Knowledge
Introduction Common Trauma
Management
CONCLUSION
Conclusion drawn from present study was as follows develop information booklet on Knowledge regarding First Aid management among truck drivers was an effective method.
9
REFERENCES
1. Prabhjot Saini, P Ranadive, R
Mahal. Study of knowledge of first
aid management and emergency
care in burn patients.The nursing
journal in India. July-2009; volume:
c no. pageno-163-165.
2. Doubleday and company INC.First
aid and personal safety. First
Edition- 1973. Gorden city,
Newyork:the American National
RED cross; Fourth printing
December- 1975.
3. Dr. Shashank. V. Parulekar, First
aid. Third Edition. VORA Medical
publications; 2014.
4. K. Park. Park’s Text book of
preventive and social medicine.
22thedition. Jabalpur
5. Sunder S. Bharat R. Industrial burns
in Jamshedpur. India:
epidemiology, prevention and first
aid.1998 Aug, 24 (5):444-7 pub
med-indexed forMEDLIN
6. Chandra S, Bharat R.. School children
sufficiently apply life supporting
first aid: a prospective investigation.
Department of emergency medicine.
Tata Memorial Hospital: Mumbai
Indian journal of public Health 2005-
4. (26):20-5 URL: http://inpmid.
10
Knowledge and Attitude among college students towards Organ
Donation
*Ms. Supriya Namdev Kadam,
Final Year M.Sc. Nursing student,
Department of Mental Health Nursing,
BACKGROUND
Organ donation is the donation of
biological tissue or an organ of the
human body from a dead or living
person to a living recipient in order to
save the life of the recipient. A living
person can donate organ after natural
death or after brain death. After natural
death, few tissues only can be donated
like cornea, bone, skin, blood vessels,
were as after brain death almost 37
different body organs can be donated
including critical organs.1
The laws of different countries allow
potential donors to permit or refuse
donation or give this choice to relatives.
Thousands of lives are lost in India due
to liver or heart failure. Since the
transplantation of unpaired organs is
either difficult or impossible, this is only
possible on a large scale if these organs
are available from cadaver donors. The
need for greater willingness to donate
organs has been well-documented. Over
4,000 people die each year because a
suitable donor cannot be found. Recent
statistics indicate that over 71,000
people are on organ transplant waiting
lists. At least half are expected to die
waiting because the waiting list has
been growing at three times the rate of
the available supply of organs. Yet, this
need could be eliminated if all people
who are eligible were willing to donate.
The single greatest obstacle to
increasing the number of patients who
receive life-saving transplants is the
scarcity of available organ donations.
The only way to increase organ
donations is to educate the public about
the importance of becoming an organ
donor.2
For any death where organ donation is a
possibility and consent are given, there
will be a medical assessment of what
organs can be recovered. There are no
PROBLEM STATEMENT
‘ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS TOWARDS ORGAN DONATION IN SELECTED AREAS.’
11
absolute age limits to organ donation. A
handful of medical conditions will rule
out organ donation, such as HIV-
positive status, actively spreading
cancer (except for primary brain
tumours that have not spread beyond
the brain stem), or certain severe,
current infections. However, for most
other diseases or chronic medical
conditions, organ donation remains
possible. Unfortunately, many people
never indicate their wish to donate
because they believe, falsely, that their
age or medical condition would not
allow them to donate. If you want to
save and enhance lives through
donation, the most important action you
can take is to share your donation
decision; if donation is not medically
feasible, that determination will be
made at the time of death.1
RESEARCH QUESTION
1) What is the knowledge college
students have towards organ
donation?
2) What is the attitude of the college
students towards organ donation?
METHOD
A survey research approach was used for
this study. The study was carried out in
selected college at Pune. The research
design is descriptive quantitative survey
research design. The sample comprised
of 300 college students of selected
college at selected areas. The students
were selected by probability cluster
sampling technique. The data collection
was done in 4 weeks.
Formal written permission was
obtained from the authorities to
conduct the study and Assent consent
was obtained from subject’s parents and
Subjects prior to the data collection
process. Data was collected by
administering a self-administered
knowledge questionnaire and attitude
scale. After the data collection, the link
of YouTube was shared through e-mail
and WhatsApp to all the participants.
RESULTS
The findings revealed that demographic
variables are
GENDER-majority (74.67%) were male
and 25.33% were female. Hence it can
be interpreted that most of the
respondents were male.
RELIGION- majority 93.33% were
Hindu and 4.67% were Muslims. Hence
it can be interpreted that the most of the
respondents were Hindu.
PLACE OF NATIVE-majority 98.67%
were from urban area and 1.33% of the
respondents were from rural area.
Hence it can be interpreted that the
most of the samples were from urban
area.
TYPE 0F FAMILY- majority 95.67%
were from joint family and 4.33% were
from nuclear family. Hence it can be
OBJECTIVES
To assess knowledge of students towards organ donation.
To assess attitude of students towards organ donation.
To find association between selected demographic variables and knowledge of organ donation.
To find association between selected demographic variables and attitude of students towards organ donation.
12
interpreted that the most of the samples
were from joint family.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE- higher
percentage 83% did not have previous
knowledge regarding organ donation,
17 % of them had previous knowledge
regarding organ donation. Hence it can
be interpreted that the most of the
samples under study didn’t have
previous knowledge regarding organ
donation.
The analysis of data related to
knowledge of students towards organ
donation majority of 37% of students
had average knowledge score (07-10),
27.67% of them had good knowledge
score (11-15) and 35.33% of them had
poor knowledge score (0-06).
The analysis of data related to attitude
of students towards organ donation is
strongly agree (15.48%), Agree
(19.97%), Disagree (21.19%) and
strongly disagree are (43.36%).
Chi square values were calculated to
find out the association between the
knowledge score and demographic
variables of students. The findings
revealed that there was no significant
association between knowledge score
and socio demographic variables like,
gender, religion, place, family and
previous knowledge of the respondents.
Chi square values were calculated to
find out the association between the
attitude score and demographic
variables of students. The findings
revealed that there was no significant
association between attitude score and
27%
35%
38%
Knowledge of students towards
organ donation
strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
16%
20%
21%
43%
Attitude of students towards organ donation
strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
strongly disagree
13
socio demographic variables like,
gender, religion, place and family.
However, a significant association was
found between the attitude score and
the previous knowledge of the students
regarding organ donation.
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION
The findings of the study on knowledge
and attitude of students regarding organ
donation suggests many implications
for nursing education, nursing
administration, nursing research and
mental health nursing, for the proper
intervention regarding donor.
The analysis of data related to
knowledge of students towards organ
donation
Majority of 37% of students had average
knowledge score (07-10), 27.67% of
them had good knowledge score (11-
15) and 35.33% of them had poor
knowledge score (0-06).
The analysis of data related to attitude
of students towards organ donation is
strongly agree (15.48%), Agree
(19.97%), Disagree (21.19%) and
strongly disagree are (43.36%).
The findings of the present study
indicate that colleges student should be
given proper and up to date information
regarding organ donation, which will
improve their knowledge and attitude
regarding organ donation. Research
helps the student build up the existing
knowledge regarding organ donation
and legal and ethical issues, guiding
principles and
implement their
findings in their day
to day life.
REFERENCES
1. Clamon, Joseph. Tax Policy as a
Lifeline Encouraging Blood and
Organ Donation through Tax Credits.
Annals of Health Law. (2010). 17 ..
2. Edwin AR, Raja D. Attitudes of health
care professionals towards organ
donation. Abstracts National, (2014).
16, 98-105.
3. Kellehear A, Routledge.
Compassionate Cities. Public health
and end-of- life care. London and
New York, (2005). 98-100..
4. Haustein SV, Sellers MT. Factors
associated with (un)willingness to
be an organ donor: importance of
public exposure and knowledge. Clin
Transplant, (2004) .18:193–200.
5. Siminoff L, Gordon N, Hewlett J,
Arnold R . Factors influencing
families consent for donation of
solid organs for transplantation.
JAMA,(2001). 286:71–77.
6. Schaeffner ES, Windisch W, Friedel
K, Bruitenfeldt K, Wolfgang CW.
Knowledge and attitude-organ
donation among medical students
and physicians. Transplantation.
(2004). 77:17,148.
7. Macmillan English Dictionary for
advance learner’s International
student edition first published in
India, 2009, Second Impression
2013, Macmillan publishers India , p-
70, 791, 1029.
8. Bhagavad Gita. (2016). In P. Lagasse,
& Columbia University, The
Columbia University
Press.https://search.credoreference
.com/content/entry/columency/bh
agavad_gita/0
9. The Oxford concise medical
dictionary. 11 th ed. Oxford Oxford
14
University Press; 2004. p- 123, 50,
901, 624
10. Haustein SV, Sellers MT. Factors
associated with (un)willingness to
be an organ donor: importance of
public exposure and knowledge. Clin
Transplant. (2004). 18:193–200.
11. BidigareSA, Oermann MH. (1991).
Attitudes andknowledge of nurses
regarding organ procurement. 2002;
58-60.
12. Burra P, Bona MD, Canova D,
D'Aloiso MC, Germani G, Rumiati R.
Ermani M. and Ancona E.Changing
Attitude to Organ Donation and
Transplantation in University
Students During the Years of
Medical School in Italy
Transplantation Proceedings
Volume 37, Issue 2, March, 2002;
547-550.
13. Bapat U, Kedlaya PG, Gokulnath.
Organ donation, awareness,
attitudes and beliefs among post
graduate medical students. Saudi J
Kidney Disease Transp 2010
;21:174-80
14. Goz, Fugen; Goz, Mustafa; Erkan,
Medıne (2006) Knowledge and
attitudes ofmedical, nursing,
dentistry and health technician
students towards organdonation: a
pilot studyJournal of Clinical
Nursing, Volume 15, Number 11, pp.
1371-1375
15. Essman C, Thornton J. (2006)
Assessing medical student
knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors
regarding organ donation.
Transplant Proc. Nov;38(9):2745-50
16. Sophie Bolta N, Eric Venbruxa.
Motivation for body donation to
science: More than an altruistic act.
Annals of Anatomy 192 (2010) 70–
74 [monograph on the Internet].
2008 [cited 2013 Dec 7]. Available
from: http://elsever.de/annat
17. Golchet G, Carr J, Harris MG. Why
don't we have enough cornea
donors? A literature review and
survey. [homepage on the Internet].
2000 [cited 2013 Dec 7]. Available
from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub
18. Barcellos FC, Araujo CL, Da Costa JD.
Organ donation: a population based
study:, Clinical Transplant
2005;19:33–7. . 2005 [cited 2013
Dec 5].;33-7(19) Available from:
19. A Holman. AKarnerhutuleac.B.Loan,
“Factors of the willingness to
consent to the donation of a
deceased family member’s organs
among the Romanian urban
population”.Journal of
Transplantation proceedings. 2013
Nov;45(9):3178-3182
20. Boulware Le, Ratner Le, Cooper La.
whole body donationfor medical
science: a population based
study:,Clin Anat. 2004
Oct;17(7):570-7. .204. Available
from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubm
ed/15376295
15
ASSERTIVENESS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS.
*Ms. Supriya Namdev Kadam,
Final Year M.Sc. Nursing student,
Department of Mental Health Nursing,
**Mr. Vishal R. Naikare,
Professor, HOD, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
ABSTRACT
The problem that this study focused on
was that there was minimal evidence on
whether or not nursing students
become more assertive throughout
their academic education. The purpose
of this study was to compare the
assertiveness scores of nursing
students. The study was guided by
Hildegard Peplau’s theory of
interpersonal relations in nursing,
which focuses on the therapeutic
process between nurses and patients,
rather than on internal patient
pathology. The descriptive, comparative
study used a 20-question survey design
and a convenience sample of nursing
students. Recruitment, informed
consent, and data collection occurred
during the classes. An independent
sample T test was used to determine
group differences in assertiveness. The
results revealed that the nursing
students are having harmonious way of
assertiveness.
INTRODUCTION
Today’s adolescents are tomorrow’s
leaders and this naturally calls for the
shaping of their behaviour. Many
adolescents find it difficult to express
themselves effectively in social
situations. This undermines their
significant role in the development of
modern India and also in improving and
strengthening the society. They are the
pillars of a nation and play an important
role in contributing much to its social
development. So it is important for an
adolescent to be assertive, because
being assertive can help them in many
ways. It helps them in improving self
confidence, self-esteem and also helps
them to stand up for their rights
without being aggressive and without
violating the rights of others. Studies in
assertiveness among gender have
reported contradictory findings like;
that males were more assertive. Other
findings like (Chandler et al, 1978)
found that women were significantly
more assertive than men in some
specific situations. To this end, the
conducted study was designed by the
researcher to find out the assertiveness
level among adolescents with reference
to their gender, residence and stream of
study. This will be helpful in further
PROBLEM STATEMENT
‘ASSESSMENT OF LEVEL OF ASSERTIVENESS AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN SELECTED AREAS, PUNE’.
16
identification of the areas of
assertiveness to work upon.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Assertiveness is the ability to express
one’s feelings, opinions, beliefs, and
needs directly, openly and honestly,
while not violating the personal rights
of others (Ellis & Hartley,
2005).Assertive staff nurses are able to
present suggestions in a direct,
comfortable way, give and take
criticism, assess the rights and
responsibilities in a nursing situation,
and act on assessments in a thoughtful
problem-solving way (Clark, 2010).
Lack of assertiveness results in
diminished communication efficacy,
thus compromising patient care (Poroch
and McIntosh, 1995). When nurses
express a lack of confidence and a lack
of assertiveness, patients may notice. If
those patients do not feel that nurses
are confident in their work, they will not
have a strong trusting relationship. For
nurses to empower their patients, they
need to be assertive (O’Mara (1995).
Assertiveness should not be mistaken
for aggressiveness, which involves
inappropriate expression of thoughts,
emotions and beliefs in a way that
violates the rights of others (Lawton
and Stewart, 2005). Nurses’
development of assertiveness and
effective communication skills should
begin in nursing education programs,
where students are encouraged to
express opinions and personal rights
with the hopes of encouraging
empowerment and enhancing
autonomy (Baggs & Spence, 1990;
Ibrahim, 2011; Lee &C rokett, 1994).
Classroom-based knowledge is not
always easily transferred to clinical
practice (Jones, 2007). Therefore,
students need to practice their skills
through demonstration, role-play, and
experience in clinical lab so that they
can receive support, direction and
feedback from nursing faculty. By doing
this students may be able to practice
their skills in a non-threatening
environment that can be observed by
faculty in order to evaluate and give
feedback (Zavertnik, Huff, & Munro,
2010). The purpose of this study was
university baccalaureate-nursing
program. The following questions were
answered: Is there a statistically
significant difference in assertiveness
scores between sophomore level
nursing students and senior level
nursing students? Is there a relationship
between assertiveness and
demographic factors, such as age, race,
gender, years of nursing experience,
employment in a health care setting,
and basic nursing education? These
questions were important when
determining the assertiveness of
nursing students and the effect of the
nursing curriculum on their
assertiveness throughout the program.2
NEED FOR THE STUDY
The Researcher wants to know the level
of assertiveness among students
because being assertive in this world is
too rarely that too in nursing profession
is mandatory. As many cases of legal are
being issued in this profession. So, to
check the level at student nurse period
is important.3
17
RESEARCH QUESTION
What is the level of assertiveness of the
college students?
SCOPE OF STUDY
The study can be applied in the clinical
setting for spreading the awareness
among college students. The study will
help the researcher to improve high
quality of Assertiveness among eligible
clients on voluntary basis.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Design
This was a descriptive study using a
survey to collect data. Following study
approval from the university
institutional review board, data were
collected with a 20- item questionnaire
measuring assertiveness skills in
nursing students. The demographic data
included: gender and age.
Setting and Sample
The setting was a nursing college at
Pune. There are 150 students at the
college. There are approximately 150
students currently enrolled in the
college of nursing, and approximately
150 students. The sampling of the
population was conducted through
convenience sampling. The inclusion
criteria included: at least, current
enrolment in the traditional
undergraduate baccalaureate nursing
program. Participants were not
excluded based on gender, ethnicity, or
age, as long as they were at least 18
years old.
Sampling and Data Collection Procedures
As stated earlier, the sampling of the
population was conducted through
convenience sampling. The co-
investigators obtained permission from
two professors in the school of nursing
to take approximately 20 minutes of
their class time and explained to the
subjects the study and asked for
participants. The research project was
designed to compare assertiveness
levels. All students in the class received
copies of the informed consent and the
survey. The participants filled out the
questionnaires during their class time.
Once they were completed, the
questionnaires and were returned
facedown and directly to the co-
investigators. Completed questionnaires
implied informed consent. Surveys did
not include identifying information and
were kept in a locked file cabinet. Only
the members of the research team had
access to the file cabinet. All of the data
was entered into a SPSS file for analysis,
and only the coinvestigators and
sponsor had access. All surveys have
been destroyed since the study is
completed.
TOOL USED IN THE STUDY
The Modified self-assessment
assertiveness questionnaire was used to
study the assertiveness of students. It is
a tool comprising 20 situational
statements for which the subject is
asked to answer rather true or rather
false and the items of the questionnaire
all correspond to an example of a
passive (flight), aggressive (attack),
manipulative or harmonious
assertiveness. The tool was administered
individually to each student and care
was taken to see that the students filled
OJECTIVES OF STUDY
To collect the baseline data.
To assess the level of assertiveness.
To correlate between the baseline data and level of assertiveness
18
the questionnaire without discussing.
There was no time limit for completion
of the tool.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES:
Graph 3.1: Gender Distribution
Graph 3.2: Distribution of Samples
according to Place of Natives
Table 3.1: Level of assertiveness Female
Vs Male Samples.
LEVEL OF ASSERTIVENESS
FEMALE MALE
MANIPULATIVE 30 10
FLIGHT 20 30
HARMONIUS 40 10
ATTACK 0 10
TOTAL 90 60
Graph 3.4: Level of assertiveness Female
Vs Male Samples.
Table 3.2: Place of Native Urban Vs
Rural and Pattern of response
PLACE OF NATIVE URBAN RURAL
MANIPULATIVE 20 10 FLIGHT 20 10
HARMONIOUS 30 30
ATTACK 10 20
TOTAL 80 70
90, 59%
60, 40%
GENDER
FEMALE MALE
30
20
40
0
10
30
10 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
FEMALE MALE
19
Graph 3.5: Place of Native Urban Vs
Rural and Pattern of response
CONCLUSION
It is crucial that nurses and students
develop assertiveness skills so that they
can provide safe and effective care for
patients. Expressing positive and
negative feelings honestly and straight
forwardly, without anxiety or
intimidation, can empower
assertiveness and better the
communication in the health care
environment. This can also allow the
nurses to improve their care to their
clients, peers, and even themselves.
Nurse educators are the leaders of the
next generation of nurses, and it is vital
that they motivate their students to
express their opinion and personal
rights. Educators could improve student
assertiveness skills by implementing
classes that focus primarily on
assertiveness skills and training, more
simulation exercises throughout the
program, and more clinical time rather
than classroom learning. Their job is
also to empower their students and
enhance their autonomy throughout
their education and career. Conducting
further research on the impact of
learning styles on students’ patient
communication is also recommended.
REFERENCES
1. Alberti, R. E., & Emmons, M. L.
(1990). Your perfect right: A guide to
assertive living (6th edn). San Luis
Opispo, CA: Impact Publishers.
2. Arrindell, W. A., & Van der Ende, J.
(1985). Cross-sample invariance of
the structure of selfreported distress
and difficulty in assertiveness.
Addictive Behaviour Research and
Theory,7, 205-243.
3. Bouvard, M., Arrindell, W. A., Guerin,
J., Bouchard, C., Rion, A. C., Ducottet,
E., & Cottraux, J. (1999).
Psychometric appraisal of the Scale
for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB) in
France. Behaviour Research and
Therapy, 37, 741–762.
4. Bishop, S. (2010). Develop your
Assertiveness. New Delhi: Replica
Press Private Limited.
5. Constance, Z., & Richard, L. (2010).
Asserting Yourself at Work.
American Management Association.
6. Eskin, M. (2003). Self-reported
assertiveness in Swedish and
Turkish adolescents: A cross cultural
comparison. Scandinavian Journal of
Psychology, 44, 7–12.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
URBAN RURAL
20
7. Galassi, M. D. & Galassi, J. P. (1978).
Assertion: A critical review.
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research,
and Practice, 46, 537–546.
8. Peneva, I., & Mavrodiev, S. (2013). A
Historical Approach to Assertiveness.
Psychological Thought, 6(1), 3–26.
9. Prakash, N. R., & Devi, S. N. (2015).
Assertiveness behaviour of
undergraduate students. Scholarly
Research Journal for Interdisciplinary
Studies, 3, (16), 2566, 2575.
10. Qadir, A. S., & Sugumar, V. R. (2013).
A study on assertiveness among
adolescents. Golden Research
Thoughts, 3, (4), 1, 4.
11. Rathee, I. (2015). Assertiveness
among degree college students in
relation to Gender and level of
education. International Level
Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2
(7), 1-6.
12. Uzaina. & Parveen, A. (2015). Study
of relationship between Mental
Health and Assertiveness among
Adolescents. The International
Journal of Indian Psychology, 3, (1),
98, 103.
13. Hersen, M.. Eider, R. M., & Miller, P.
M. (1973) Development of assertive
responses: Clinical, measurement
and research consideration. Behav.
Res. and Ther., 11, 505-521.
14. Apgebaum, A. S. & Ifathus. (1976).
Assertiveness Schedule: Sex
differences and correlation with
social desirability. Behav Ther, 7,
699-700.
15. Chandler, T. A., Cook, B. & Doguvics,
D. A. (1978). Sex differences in self-
reported assertiveness. Psychol. Rep.,
43, 395-402.
21
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF MARRIED WOMEN IN
REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP REGARDING EMERGENCY
CONTRACEPTION IN SELECTED HOSPITAL.
*Mr. Ganesh Darade, Ms. Rajnandani Gaikwad, Ms. Rani Dewade,
Ms. Ashwini Kande, Mr. Chetan Pawar, Ms. Manjusha Bandal
Final Year Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
ABSTRACT
A survey research approach was used for
the study. The study was created among
OPD patient in selected hospital of Pune
city. The research design is Non
experimental descriptive research design.
The sample comprised of 60 OPD
married women of selected hospital of
pune city. The patient were selected by
Convenient sampling technique. Formal
written permission was obtained from
the authorities to conduct the study and
informed consent was obtained from
subjects prior to the data collection
process.
Data was collected by administering a
self- administered knowledge
questionnaire.
The findings revealed that there is
significant of knowledge among married
women about Emergency contraceptive
that is majority of 76.66% women had
Good knowledge score 10% of them had
Average knowledge score 13.33%
women having poor knowledge.
After the detail analysis, and based on
the findings of this study the following
conclusion can be drown.
Women do not have adequate knowledge
about importance of emergency
contraception which leads to unwanted
pregnancy.
They require knowledge about
importance of emergency contraceptives.
it shows that significant increase in the
knowledge after the administration of
planned health teaching thus it was
concluded that the planned health
teaching on emergency contraceptives.
INTRODUCTION
Women have right to decide freely and
responsibly the number, spacing and
timing of their children.
Emergency contraception occupies a
unique position in the range of family
planning methods currently available to
women. Emergency contraceptives
enable women to prevent pregnancies
after they have an unprotected sex .Thus
it averts unplanned and unintended
pregnancies, which in turn, reduced
unsafe abortion women resort to for
unwanted pregnancies. Emergency
contraception therefore is an element of
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
To assess the knowledge of emergency contraception among married women.
To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding emergency contraception among married women.
To associated the pretest study findings with selected demographic variable.
22
reproductive choice for women in a
situation where women may have little
control over their sexual lives.
Emergency contraceptives are simple to
use, relatively inexpensive and easily
accessible to the women who need them.
Emergency contraception (EC) is any
method of contraception which is used
after intercourse and before the potential
time of the implantation (1). since it is
difficult to determine the infertile time of
the cycle with certainty, Emergency
contraception better be provided to any
women who is concerned about her risk
of pregnancy regardless of the cycle day
of exposure.2
In 1995, worldwide, women experienced
over 300 million unwanted pregnancies
resulting in over 700,000 of them to
death because of pregnancy related
cases. World Health organization (WHO)
estimated that 84 million unwanted
pregnancies occur annually worldwide. A
worldwide study conducted by the WHO
to assess the reproductive needs of the
population found unexpected
discrepancy between the young people’s
familiarity with modern contraception
and on the other hand the high levels of
unwanted pregnancy and unsafe
abortion experienced. Millions of women
who could benefit from emergency
contraception have never hearted of it (3,
4).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A review of related literature gives an
inside into the various aspect of the
problem under study.
The review serves as integrated
functions that facilitated the
accumulation of knowledge .Hence,
review of literature is important to a
research in other to know what has been
established and documented.(Polite and
Hungler,1991)
Review of literature is a key step in
research process. it refers to an extensive
exhaustive and systematic examination
of publication relevant to the research
project. Nursing research may be
considered a continuing process in which
knowledge gained from earlier studies is
an integral part of research in general
.One of the most satisfying aspect of the
literature review is the contribution it
makes to the new knowledge before
delivering into a new area of study while
conducting study,when interpreting the
result of the study and when making
judgment about the application of a new
knowledge in nursing practice
(Basavanthappa,2003)
A review of literature helps in many
ways. It helps to assess what is already
known, what is still unknown and what is
untested also it justifies the need for its
replication , and throws sum lights on the
feasibility of the study and problems that
may be encountered . it also helps to
uncovered promising methodology tools
,which shed light on way to improve the
efficiency of data collection and obtain
useful information on how to increase
the effectiveness of data analysis (best
1992)
A literature review is a complication of
resources that provides the groundwork
for the further study (Talbot 1995)
The literature of the review was selected
from published journals, articles,
textbook and various websites.
23
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Research design
Research design is the plan, structure
and strategy of investigation of
answering the research question. it is the
overall plan or blue –print the
researchers select to carry out their
study. (Basvanthappa B.T , 2003)
Research design incorporates the most
important methodological decisions that
a researchers makes in conducting
research study. The selection of research
design is an important step as it provides
the framework for the study. The
research design helps the researcher in
the selection of subject , manipulation of
variables , procedure of data collection
and the type of statistical analysis to be
used to interpret of data.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The researcher took the permission from
the concerned authority. The purpose of
the study was explained to Emergency
contraceptive in married women and
informed consent was obtained from
them.
A yes/no type questionnaire was used to
obtain demographic data and knowledge.
RESULTS
Table 4.1: Pre test knowledge:
Knowledge Frequency Percentage
Poor 36 6o%
Average 14 23.33%
Good 10 16.66%
Table 4.2: Pre test knowledge
Knowledge Frequency Percentage
Poor 8 13.33
Average 4 10
Good 46 76.66
60% 23%
17%
Fig No. 4.1: Pre test knowledge of
samples
Poor 36 Average 14 Good 10
13%
10%
77%
Fig No. 4.2: Post test knowledge of
samples
Poor 8 Average 6 Good 46
24
Next is analysis of data related
effectiveness of planned health teaching
about emergency contraception among
married women.
Table 4.3: Comparison of Pre test and
Post test knowledge score
Knowledge Pre- test Post – test
Poor n % n %
36 60 8 13.33
Average 14 23.33 6 10
Good 10 16.66 46 76.66
Paired t test for comparison of pre test &
post test knowledge score regarding
emergency contraception of married
women.
Table 4.4: Comparison of Pre test and Post
test knowledge score using Paired t test
Knowle
dge test
Me
an
S.
D
* d
f
** ***
Pre test 6.2
6
4.6
5
9.42
01
5
9
2.0
0
0.0
01
Post
test
13.
6
4
* Calculated t value
** Table value of ‘t’
*** P value
REFERENCES
1. D. C. Datta, Text book of obstetrics, 6th
edition, page No. 532-559.
2. K Park, Essentials of Community
Health Nursing, 5TH edition 2005 M/S
Banarasidas Bhanote Page No 274-
297
3. Auttomiller Keane, (1992)
“Encyclopedia and Dictionary of
Medicine Nursing and Allied Health
“,5TH edition W.V.Saunders Company ,
4. Cambridge learners dictionary 2003
5. B.T. Basavanthappa, Community
Health Nursing, 2nd edition, page No
561-618.
6. G.M.Dhaar, Foundation of community
Medicine, 2nd edition, Rrobbani, page
No 106-133.S.K. Chaudhari, Practice
of fertility control (A comprehensive
manual), 6TH edition, page No 3-10.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Poor Average Good
Fig 4.3: Comparision of Pre test and Post test knowledge
of samples
Pretest Post test
25
STUDY TO ASSESS THE ANXIETY LEVEL AMONG
RELATIVES OF PATIENTS ADMITTED IN EMERGENCY
WARD OF SELECTED HOSPITALS.
*Ms. Akshada Kamble
Final Year Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
INTRODUCTION
Anxiety is a fear, worry and stress are all
part of most people’s life today. But
simply experiencing anxiety or stress in
and of itself does not mean you need to
get professional help or you have an
anxiety disorder. in fact, anxiety is a
necessary warning signal of a dangerous
or difficult situation. Without anxiety,
you should have no way of anticipating
difficulties ahead and preparing for
them. Individual face anxiety on daily
basis. Anxiety which provide the
motivation for achievement is a
necessary force survival. Individual have
experienced anxiety throughout the ages.
Anxiety is more common in women than
in men at least 2 to 1 prevalence rate
have been given at 1.5 to 5.
Approximately 30.6% of total population
of 946 millions in India suffering from
anxiety, stress, fears. Anxiety can be a
symptoms of an underlying health issue
such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), heart failure, or heart
arrhythmia. Abnormal and pathological
anxiety or fear itself may be a medical
condition that falls under the blanket
term “anxiety disorder”. Such conditions
came under the aegis of psychiatry at the
end of the 19th century and current
psychiatric diagnostic criteria recognize
several forms of disorder. Recent surveys
have found that as many as 18% of
person may be affected by one or more of
them. 1
Yates (2009) says that more than two
thirds of family members visiting
intensive care unit (ICU) patients have
symptoms of anxiety or depression
during the first days of hospitalization.
Identifying determinants of these
symptoms would help caregivers
support families at patient discharge.
Prospective multi centre study including
78 ICUs (1184 beds) in France. Family
members completed the Hospital Anxiety
and Depression Scale on the day of
patient discharge to allow evaluation of
the prevalence and potential factors
associated with symptoms of anxiety
.Three hundred fifty-seven patients were
included in the study, and 544 family
members completed the Hospital Anxiety
Scale. Symptoms of anxiety were found
in 73.4% and 35.3% of family members,
respectively; 75.5% of family members
and 82.7% of spouses had symptoms of
anxiety (P = .007).
“Study to assess the anxiety level among relatives of patients admitted in emergency ward of SKNMC & GH.”
26
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A review of related literature gives an
insight into the various aspects of the
problem under study. The review serves
as an integrated function that facilitates
the accumulation of knowledge.
The review of literature for the present
study is organized under the following
heading:-
1) Literature related to anxiety.
2) Literature related to anxiety present
in relatives of the patients admitted
in the emergency wards.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology used for this study was
descriptive exploratory type.
Sample
Size of sample is 60.
A sample is the subset of population
containing all the characteristics of the
population which has been selected to
participate in the study.
In this study samples will be relatives of
patients admitted in emergency wards
who are available at the time of data
collection from SKNMC&GH.
Material and Method:-
The tool consisted of demographic data
modified questionnaires scale to assess
the level of anxiety.
The content validity of tool was ensured
by verifying with the expert from the
field of nursing medicine and education.
The reliability co-efficient was 0.8 and
was considered reliable in statistical
correction.
Tool and Technique
The tool consisted of of demographic
data, modified questionnaire scale to
assess level of anxiety.
The tool was divided in 3 parts into
sections as shown below-
SECTION A: Written consent
SECTION B:
Demographic data of relatives of patients
including age, gender, qualification,
religion, occupation, income, marital
status, type of family, language spoken.
SECTION C:
Likert scale to assess anxiety level among
relatives of patients admitted in
emergency wards. This is four point
likert scale which contains 20 items; each
items has four points that are severely,
mildly, moderately, not at all and marked
3,2,1 and 0 respectively.
The content validity of tool was ensured
by verifying it with experts from the
field of nursing medicine and education.
The reliability co-efficient was 0.8 and
was considered reliable in statistical
correlation.
A pilot study helped to identify the
problems if any related to
The objectives of the study:-
To assess the level of anxiety among relatives of patient admitted in emergency ward of SKNMC & GH.
To find association between selected demographic variables and study findings.
27
questionnaires. But no problems were
identified during pilot study and the
study was very feasible to carry out
further. The data gathering process
began from 9/1/2018 to 14/1/2018.
Modified questionnaire scale to assess
level of anxiety of relatives and on the
same day tool was collected from the
samples.
The tool collected was analysed in the
terms of frequency, percentage
and selected demographic variables.
FINDING OF THE STUDY
The significant findings of the study
analysed according to the objectives laid
for the study. The findings were as
follows –
Demographic variables –
In the demographic variables following
points were noted.
Out of 60 the samples were of age 18-
28 years that is 15, age group 28-38
years is 25 , 38-48 years is 9 and
above 48 years is 10.
In gender male were 30 and female
were 30.
In educational status 21 were
graduate, 8 were taken higher
secondary education, 22 were had
taken secondary education and 9
were had taken primary education.
In income, 13 sample were having
below 5000, 23 were having 5001-
10,000, 17 were having 10,001 –
15,000 and 7 were having above
15,000 monthly income.
In type of family 37 samples live in
joint family, 17 samples live in
nuclear family, 4 samples live in
extended family and others were 2 .
In Relation with patient, there 9 were
fathers, 13 were mother, 4 were
husband, 11 were wives and others
were 23.
Score of level of anxiety among relatives
of patient admitted in emergency wards
the significant finding of the study
analysed according to the objectives for
the study. The findings were as follows.
11 samples are having score under 0-7
which are having minimal level of
anxiety.
8-21 which are having mild anxiety.
21-42 are having moderate level of
anxiety.
42-60 are having severe anxiety.
RESULT
The significant finding of the study
analysed according to the objective for
the study. The findings were as follows.
The score of level of anxiety among
relatives of patient admitted in
emergency ward are as follows:
11 samples are having score under 0-7
which are having minimal level of
anxiety.
8-21 which are having mild anxiety.
21-42 are having moderate level of
anxiety.
42-60 are having severe anxiety.
REFERENCES
1. Kaplon and sadock j.(2009). Synopsis
of psychiatry, 10th edition
Wolterskluwer, Lippincott William
and Wilkin publication . publication.
133 -141
28
2. Kappor B. (2008). Textbook of
psychiatric nursing 2nd edition ,vol -1,
Kumar publishing house. 36-52
3. Vyas JN, Niraj ahuja ,(2008).
Textbook of Post Graduate Psychiatry
.2nd edition.vol – 1.jaypee brother
publisher.926-935
4. Kaplon and sadock
j.(2009).Comprehensivetextbook of
psychiatry.9th edition Wolters
Kluwer, Lippincott William and
Wilkin publication.1032-1058
29
EFFECTIVENESS OF ICE APPLICATION ON PAIN
RESPONSE IN CHILDREN PRIOR TO INTRAVENOUS
PROCEDURE.
* Mr. Kendre Akash Ramesh,
Final Year Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
Hypothesis:
H0: There will be no significant difference
between experimental group and control
group.
H1: The pain score of experimental group
after ice application will be significantly
lower than the pain score of the control
group.
INTRODUCTION
Painful medical procedures are the major
sources of distress among children; and
for those with chronic diseases, the
procedure-related pain can be worse
than that of the illness itself.
Intrusive procedures such as
venipuncture are really a stressful event
for children. Venipuncture in the
paediatric population can be the most
distressing event associated with
medical encounters.
Nurses have most frequent contact with
children presenting for non emergency
illness and injury care and they spend
more time with patient in pain than any
other health care professionals. A nurse
has to help the children through such
procedure. The nurse caring the child
during procedure has a double task. One
is helping the child and parents
RESEARCH STATEMENT: Effectiveness of ice application on pain response prior to intravenous procedure among children in hospitals of selected areas.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
To assess the pain response of children during intravenous procedures in experimental group and control group.
To evaluate the effectiveness of ice application on pain response during intravenous procedures among children.
To find the association between the pain response of children with selected demographic variables.
30
effectively and the other is ensuring the
effectiveness of procedures.
Non-pharmacological procedures or
technique to reduce procedure related
pain and avoid potential drug’s side
effects are generally less expensive and
can be performed independently by a
nurse.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
According to Terry Kyle, the sensation of
pain is a complex phenomenon that
involves a sequence of physiologic events
in the nervous system i.e. transduction,
transmission, perception & modulation.
Author also states that pain affects adults
& child alike, but children may lack the
verbal capacity to describe their pain
accurately so it is difficult to assess
complex nature of pain experience.
Effective pain management involves
initial assessment for all children in any
health care setting.
Dorothy R. Marlow, Barbara A. Redding,
writes that pain is a subjective
experience & neonates, infants and
children respond to pain with
behavioural reactions that depend upon
their age & cognitive processes. Pain may
occur as a result of procedures, surgery,
illness or injury. Assessing of the pain is
one of the challenging work among
children. The children responds with
body movements and crying as children
may lack the verbal capacity to describe
pain accurately and pain level can be
assessed by facial pain scale.
Ebner CA. a quasi experimental study was
done by used to determine whether cold
therapy decrease the perceived pain
associated with IM injection in children.
Sample of 40 children with age 10 to 80
years was randomly assigned to control
and experimental group. The
experimental group had an ice pack
placed on the injection site for 15
minutes prior to injection and control
group with normal routine care. Children
who receive cold therapy showed
significant reduction in IM injection pain.
Yuka Saeki. A study was designed to
determine the effect of application of
cold or heat on the sensation of pricking
pain based on automatic response.
Electrical stimulation was applied to the
anti brachium of subjects with an
artificial pricking pain and the skin blood
flow and skin conductance level at the
fingertip was measured. Pain sensation
was evaluated using the visual analogue
scale. Pain stimulation produced a
significance increase in skin conductance
level and significant decrease in blood
flow at both ante brachial and brachium.
Applications of cold to the stimulation
site using an ice water pack decreased
blood flow and skin conductance level
responses. The results suggests that
application of cold promotes relief of
pricking pain sensation and suppression
of autonomic responses and where as
hot had little effect.
Mavohedi Ali, Rosatomy et al study was
conducted to assess the effect of local
refrigeration prior to venipuncture on
pain related response in school age
children. Eighty children with 6-12 years
of age were selected and divided into two
groups as test group and control group.
In test group injection site was
refrigerated for 3 minute using ice bag
before injection and in control group it
was performed according to normal
routine. By using CHEOPS, oucher’s scale,
31
and with physiological and behavioural
responses, was found that average pain
intensity in local refrigeration is much
less compared to pain intensity in
control group. The results of this study
suggest that the use of local refrigeration
prior to venipuncture can be considered
an easy and effective intervention of
reducing venipuncture-related pain.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design : Method adopted for
study was quasi experimental, post test
only control group design.
The material used for this study to assess
the pain scale was Wong-Baker FACES
Pain Rating Scale.
SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF
RESEARCH DESIGN
E X O1
C - O2
KEY:
E – Experimental group
C – Control group
X - Intervention in the form of local cold
application prior to intravenous
procedure.
O1 - Observation of the pain response in
the experimental group.
O2 - Observation of the pain response in
control group.
Setting of study: The study was
conducted in selected hospitals of Pune
city.
Sample: 60 children (30 Control group &
30 Experimental group) admitted in
selected hospitals of Pune city.
Sampling technique: Non probability
purposive sampling technique.
TOOL: The tool used for data collection
consist of demographic information and
pain scale.
VALIDITY: The group of experts did the
content validity of tool from the field of
Nursing, mental health nursing
department, community health nursing,
child health nursing specialist and
medical surgical nursing specialist.
PILOT STUDY: Conducted on a small
sample of 6 children. The finding of
significant positive correlation among
children after pilot study no change done
in tool
RESULT
Data from experimental group and
control group analysed and compared for
pain response. 53.3% of the children in
experimental group had moderate pain
and 46.7% had severe pain. Where as in
control group, majority of 83.3% of them
had severe pain and 16.7% had
moderate pain.The data indicates that
there is significant difference between
the pain score of experimental and
control group.
Variables Experimental Control
n % n %
Pain level
Mild 0 0% 0 0%
Moderate 16 53.30% 5 16.70%
Severe 14 46.7% 25 83.30%
32
Fig. No. 6.1 Pain score in control and
experimental group
CONCLUSION:
The study concluded that ice application
is a practical modality of choice, promote
comfort and cost effective, means of
reducing pain in children during
intravenous procedures.
REFERENCE:
1. Kharach S. Pain treatment:
Opportunities and challenges.
Achieves of paediatric and achieves of
medicine 2003;157(11):1054-1056.
2. Caty S, Elberton M, Ritchie JA .Use of
projective techniques to assess the
young children appraisal and coping
response to venipuncture. Journal of
society of paediatric nursing
1997;2(2):83-92
3. Breman A. Caring for children during
procedure. Paediatric nursing journal
1997;20(5):451-457.
4. Wong DL, Hockenberry MJ. Text book
of infants and children. 7th ed. St.
Louis:Elsevier ;2003.993-995.
5. Terry Kyle. Textbook of essential of
Paediatric Nursing. 1st edition,
Wolter Kluwer India Pvt.Ltd. New
Delhi-2009.P.380-81.
6. Department of paediatrics-
Washington university. Clinical
implication of unmanaged needle
insertion pain and distress in
children.St.Louis:2005.
7. Cummings EA, Reid GJ, Finley G.A.
Prevalence and source of pain in
paediatric patients. 1996;68(11):56.
8. Ball JW, Bindler RC. Paediatric
nursing: caring for children.3rd ed.
Newjeresy: Prentice;2003.
9. Maikler VE. Effect of skin refrigerant
and age on pain responses of infants
receiving immunization. Research in
nursing and health 1991;14(6):397-
403.
0%
53.30%
46.70%
0%
16.70%
83.30%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Mild Moderate Severe
Experimental Control
33
ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE RELATED TO
HYPERTENSION AMONG OPD PATIENTS IN SELECTED HOSPITAL
OF PUNE CITY IN AN VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION
BOOKLE.
*Ms. Bhavana Kate, Ms. Swati Bade, Mrs. Rani Girigosavi, Ms. Sonam Pawar, Mr. Sachin
Sirsat, Mrs. Savita Dimble, Ms. Komal Chaudhari.
Final Year Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
INTRODUCTION
“Reducing dietary salt is not only
important for those who already have
elevated blood pressure- limiting added
salt is essential for all of us to remain in
good health”1
Hypertension a silent killer is a major
risk factor for cardiovascular disease
worldwide and is one of the most
important reasons to visit to physician.2
Hypertension leads to various
complications as increased risk of
stroke.3
Good control of blood pressure will
result in prolonged survival. Increasing
the knowledge, awareness and control of
hypertension will reduce morbidity and
mortality.4
Studies show that many patients did not
have appropriate knowledge about
hypertension. Uncontrolled hypertensive
can be educated by special
programmers.5
Hypertension has also been thought as a
standard for the quality of a health care
system.6
The study on residents provides new
insight into the practice patterns of
physicians in treating hypertension. 7
The study conducted on hypertensive
strokes shows that there is a
considerable difference between
evidence based recommendations and
actual practice of physicians in managing
hypertension in stroke patients.8
This would require an urgent attention
to emphasize evidence based practice.
Most of people are unaware of regular
visit to medical persons. In a study
conducted in medical students at time of
entry test out of 179; 52(29.05%) were
hypertensive.9
OBJECTIVES
To assess the knowledge of hypertensive patients towards hypertension.
To assess the attitude of hypertensive patients towards hypertension.
To find association between selected demographic variable and knowledge of hypertensive patients towards hypertension.
To find association between selected demographic variable and attitude of hypertensive patients towards hypertension.
34
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE IS DIVIDED
UNDER FOLLOWING HEADING:-
1. Prevalence of hypertension in India.
2. Complication of hypertension.
3. Knowledge of home care of patient
with hypertension.
4. Information booklet on hypertension. 5. Nurses role in care of patient with
hypertension
METHODS AND MATERIAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
The design adopted for the present study
is Non experimental descriptive design.
This is considered as the Quantitative
method of the research study.
The hypertensive patients for the survey
were selected according to the simple
random sampling technique. Each
hypertensive patient was ensured about
anonymity and confidentiality. The
knowledge and attitude of hypertensive
patient were collected separately. Using
closed ended question. Encouragement
was provided to each member to explain
in detail wherever necessary. In depth
data was gathered from each
hypertensive patient in separate semi-
structured interview sessions. Each
closed ended question was summarized.
The mean and standard deviation was
calculated from the analysis for the
knowledge and attitude of hypertensive
patients.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The researcher took the permission from
the concerned authority. The purpose of
the study was explained to hypertensive
patients and informed consent was
obtained from them.
A semi-structured questionnaire was
used to obtain demographic data and
knowledge and attitude about
hypertension.
RESULT
Table No. 7.1: Distribution of knowledge
of hypertensive patients towards
hypertension. N=60
Sr.
No. Knowledge n %
1 1-3 score is Poor
Knowledge 2 3
2 4-7 score is Average
Knowledge 35 58
3 8-10 score is Good
Knowledge 23 39
GRAPH 7.1: PERCENTAGE WISE
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES ACCORDING
TO KNOWLEDGE OF HYPERTENSIVE
PATIENTS TOWARDS HYPERTENSION
Poor 3%
Average 58%
Good 39%
Knowledge of hypertensive
patients
35
Table No. 7.2: Distribution of attitude of
hypertensive patients towards
hypertension. N=60
Scoring of
attitude scale
Attitude
score %
Strongly agree 366 24.51
Agree 373 24.98
Disagree 541 36.25
Strongly disagree 213 14.26
Total 1493 100
GRAPH 7.2: PERCENTAGE WISE
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES ACCORDING
TO ATTITUDE OF HYPERTENSIVE
PATIENTS TOWARDS HYPERTENSION
25%
25% 36%
14%
Distribution of attitude score
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
36
Table 7.3: Association between level of knowledge and selected demographic variables
Demographic variable Knowledge score
2ץP
value Poor Average Good Total
Age
Below 20 years 0 0 0 0
52.1 12.59 20-40 years 0 2 2 4 40-60 years 1 19 18 38
Above 60 years 1 14 3 18 Total 2 35 23 60
Gender Male 1 19 11 31
824.05 5.99 Female 1 16 12 29
Total 2 35 23 60
Education
Primary 1 17 7 25
48 12.59 Secondary 0 9 12 21
Higher secondary
1 8 3 12
Graduate 0 1 1 2 Total 2 35 23 60
Occupation
Government employed
1 5 4 10
25.40 12.59 Self employed 0 11 10 21 Daily wages 0 11 6 17
Other 1 8 3 12 Total 2 35 23 60
Family income (Monthly)
Below 5,000 0 3 5 8
48 11.07 5,000-10,000 1 18 8 27
10,000-20,000 1 11 7 19 Above 20,000 0 3 3 6
Total 2 35 23 60
Type of family Joint 0 19 12 31
54 5.99 Nuclear 2 16 11 29
Total 2 35 23 60
Type of diet Veg 1 16 12 29
51 9.49 Non-veg 0 3 0 3 Mixed 1 16 11 28
Total 2 35 23 60
Life style Sedentary 1 11 8 20
51 9.49 Moderate 1 23 15 39 Heavy 0 1 0 1
Total 2 35 23 60
Religion
Hindu 2 33 9 54
51 11.07 Muslim 0 2 0 2
Christian 0 0 4 4 Other 0 0 0 0
Total 2 35 23 60 Any history in family about hypertension
Yes 1 20 17 38 54 5.99
No 1 15 6 22 Total 2 35 23 60
37
Table No. 7.4: Association between attitude score and selected demographic variables.
Demographic variables Attitude score
2ץP
value Positive Average Negative Total
Age
Below 20 years 0 0 0 0
51 9.49 20-40 years 0 4 0 4 40-60 years 2 34 2 38
Above 60 years 0 18 0 18 Total 2 56 2 60
Gender Male 1 30 0 31
54 5.99 Female 1 26 2 29
Total 2 56 2 60
Education
Primary 1 24 0 25
48 12.59 Secondary 1 18 2 21
Higher secondary 0 12 0 12 Graduate 0 2 0 2
Total 2 56 2 60
Occupation
Government employed
0 11 0 11
51 12.59 Self employed 2 34 2 38 Daily wages 0 11 0 11
Other 0 0 0 0 Total 2 56 2 60
Family income
(Monthly)
Below 5,000 0 7 1 8
48 12.59 5,000-10,000 1 25 1 27
10,000-20,000 1 18 0 19 Above 20,000 0 6 0 6
Total 2 56 2 60 Type of family
Joint 1 30 0 31 54 5.99
Nuclear 1 26 2 29 Total 2 56 2 60
Type of diet Veg 1 26 2 29
51 9.49 Non-veg 0 3 0 3 Mixed 1 27 0 28
Total 2 56 2 60
Life style Sedentary 0 20 0 20
51 9.49 Moderate 2 35 2 39 Heavy 0 1 0 1
Total 2 56 2 60
Religion
Hindu 2 50 2 54
51 12.59 Muslim 0 2 0 2
Christian 0 4 0 4 Other 0 0 0 0
Total 2 56 2 60 Any history in family about hypertension
Yes 2 35 1 38 54 5.99
No 0 21 1 22
Total 2 56 2 60
38
REFERENCES
1. Joel Fuhrman, studies on intake of salt
in daily routine; 1999.p.234
2. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N,
PetoR,Collins R. Prospective Studies
Collaboration Age specific relevance of
usual blood pressure to vascular
mortality: a meta-analysis of individual
data for one million adults in 61
prospective studies.Lancet; 2002 Dec
14.p.1903–1913.
3. Wang J, Staessen J, Franklin S, Fagard
R, Gueyffier . Systolic and diastolic blood
pressure lowering as determinants of
cardiovascular outcome
Hypertension;2005.p.907–913.
4. Vasan R, Larson M, Leip E, Evans J.
Impact of high-normal blood pressure on
the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl
J Med; 2001. P.345:1291.
5. Susan A, Roland S, Bruce D, Catherine,
MarthaN. Hypertension Knowledge,
Awareness, and Attitudes in a
Hypertensive PopulationJ Gen Intern
Med; 2005 .p. 219–225.
6. Peter B, Michael B, Massimo V, Bobby
V. A Global Perspective on Blood
Pressure Treatment and Control in a
Referred Cohort of Hypertensive
Patients. The Journal of Clinical
Hypertension;2010 .p. 666–677.
7. Robert N, Robin G, Kyle P, Julie E.
Attitudes and Practices of Resident
Physicians Regarding Hypertension in
the Inpatient Setting. The Journal of
Clinical Hypertension; 2010.p. 698–705.
8. Naveeda K, Nausheen H, Rabia A,
MobeenI. Knowledge and perceptions of
physicians about Evidence Based
Management of hypertension in acute
ischemic stroke patients. Rawal Med J;
2010.p. 51-53.
9. Lippincott. Manual of nursing
practice.8th edition. New Delhi: Jaypee
brothers medical publishers; 2001.p.
354.
39
COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE PROBLEMS AMONG THE
PRESCHOOLER OF WORKING AND NON-WORKING MOTHERS IN
SELECTED PLAYGROUPS.
*Ms. Reshma laxman More, Ms. Megha Chhagan Khade,
Mr. Jwel Johnson Jagdale, Ms. Sarika Rajendra Palwankar,
Ms. Swapnali Kisan Thube, Ms. Rispa Ramesh Tayade.
Final Year Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing students,
Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
INTRODUCTION
Children are the inheritance from God.
They are like clay in the potter’s hand.
Handled with love and care, they become
something beautiful or else they will
break Children of today are the citizens
of tomorrow. The prosperity of the
nation depends upon the health of its
future citizens. Children with sound
mind in sound body are essential for the
future development of the country. 2
Every child should have tender loving
care and sense of security from parents.
The mother is more responsible for the
integrated development of a child. The
investment on our children in terms of
developing environment both physical
and emotional is going to reap rich
individuals in future. As said by Karl
Augustus Menninger “What is done to
the children, they will do to the society”.3
It stresses that the mother’s reaction
plays an important role in molding the
behavior of the child. Different
mothering styles may influence a child's
behavior and inadequate attention may
result in abnormal behavior in children.
Sometimes such children show a wide
variety of behavior which may even
create problems to parents, family
members and society. It may be minor
but produce anxiety to the parents,
which may be due to failure in
adjustment to external environment.3
NEED FOR THE STUDY
Preschool period is one of rapid change
in developmental, social, emotional,
cognitive and linguistic abilities. The
child is progressively developing more
autonomy.4 Preschool children with
early emergent behavior problems are
likely to evince serious behavior
problems, social skill deficits and
academic difficulties later in life.4
A study was conducted on behavior
problems among preschool children. Out
of 200 Preschool children (aged 3-6
years), 44 (22%) had behavior problems.
The prevalence was higher among boys
and more common in children from
nuclear families and a lower socio-
economic status.5
The recent studies estimated that only
about 50% of the psychosocial problems
of the children are identified by their
primary physician or parents, 12-25% of
all American school-age children and
13% preschoolers have
emotional/behavioral disorders. The
40
psychosocial problems increased from
6.8% to 18.7%. Intentional problems
showed the greatest absolute increase
(1.4%-9.2%) and emotional problems
showed the increase (0.2-3.6%). The
percentage of children with attention
deficit/hyperactivity problems receiving
medications increased from 32% to 78%.
These increase in psychosocial problems
were associated with increase in the
proportions of single-parent families,
parents get divorced, mothers
employment and parent child
relationship.6
The preschool child (3-6 years of age) is
more self-reliant. During this age
children are socialized into the culture.
In some cultures they become quite
independent and are required to take on
considerable responsibility, even to the
extent of being responsible for the care
younger siblings. In other cultures
children are not encouraged to develop
independence until much later. They
remain totally dependent on adults for
their care and feeding. Again, the culture
the child is raised in determines in the
timing and the kinds of skills acquired in
relation to self-care, independence and
the development of responsibility. While
in many cultures in the Majority World
(the developing countries) children may
be given the role of caretaker for
younger siblings, children ages 3-6 also
have needs of their own. They need:
opportunities to develop fine motor
skills: encouragement of language
through talking reading, singing:
activities that will develop a positive
sense of mastery: opportunities to learn
cooperation, helping, -sharing: and
experimentation with pre-writing and
pre-reading skills.7
ASSUMPTION
This study is based on following
assumptions:
1. The children of working mothers will
have more health problems.
2. Working mothers will spend less time
towards the care of their children.
There will be some difference in the
occurrence problems among children
of working and non-working
mothers.
3. Problems vary from child to child.
THE STATEMENT OF THE STUDY
‘Comparative study to assess the problems among the preschooler of working and non-working mothers in selected playgroups.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
To assess the problems among the preschoolers of working mothers in selected playgroups.
To assess the problems among the preschoolers of non- working mothers in selected playgroups.
To compare the problems among the preschooler of working and non-working mothers in selected playgroups.
To find out the association between problems among children of working andnon-working mothers in selected playgroups with selected demographic variables.
41
DELIMATATION
The study is delimited to:
1. Mother’s expressed views to the
rating scale on problems of their
child.
2. Mother’s working in Pune.
3. Working and non-working mothers
whose children are attending
preschool.
4. The data collection period of four
week.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Theory of General System theory The
author of the theory was Ludwing Von
Bertalanffy Model (1968)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature related to Behavioral
problems among children:
A study was conducted on problems
among preschool children in Salem,
India. The findings of the study reveals
that, the level of behavioral problems
among 50 preschool children of
employed mothers, 33 (66%) of them
had moderate behavioral problems and
17 (34%) of them had mild behavioral
problems. Whereas among 50 preschool
children of unemployed mothers,
11(22%) of them had moderate
behavioral problems and 39(78%) of
them had mild behavioral problems. The
study findings shows that behavioral
problems are found high among
preschool children of employed mothers
than the preschool children of
unemployed mothers.8
Review of literature related to
psychological problem among children.
Mcintosh (2006) has made an attempt to
find out how working mothers affect
their children emotionally and
academically, verses mothers who do not
work outside the home. A purposive
sampling technique was used. Data was
collected qualitative open-ended
questionnaire developed by the
researcher was distributed directly to
the participants. After each
questionnaire was returned, the data
was examined to define possible themes.
The results of the study indicate that
having a working or stay at home mother
does not determine a child's academic
ability. Both working and stay at home
mothers, also fell that their child's
emotional state was stable.9
Review of literature related to physical
problem among children
Schachter(1981) conducted a study to
compare the toddlers of employed
mothers with unemployed mothers
matching family size, social class, intact
status and group care experience. No
differences were found on language
development but intelligence of children
of non-employed mothers was found to
be significantly higher. Difference was
found in emotional adjustment but
children of employed mothers were
found to be more peers oriented and self-
sufficient.10
METHODOLOGY
Research Approach: Quantitative
Descriptive Research Approach.
Research Design: Exploratory Descriptive
Comparative Research Design.
Variable of Study:
Independent Variables
The presumed cause is independent
variable. The independent variable in
this study is Foot Reflexology therapy.
42
Dependent Variables
The presumed effect is dependent
variable. The dependent variable in this
study is Blood Pressure and Level of
Stress.
Setting of the Study: The study was
conducted in selected play group in
Pune.
Population:
Target population: Working and non-
working mothers of preschooler children
in selected playgroup in overall Pune
city.
Sample: The sample comprised of
working and non-working mother of
preschooler children in selected
playgroup.
Sampling technique: Non-probability
Purposive sampling techniques.
Sample Size: sample size was 100. A
sample of 50 working and 50 non-
working mothers of pre-school children
will be selected for study. Total 100
sample.
The tool is consisting of Twos e c t i o n s
MAJOR STUDY FINDINGS.
1. Findings related to demographic
variables
1. Age in years (child): Majority 44% of
samples in age group 3-4 years, 30%
were in age group of 5-6 years and
minimum 26% were in age group of
4-5 years for the working mother’s
preschooler child. In non-working
mothers preschooler child majority
44% of samples in age group 4-5
years, 32% were in age group of 3-4
years and minimum 24% were in age
group 5-6 years.
2. Gender (child): Majority 60% of
sample in gender of female and
minimum 40% of sample in gender of
male in working mother’s
preschooler child. In non-working
mothers preschooler child majority
52% of sample in male and minimum
48% of sample in female result like a
vice versa.
3. Marital Status of Mother: Maximum
94% samples were married in non-
working mother and 88% samples
were married in working mothers of
preschooler. 8% were widow in
working mothers and 4% sample
were widow in non-working mothers
of preschooler. 4% sample were
divorced in working mother and 2%
sample were divorced in non-
working mothers of preschooler.0%
sample were unmarried in both
working and non-working mothers of
preschooler child.
4. Occupation: In working mother’s
majority 82% sample were private
employee, 14% sample were
government employee and 4%
sample were business. In non-
working mothers majority 100%
sample were house wife.
5. Monthly Family Income: Majority 44%
sample in working mothers and 38%
sample in non-working mothers were
having 20,000/- and above monthly
• Demographic variables Section I
• Modified health problems
Assessment likert Scale.
Section II
TOOL ANDTECHNIQUE
43
income, minimum 8% in working
mothers were having up to 10,000/-
and 18% in non-working mothers
were having up to 10,000/- & 10,001-
15,001/- monthly income.14% were
having 10,001-15,001/- , 34% having
15,001-20,000/- monthly income of
working mothers.26% having
10,001-15,000/- monthly income of
non-working mothers of preschooler.
6. Type of Family: Majority 62%
working mother’s child and 54% non-
working mother’s child leaves in
nuclear family. Minimum 0% leaves
in extended family both working and
non-working mothers preschoolers
child. 36% working mother’s child
and 46% non-working mothers child
leaves in joint family.1% working
mothers child leaves in single parent
family.
II. Finding related to health problems
among the preschooler of working and
non-Working mothers
Behavioral problems
1. In working mothers some sample
responses for disrespect 60%
samples are never, 26% are rarely
and 14% are sometime,2% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 50%
samples are never, 32% are rarely,
18% are sometimes and 0% are
always.
2. In working mothers some sample
responses for aggressive behavior
44% samples are rarely, 38% are
sometime and 18% are never, 0% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 40%
samples are rarely, 34% are never,
24% are sometimes and 2% are
always.
3. In working mothers some sample
responses for habit of nail bites 50%
samples are rarely, 24% are never
and 16% are sometime, 10% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 46%
samples are never, 40% are rarely,
12% are sometimes and 2% are
always.
4. In working mothers some sample
responses for Anger 48% samples are
rarely, 30% are sometime and 14%
are never, 8% are always. In non-
working mothers some sample
responses for 36% samples are
never, 32% are sometime, 30% are
rarely and 2% are always.
5. In working mothers some sample
responses for Bed wetting 40%
samples are never, 40% are rarely
and 20% are sometime, 0% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 48%
samples are never, 40% are rarely,
12% are sometimes and 0% are
always.
6. In working mothers some sample
responses for Refusing food 40%
samples are rarely, 30% are
sometime and 26% are never, 4% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 44%
samples are never, 32% are rarely,
16% are sometimes and 8% are
always.
7. In working mothers some sample
responses for Excessive crying 46%
samples are rarely, 34% are never
and 14% are sometime, 6% are
always. In non-working mothers
44
some sample responses for 46%
samples are never, 28% are rarely,
22% are sometimes and 4% are
always.
8. In working mothers some sample
responses for School phobia 34%
samples are never, 28% are rarely
and 28% are sometime, 6% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 46%
samples are never, 32% are rarely,
12% are sometimes and 0% are
always.
Psychological problems
1. In working mothers some sample
responses for Anxious 40% samples
are rarely, 36% are never and 18%
are sometime, 6% are always. In non-
working mothers some sample
responses for 54% samples are
never, 26% are rarely, 18% are
sometimes and 2% are always.
2. In working mothers some sample
responses for Hyperactivity 36%
samples are rarely, 30% are never
and 24% are sometime, 10% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 44%
samples are never, 40% are rarely,
14% are sometimes and 2% are
always.
3. In working mothers some sample
responses for Lack of concentration
38% samples are rarely, 38% are
never and 24% are sometime, 0% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 52%
samples are never, 36% are rarely,
10% are sometimes and 2% are
always.
4. In working mothers some sample
responses for Lack of motivation 46%
samples are never, 38% are rarely
and 14% are sometime, 2% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 66%
samples are never, 28% are rarely,
4% are sometime and 2% are always.
5. In working mothers some sample
responses for impaired memory 46%
samples are never, 34% are rarely
and 16% are sometime, 4% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 70%
samples are never, 18% are rarely,
12% are sometimes and 0% are
always.
6. In working mothers some sample
responses for Difficulty in learning
38% samples are sometime, 38% are
never and 22% are never, 1% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 60%
samples are never, 22% are rarely,
18% are sometimes and 0% are
always.
7. In working mothers some sample
responses for staying alone30%
samples are rarely, 27% are never
and 12% are sometime, 4% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 72%
samples are never, 20% are rarely,
8% are sometimes and 0% are
always.
8. In working mothers some sample
responses for fear about separation
from parents50% samples are never,
28% are some time and 12% are
always, 10% are rarely. In non-
working mothers some sample
responses for 42% samples are
never, 26% are rarely, 22% are
sometimes and 10% are always.
45
Physical Problems
1. In working mothers some sample
responses for Weakness 46%
samples are rarely, 34% are never
and 14% are sometime, 6% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 46%
samples are never, 28% are rarely,
14% are sometimes and 2% are
always.
2. In working mothers some sample
responses for pain 40% samples are
rarely, 40% are never and 18% are
sometime, 2% are always. In non-
working mothers some sample
responses for 70% samples are
never, 24% are rarely, 21% are
sometimes and 4% are always.
3. In working mothers some sample
responses for fatigue 52% samples
are rarely, 28% are never and 18%
are sometime, 2% are always. In non-
working mothers some sample
responses for 52% samples are
never, 36% are rarely, 10% are
sometimes and 2% are always.
4. In working mothers some sample
responses for Drowsiness 50%
samples are rarely, 38% are never
and 10% are sometime, 2% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 60%
samples are never, 32% are rarely,
8% are sometime and 0% are always.
5. In working mothers some sample
responses for Fever 40% are
sometime, 26% samples are rarely,
22% are never and, 12% are always.
In non-working mothers some
sample responses for 42% samples
are rarely, 34% are never, 22% are
sometimes and 2% are always.
6. In working mothers some sample
responses for Allergy 52% samples
are never, 30% are rarely and 14%
are sometime, 4% are always. In non-
working mothers some sample
responses for 64% samples are
never, 26% are rarely, 6% are
sometimes and 0% are always.
7. In working mothers some sample
responses for cold and cough34%
samples are sometime, 30% are
rarelyand 20% are never, 16% are
always. In non-working mothers
some sample responses for 46%
samples are rarely, 20% are never,
20% are sometimes and 4% are
always.
8. In working mothers some sample
responses for skin rashes 50%
samples are never, 44% are rarely
and 6% are sometime, 0% are always.
In non-working mothers some
sample responses for 72% samples
are never, 26% are rarely, 1% are
sometimes and 0% are always.
Overall health problems findings:
Health problem wise overall frequency
and mean
Behavioral problems: In working mothers
child 160 (40%) samples are rarely, 125
(31.2%) are never, 97(24.2%) are
sometime and 18 (4.5%) are always. In
non-working mothers child 180 (45%)
samples are never, 137 (34.2%) a re
rarely, 74 (18.5%) are sometime and 9
(2.2%) are always.
Psychological problems: In working
mothers child 169 (42.2%) samples are
never, 124 (31%) are rarely, 87(21.7%)
are sometime and 20 (5%) are always. In
non-working mothers child 230 (57.5%)
samples are never, 108 (27%) are rarely,
46
53 (13.2%) are sometime and 9 (2.2%)
are always.
Physical problems: In working mothers
child 159 (39.7%) samples are rarely,
142 (35.5%) are never, 77 (19.2%) are
sometime and 22 (5.5%) are always. In
non-working mothers child 221 (55.2%)
samples are never, 133 (33.2%) are
rarely, 40 (10%) are sometime and 7
(1.7%) are always.
III. Finding related to the association
between demographic variables
This section deals with association
between selected demographic variables
assessed by using chi-square test. The
result summaries of chi-square test are
tabulated below:
Sr.
N
o.
Selected
Variable
s
Calculat
ed
Value
(X2)
T
Valu
e
(P
0.05
)
D
F
Associati
on
1.
Age in
years
(child)
3.989 5.99 2
Not
significa
nt
2. Gender
(Child) 0.724 3.84 1
Not
significa
nt
3.
Marital
status of
Mother
0.548 7.82 3
Not
significa
nt
4.
Occupati
on of
mother
50 7.82 3 Significa
nt
5.
Monthly
Family
Income:
3.2 7.82 3
Not
significa
nt
6. Type of
Family: 0.941 7.82 3
Not
significa
nt
RESULTS
Health problems are more in working
mothers child as compare to non-
working mothers child.
REFERENCES
1. Gupte S. The Short Textbook of
Pediatrics. 10th edition. NewDelhi:
Jaypee Publications; 2004.
2. Vijayalakshmi K, Kumar CV,
Rajamanickam H, Cherian A. Child
rearing practices and psychological
problems in children. Nursing and
Midwifery Research Journal 2007
Apr;3(2):49-51.
3. Datta P. Pediatric Nursing. 2nd
edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2009.p.1,
186-192.
4. Huaqing C, Kaiser, Ann P. Behavior
problems of preschool children from
low income families. Topics in Early
Childhood Special Education 2003
Dec; 23(4):188-216.
5. Rai S, Malik SC, Sharma D. Behavior
problems among preschool children.
Indian Paediatrics 1993 Apr;
30(4):475-8.
6. Kelley .J. Khelleher et.al “Increasing
identification of psychosocial
problem” official Journal of the
American academy of Pediatrics Vol-
105-2006.
7. Piyush Gupta, “Essential pediatric
nursing”, 1st edition A.P Jain
Publisher, 2004.
8. Anitha J, Jayasudha A, Kalaiselvi.
Behavioral problems among
preschool children. Nightingale
Nursing times.2010 July; 6(4):33-36.
47
ASSESSMENT OF THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF
MOTHERS ON USING O.R.S IN MANAGEMENT DIARRHEAL
DISEASE IN CHILDREN BETWEEN 0-5 YEAR IN HOSPITAL OF
PUNE CITY IN VIEW TO DEVELOP INFORMATION BOOKLET. *Ms. Mayuri Mahamuni, Ms. Manisha Mangaonkar, Ms. Pratibha Hodnshil, Ms. Ayesha
Waghmare, Mr. Sanket Phadtare, Mr. Bhagwan Gaikwad.
*Final Year Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
ABSTRACT
Problem Statement: Assessment of the
Knowledge and Attitude of mothers on
using O.R.S in management Diarrheal
Disease in children between 0-5 year in
Hospital of Pune city in view to develop
Information Booklet. Objectives: -To
assess the knowledge and attitude of
mothers on using ORS in care of
diarrheal disease. -To find the
association between the knowledge and
demographic variables. -To find
association between the attitude and
demographic variables. Method: A survey
research approach was used for the
study. The study was created among OPD
patient in selected hospital of Pune city.
The research design is descriptive
quantitative survey research design. The
sample comprised of 60 mothers of
selected area of pune city. The patients
were selected by probability simple
random sampling technique. The data
collection was done in 1 week. Formal
written permission was obtained from
the authorities to conduct the study and
informed consent was obtained from
subjects prior to the data collection
process. Data was collected by
administering a self- administered
knowledge questionnaire and attitude
scale. Results: The findings revealed that
there is significant association between
knowledge and attitude of mothers
majority of 78.34% mothers had average
knowledge score (6-14), 15% of them
had good knowledge score (15) and
regarding attitude 32% strongly agree,
49% agree, 15% disagree. Strongly
disagree 4%. Conclusion: The finding of
the mothers on knowledge and attitude
of using O.R.S. preparation at home
suggest many implications for nursing
education, nursing administration,
nursing research, and medical surgical
nursing for the proper intervention
regarding using O.R.S preparation. The
findings of the present study indicate
that mothers should be given proper and
up to date information regarding using
O.R.S, which will improve their
knowledge and attitude regarding using
O.R.S. preparation. Research helps the
students build up the existing knowledge
regarding organ donation and legal and
ethical issues, guiding principles and
implement their finding principles and
implement their findings in their day to
day life.
INTRODUCTION
Diarrhea is one of the major causes of
morbidity as well mortality in fewer than
five children. It now causes about 11per
cent of child deaths worldwide. 90 per
cent of these deaths occur in sub –
Saharan Africa and South Asia in India
48
acute diarrheal disease accounts for
about 8 per cent of deaths in 5 year age
group. During The year 2011 about 10.6
million cases were reported in India
contaminate food and water, inadequate
sanitation, overcrowded shelters , poor
hygiene practices as well as malnutrition
affect the spread and severity of
diarrhea. Young age dehydration, lack of
breast feeding and poor nutritional
status are the major risk for death from
diarrhea. Most of the diarrheal episodes
are self limited, dehydration being the
primary reason of mortality . The single
most strategy as advocated by W.H.O in
preventing diarrheal severity or death is
use of oral rehydration therapy [O.R.T]
with ORS solution It is inexpensive and
easily admissible at home by the
mothers In 2004 the W.H.O and UNICEF
jointly recommended the use of newly
formulated low osmolarity ORS and
zinc supplementation in the treatment of
childhood diarrhea. According to the
IMNCI guidelines, children with no
dehydration should be managed at
home with O.R.S, home available fluids
and continue feeding including breast
feeding. The early detection of diarrhea
at home, early optimal use of ORS,
maintenance of proper, hygienic and
safe feeding practices reduce the,
duration, severity, hospitalization overall
medical cost and death of under five
children in diarrhea.
Diarrhea is the disturbance of the
gastrointestinal tract comprising of
changes in intestinal motility and
absorption, leading to increase in the
volume of stools and in their consistency
(Ballabriga, Hilpert&Isliker, 2000). In
Diarrhea, stool contains more water than
normal stool and is often called loose or
watery stool. In certain cases, they may
contain blood in which case.
Diarrhea is a leading killer of children,
accounting for approximately 8per cent,
of all death among children under age 5
worldwide in 2016. This translates to
over 1,300 young children dying each
day or about 480,000children a year,
despite the availability of simple effective
treatment.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study conducted to assess the
knowledge of preparing packet oral
rehydration solution and home-made
salt-sugar solution (SSS) among mothers
of Srinagar, Uttaranchal. Two twenty five
mothers were interviewed. Only 18.6%
recognized ORS packets and 17.7%
mentioned the correct method of
preparation from packet. Homemade
sugar salt solution (SSS) was adequately
discussed by only 6.2% mothers and they
were taught to prepare correctly and
administer ORS and home based sugar
salt solution (SSS).15
A study conducted on maternal
understanding of diarrhea related
dehydration and its influence on ORS
solution use, they found out that only
38% of the mothers surveyed could
identify 2 or more correct signs of
dehydration. A significant relation was
found between maternal knowledge of
correct signs of dehydration and use of
ORS solution. The study thus
recommended improved health
education programming for mothers of
young children, as well as future
programmer and evaluation of
intervention studies
A study conducted on knowledge and use
of ORS solution among mothers of rural
49
Kenya found that, mothers who reported
knowing about ORS were asked if they
had a packet of ORS at home Only 27.5%
of these mothers responded in the
affirmative. Income, education, and age
of the mother were all predictive of
having ORS in the home
A study is conducted to estimate of
diarrheal mortality in Indian children
aged 5 to 14 years and to understand the
distribution of these deaths based on
geographic region, age, and gender. We
estimate there are approximately 45,000
annual deaths due to diarrhea in children
aged 5 to 14 years in India. The
mortality rate is approximately 35%
higher for girls than in boys for both age
groups 5 to 9 years and 10 to 14 years.
There were significant differences by
region; the mortality rate from diarrhea
diseases in children older than 5 ranged
from a high of 39.3 per 100,000 in the
Northeast to a low of 3.6 per 100,000 in
the South. Our estimate of 45,000 annual
deaths is significantly larger than the
Global Burden of Disease estimate of
approximately 1,000 deaths in children
aged 5 to 14 years in all of South
Asia. The large gender and geographic
differences in mortality rates suggest the
potential for significant numbers of lives
saved through strengthening health
education and access to health services
METHODS
Section A: Socio demographic variables
This section consist of 6 items on socio
demographic variable of mother such as
age , education , occupation , no of
children , monthly income , type of family
Section B self Structured Knowledge
Questionnaire
This section consists of 20 multiple
choice question to assess the level of
knowledge of mother 0f 0-5 year
children regarding using of O.R.S and
management of diarrheal. There are 4
option in each question with one correct
responses .each correct response is
awarded with one point and incorrect
response with zero point. The total
possible responses are giving rise to a
maximum score of 20
Poor knowledge score less than 1-5
Average knowledge score 6-14
Good knowledge score more than
15& Above
Section C self modified attitude rating
scale: this section consist of 20 items to
assess the attitude of mother of 0-5 year
children regarding of using of O.R.S and
management of diarrheal disease ,using 4
point rating scale such as ‘’Agree,
Strongly agree, Disagree, Strongly
disagree. It consist of positive statement
with the maximum score of 4 point for
strongly agree and minimum score of 1
point for strongly disagree the maximum
score is 40.
Attitude classified as
Poor Attitude Score Less Than 1-
19
Average Attitude Score 20-59
Good Attitude Score More Than
60 and Above
50
RESULTS
Table: 9.1: KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS
Knowledge grade n %
1-5 score is poor
knowledge 04 6.66%
6-14 score is Average
knowledge 47 78.34%
Above 15 score is Good 09 15%
Table 9.2: Analysis of Attitude test
SR NO THE IMPACT n %
1 Strongly agree 383 32%
2 Agree 588 49%
3 Disagree 183 15%
4 Strongly disagree 41 4%
5 TOTAL 1195 100%
REFERENCES
1. Onyango.DM, Angienda.PO,
Epidemiology of water borne
diarrheal diseases among children
aged 6-36 months old in western
Kenya. International journal of
biological and life science.2010;
6(2):92-98.
2. Ali.M, Underwood, Determinants of
use rate of oral rehydration therapy
for Management of childhood
diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. Journal
of health and population
nutrition.2000; 18(2):103-108.
3. Rehan.HS, Mothers needs to know
more regarding management of
childhood
4. Acute diarrhea in Nepal. Indian
journal of preventive and social
medicine.2003; 34(1):40-44.
5. Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, Wong’s
Essential of pediatric nursing,
Elsevier
6. Publication.8th edition: 820-822.
7. Viswanathan J, Desai A.B, Oral
Rehydration Therapy. Achar’s text
book of Pediatrics.3rd edition, 137-
138.
8. Fayaz S, Farheen A, Ali I.,
Management of diarrhea in under
fives at home and
9. health facilities in Kashmir.
International journal of health
science.2009; 3(2):171-174
10. Asakitikpi AE., Acute diarrhea;
Mothers knowledge of oral
rehydration therapy and its usage in
Nigeria. Ethno Medicine, 2010;
4(2): 125-130.
51
THOUGHT STOPPING TECHNIQUE ON PERCEIVED GENERAL
SELF EFFICACY AMONG NURSING STUDENTS
*Ms. Ketaki Sumitrakumar Tribhuwa
Final Year Basic B.Sc. Nursing students, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
ABSTRACT
The reason to focus on this study was
that, there was minimal evidence on
thought stopping technique used or
assessed. The purpose of this study was
to compare the Self efficacy scores using
thought stopping technique among
nursing students. The quantitative,
comparative study used a 10-question
self efficacy scale and a convenience
sample of nursing students. Recruitment,
informed consent, and data collection
occurred during the classes. An
independent sample paired -T test was
used to determine group differences in
self efficacy using thought stopping
technique. The results revealed that
majority of nursing students had high
level of self efficacy after administration
of thought stopping technique tphen
before.
INTRODUCTION
“If I have the belief that I can do it, I shall
surely acquire the capacity to do it even
if I may not have it at the beginning”.
Youth today’s is driving force for
tomorrow and building a positive
attitude in them is important aspect in
their life. Many students find it difficult
to express themselves effectively in
social situations and doubt their
capacities to face the problem. This
undermines their significant role in the
development of modern India and also in
improving and strengthening the society.
So it is important that they built a
positive attitude towards their life and
develop self confidence in proving
themselves because building their self
efficacy can help them in many ways. It
helps them in improving self efficacy.
Unwanted thoughts can make you feel
anxious or depressed. They may keep
you from enjoying your life. A technique
called thought-stopping can help you
stop unwanted thoughts. What you think
can affect how you feel. Thought-
stopping helps you to change how you
think so that you feel better. Self Efficacy
was developed by Albert Bandura as part
of a larger theory. According to Bandura,
52
self efficacy is “the belief in one’s
capabilities to organize and execute the
courses of action required to manage
prospective situations.” This definition
implies that self-efficacy is a person’s
awareness of their ability to accomplish a
goal.
NEED OF STUDY
Thought stopping technique will work on
patients to help them understand their
thought processes so they can make
positive behavioral changes. When an
individual understands their own
cognitive processes, they can analyze
their thoughts before taking action.
Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the
ability to exert control over one's own
motivation, behavior, and social
environment. These cognitive self-
evaluations influence all manner of
human experience, including the goals
for which people strive, the amount of
energy expended toward goal
achievement, and likelihood of attaining
particular levels of behavioral
performance. Unlike traditional
psychological constructs, self-efficacy
beliefs are hypothesized to vary
depending on the domain of functioning
and circumstances surrounding the
occurrence of behavior.
Researcher wanted to study on this topic
because to assess the of controlling of
human thought on their own capabilities.
Researcher also wanted to know the
difference between the level of self
efficacy in different age groups and
gender. Researcher also wanted to
analyze the effect of thought stopping
technique on self efficacy verses other
methods of management of self efficacy.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Fenning and May (2013), “correlation
results indicated significant, positive
correlations between general self-
efficacy and high school GPA”. In turn,
because gifted students have positive
experiences with academics, these
experiences further boost increase self-
confidence. As students’ self-efficacy
levels increase, their independence and
intrinsic motivation translate into
greater success in the classroom. “In
order for students to maintain a high
level of self-efficacy, they need to believe
that they are equipped with the skills and
talents for a specific task.
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
(TUMS) in 2016. The cross-sectional
study was performed on 320
postgraduate students of TUMS in 2016.
Proportional stratified sampling was
done with simple random sampling from
each school. The data were gathered with
Phillips and Russell's research self-
efficacy questionnaire, demographic
questions, and grade point average
(GPA) and were analyzed with
independent t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's
correlation, and multiple linear
regressions in SPSS 18. Out of 320
students participating in this study, 152
patients (47.5%) were male and 168
(52.5%) were female with the mean age
of 27.83 ± 4.3 years. The mean of
research self-efficacy score was 186.18 ±
59.5 which was significant depended on
college degrees and was significantly
higher in doctorate students (P =
0.0001). However, no significant
difference was seen in research self-
efficacy score of students due to gender
(P = 0.754) and school (P = 0.364). There
was a significant direct relationship
53
between students’ GPA and research self -
efficacy score (r = 0.393, P = 0.0001).
Wiley-Blackwell; 2016 A research was
conducted on112 undergraduate
students from a Hispanic-serving
institution. Two questionnaires, the
Patterns of Adaptive Learning Survey
and the Achievement Goal Orientation
Inventory, were used to measure
students’ perceived academic efficacy
and goal orientation. Statistical tests
used to analyze the first hypothesis
included means, standard deviations, and
correlations. The second hypothesis was
evaluated using ANOVA and MANOVA
statistical processes. The results aligned
with previous research in that self-
efficacy levels are closely relate to goal
orientation; and are good predictors of
achievement.
Taif University and King Abdulaziz
University 2018, The main purpose of the
current study was to assess stress levels
and preferred learning styles, and
examine the relationships between self-
esteem, academic self-efficacy, perceived
stress, and academic performance among
a cohort of psychology students in Saudi
Arabia. Participants were 214
psychology students from Taif University
and King Abdulaziz University, who
completed online measures including the
VARK, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS),
the Academic Self-Efficacy (ASE), and the
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES).
Prevalence of stress was overwhelming,
with 71% being highly stressed (PSS≥
27-40). Most of the sample preferred a
multimodal learning style. Furthermore,
low yet significant correlations between
academic performance and academic
self-efficacy, rs(212)= .188, p=.003, and
self-esteem, rs(212)= .121, p= .039, were
identified. However, academic
performance was not correlated with
perceived stress levels.
Four variations of the thought-stopping
technique were applied to a color-
naming obsession of 8 years' duration.
After 17 treatment sessions the
frequency of this obsession had
decreased by 95%, and a month later it
was entirely absent. It did not recur in
the course of a 7-month follow-up
period. Other, related obsessions also
decreased considerably.
Wolpe and Lazarus. A controlled study
was designed to evaluate the efficacy of
the thought-stopping technique (T.S.) as
a treatment for persecutory delusions
and auditory hallucinations with chronic
schizophrenics already treated with
neuroleptics and to compare this
combination with patients only treated
with antipsychotic drugs. Medication was
standardized for each patient and
psychological measurements were
recorded before and after treatment and
during a 6-month follow-up. Results
show significant differences in favor of
the T.S. group mainly after treatment.
Although T.S. was beneficial for chronic
psychotics.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
‘Effectiveness of thought stopping technique on perceived general self efficacy among nursing students of
colleges in selected areas.’
54
RESEARCH QUESTION
What is the effect of selected Thought
Stopping technique on level of self
efficacy among nursing students?
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Effectiveness
“The degree to which something is
successful in producing a desired result” .
In study effectiveness refers to the
desirable effect of thought stopping
technique on perceived self efficacy of
one’s self.
Thought Stopping Technique
Thought stopping is a controversial
cognitive intervention technique
prescribed by therapists (psychologists
and psychiatrists) with the goal of
interrupting and removing problematic
recurring thought patterns. The problem
thought could be a worry, an obsession,
an urge, an unwanted habit, etc.
Self efficacy
Self-efficacy is defined as people's beliefs
about their capabilities to produce
designated levels of performance that
exercise influence over events that affect
their lives.
In this study Self-efficacy refers
quantitative tool used by researcher:
structured 4 point likert scale with 10
questions to assess Level of Self-efficacy.
Nursing students
Someone who is studying or training to
be a nurse.
In this study nursing students refers to
one who is studying graduate nursing
programme.
Colleges
Any place for specialized education after
the age of 16 where people study or train
to get knowledge and/or skills.
In this study college refers to institutes
where graduate nursing programme is
offered in selected areas of Maharashtra.
SCOPE OF STUDY
The finding of study will help the
students to improve the knowledge
regarding thought stopping technique
and to identify the level of self efficacy
among themselves.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Design
One Group Pre test Post test Study Design
(Pre- Experimental Design) was chosen
for the study.
In the present study a pre test was
administered by means of general self
efficacy scale considered as O1, the
thought stopping technique was given to
the group for next 6 days depicted as X,
and a post test was conducted using the
same general self efficacy scale depicted
as O2.
GROUP PRE
TEST INTERVENTION
POST
TEST
E O1 X O2
Setting of the study
Selected Nursing Colleges in
Maharashtra State.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To assess perceived general self efficacy among the nursing students in selected areas.
To assess effectiveness of thought stopping technique on perceived general self efficacy among nursing students of colleges in selected areas.
Association between selected demographic variables and study findings.
55
Sampling Technique
In this study the samples were selected
by Non Probability Convenient sampling
technique. The samples that fulfill the
inclusion criteria were admitted in study.
Sample Size
In this study, the sample size consists of
100 students pursuing graduation (Basic
B.Sc. Nursing.) from selected Colleges of
Maharashtra.
DATA COLLECTION
Semi Structured Self Report
Questionnaire to assess the background
variables and Structured 4 point likert
scale with 10 questions to assess Level of
Self-efficacy were used to collect the data
from the nursing students.
The investigator obtained the necessary
permission from concerned authorities.
The investigator introduced self and
informed subjects about the nature of the
study so as to ensure better co-operation
for data collection. The investigator
approached the students who were
fulfilling the sampling frame criteria.
Then researcher explains the study
nature and informed consent is being
obtained from the participant.
Investigator administered the general
self efficacy scale to the nursing students
to obtain the pretest evaluation. After
that investigator gave thought stopping
technique daily for next 6 days.
Post test was administered with the
same scale on the 6th day. After the data
gathering process, the investigator
thanked all the study subjects as well as
the authority persons for their co-
operation.
Tool
Section 1. Semi Structured Self Report
Questionnaire to assess background
variables of samples.
Section 2. Structured 4 point likert scale
with 10 questions to assess Level of Self-
efficacy.
General self efficacy scale consist of 10
question which to be marked as not at all
true, hardly true, moderately true,
exactly true.
Thought stopping technique
Yelling ‘Stop’: on thinking the unwanted
thought, immediately yell ‘Stop.’ The yell
can be out loud or only in the mind.
Continue to yell ‘Stop’ until the unwanted
thought ceases.
DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
Demographic Variables
77% 28 yrs
and above
19% 17 -22
yrs
4% 23- 28
yrs
Age
27%
73%
0% 0%
Gender
Male
Female
56
Significance difference between pre test
and post test of perceived general self
efficacy in nursing students.
Test Mea
n SD SE
t
cal
t
tab
Prete
st
30.7
1
4.24
57
0.42
45
1.66
0
0.95
05
p=0.
05
Post
test
33.7
7
4.32
01
0.43
20
(by using paired t test).
t calculated > is more than t(table) at 0.05
level of significance. So null hypothesis is
rejected and the research hypothesis is
accepted. The mean post test score 33.77
is greater than the mean pre test score
30.71 and dispersion of post test score
standard deviation is 4.3201 is more
than that of pre test score standard
deviation is 4.2457 and ‘t’ value is 1.660
more than the table value of ‘t’ 0.9505 at
the level of 0.05. Thus data in the shows
higher than the tabled value 0.9505 at
p<0.05 which indicated significance
difference between pre test and post test
of perceived general self efficacy among
the nursing students. Thus it is
concluded that thought stopping
technique was effective. Distribution of
subjects with regards to pre test and post
test of perceived general self efficacy in
nursing students.
Sr
no
Level of
efficacy
Pre
test
Post
test
N % N %
1 Low self
efficacy 0 0% 0 0%
2
Medium
self
efficacy
48 48% 27 27%
3 High self
efficacy 52 52% 73 73%
In pre test the majority of subjects (52%)
were having high efficacy were as in post
test the majority of subject (73%) were
having high efficacy. So we can conclude
that there was increase in self efficacy
after the interventions.
15% 10%
39%
36%
Year of study
1st year BBSc Nursing
2nd year BBSc Nursing
3rd year BBSc Nursing
final year BBSc Nursing
30.71
33.77
29
30
31
32
33
34
Pretest Post test
Mean Score Comparison
Mean
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
low self efficacy
medium self
efficacy
high self efficacy
0
48 52
0
27
73
Pre test Post test
57
CONCLUSION
Thought stopping technique was
effective in increasing the self efficacy
and also was effective in controlling the
negative thoughts in the nursing
students.
REFRENCES
1. Gandhi m. by Philosiblog on 1
September 2011 in accomplished,
belief, confidence, direction,
flexibility, growth. 2011.
2. Stop Negative Thoughts: Getting
Started | Frankel Cardiovascular
Center | Michigan Medicine
[Internet]. Umcvc.org. 2018 [cited 24
April 2018]. Available from:
http://www.umcvc.org/health-
library/uf9938
3. effectiveness. (According to oxford
Dictionary). 2018.
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoug
ht_stopping.
5. Bandura A. In Ramachaudran VS.
Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol.
4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic
Press. (1994). Self-efficacy.
(Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.],
Encyclopedia of mental health. San
Diego: Academic Press, 1998).
6. Definition of 'student nurse' Collins
dictionary. Available from:
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/
dictionary/english/student-nurse.
7. Definition of college. Available from:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/c
ollege.
8. Salehiniya H, Tiyuri A, Saberi B, Miri
M, Shahrestanaki E, Bayat B. Research
self-efficacy and its relationship with
academic performance in
postgraduate students of Tehran
University of Medical Sciences in
2016. Journal of Education and
Health Promotion. 2018;7(1):11.
9. Literature Review Related to Self-
Efficacy Among Students Essay. [cited
2018Apr24]. Available from:
http://www.123helpme.com/literatu
re-review-related-to-self-efficacy-
among-students-
preview.asp?id=228665
10. Mamaril NA, Usher EL, Li CR,
Economy DR, Kennedy MS. Measuring
Undergraduate Students' Engineering
Self‐Efficacy: A Validation Study
[Internet]. Journal of Engineering
Education. Wiley-Blackwell; 2016
[cited 2018Apr24]. Available from:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/
full/10.1002/jee.20121
11. Alyami M, Melyani Z, Johani AA, Ullah
E, Alyami H, Sundram F, et al. The
Impact of Self-Esteem, Academic Self-
Efficacy and Perceived Stress on
Academic Performance: A Cross-
Sectional Study of Saudi Psychology
Students. The European Journal of
Educational Sciences. 2017;04(04).
12. Predictors of academic performance
of university students: an application
of the goal efficacy model. [Internet].
FPO IP Research & Communities.
Available from:
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/a
rticle/College-Student-
Journal/163679011.html
13. Zajacova A, Lynch SM, Espenshade
TJ. Self-Efficacy, Stress, and Academic
Success in College [Internet].
SpringerLink. Kluwer Academic
Publishers-Human Sciences Press;
[cited 2018Apr24]. Available from:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.
1007/s11162-004-4139-z
58
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF SLEEP AND LEVEL OF
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG NURSES WORKING IN CRITICAL
CARE UNITS OF SELECTED HOSPITALS.
Mrs. Prajakta N. Adhav, Ms. Pritam Gavit, Ms. Preeti Sable.
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
ABSTRACT
Sleep is a necessity; it is nourishing,
refreshing and healing. The nursing
profession is associated with busy and
difficult work schedules. Stress is a usual
and normal part of our daily lives. It is a
normal physical reaction to an internal
or external pressure that is placed on a
person's system. Extended periods of
stress can cause destructive changes in
the body and sleep disturbances. Out of
many groups who are affected nurses
especially the critical care unit (CCU)
staff comprises an important group
because of the unique environment in
which they work. A descriptive survey
was conducted to assess Quality of Sleep
and level of Occupational stress among
Nurses working in Critical care units of
selected hospitals.
INTRODUCTION
Poor sleep quality among hospital staff
nurses is a critical issue for healthcare
system. It not only leads health problems
among nurses, but it is also associated
with a lower work performance and
higher risk of medical errors which may
jeopardize patient’s safety. The
perception of sleep quality is complex
and is associated with various subjective
factors such as fatigue, work stress, or
other emotional factors in addition to
objective sleep quality.
The occurrence of stress in modern life is
remarkable in that it is present in both
professional and personal life. The nurse
assists patients and their families, most
often in hospital areas, experiencing
conflicting aspects such as birth and
death. Stress is a major concern in the
nursing profession with work overload,
nurse shortages and high turnover rates
as the common stressors.
Nurses working in critical care units are
at high risk for stress and poor sleep
quality due to prompt and continuous
work demands.
ASSUMPTIONS
Nurses working in CCU may have
some Occupational stress
Occupational stress may cause poor
quality of sleep.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH APPROACH: - Quantitative
descriptive approach.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To assess the Quality of Sleep among Nurses working in Critical care units of selected hospitals.
To assess the Occupational stress among Nurses working in Critical care units of selected hospitals.
To find association of study findings with selected demographic variables.
59
RESEARCH DESIGN: Non-experimental
descriptive survey design.
SETTING OF THE STUDY: -
Critical care units of selected hospital.
POPULATION:-
Target population: all the Nurses
working in Critical care units of
hospitals.
Accessible population: Nurses working in
Critical care units of selected hospitals.
SAMPLE:- Registered Nurses working in
Critical care units of selected hospitals
SAMPLE TECHNIQUE:- Non probability
convenient sampling
SAMPLE SIZE:- 60
INCLISION CRITERIA:- Nurses who are
Working in Critical care units of
selected hospitals.
Registered under nursing council.
Those willing to participate in study.
Available at the time of data
collection.
Can read, understand and write
English.
DATA COLLECTION TECQUNIQUE
The interview technique was used for
data collection in the present study
TOOL: Standardized tools are utilized for
the study
Quality of sleep - Pittsburgh Sleep
Quality Index (PSQI) tool
Occupational stress - Bianchi Stress
Questionnaire
SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF NURSES
Age: 42% were in age group of 20 to 25
years, 40% were in age group of 25 to 30
years, 13 of them were in age group of 35
to 40% and only 5 of them had age above
40 years.
Gender: 36% nurses were male and 64%
nurses were female.
Marital status: 60% nurses were
married, 32% nurses were unmarried,
3% of nurses were widow, 5% nurses
were separated.
Years of experience: 45% of nurses had 1-
3 years of experience, 38% of nurses had
3-6 years of experience, 10% of nurses
had 6-9 years of experience and 7% of
nurses had more than 9 years of
experience.
Type of shifts: 82% of nurses are working
in shift duties and only 18% of them
work in general duty.
FINDINGS RELATED TO ASSOCIATION OF
LEVEL OF STRESS AND QUALITY OF
SLEEP WITH SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC
VARIABLES:
From the analysis it was concluded that
the demographic variables age in years,
years of experience and shift pattern
have the significant association with
level of stress and quality of sleep.
CONCLUSION
The CCU is a highly stressful
environment, not only for patients and
relatives but also the nurses. The
primary aim of this study was to assess
the prevalence level of occupational
stress and quality of stress among CCU
nurses.
In our study, it was seen that CCU staff
less than 30 years of age had a high
prevalence of stress compared to staff
above 30 years of age. This can be
explained by the view that younger staff
have a new level of responsibility and
increased workload (being the younger
staff of the CCU) in addition to patient
60
care activities, whereas older CCU staff
are more experienced and might have
well-adjusted to the stressful
environment. Also nurses working in
shift duties faced more sleep
disturbances compared to those working
in general shifts.
Study reveals that the 96% critical care
nurses suffer with some level of
occupational stress and 88% of these
nurses have sleep disturbances. Poor
sleep quality and stress remains a vital
health issue for critical care nurses.
Work demand increases when there are
more critically ill patients and they have
more responsibilities. Control over work
place plays an important role in
improving the quality of sleep and
reducing the amount of stress. So they
can harmonize there personal life with
their occupational life.
REFERENCES
1. Mc Grath A, Reid N, Boore J.
Occupational stress in
nursing. International Journal for
Nursing Students. 2003; 40:555–65.
1. Hughes RG, Rogers AE. Are you
tired? American Journal of
Nursing. 2004; 104:36–8. [PubMed]
2. Johnson CJ, Croghan E, Crawford J.
The problem and management of
sickness absence in the NHS:
Considerations for nurse managers. J
Nurs Manag. 2003;11:336–42.
3. McVicar A. Workplace stress in
nursing: A literature review. J Adv
Nurs. 2003;44:633–42.
4. Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner
F, Schaufeli WB (2000) A model of
burnout and life satisfaction amongst
nurses. J Adv Nurs 32: 454–464.
5. McGrath A, Reid N, Boore J (2003)
Occupational stress in nursing.
International Journal of Nursing
Studies (1989), 26, 359-368. Int J
Nurs Stud 40: 555–565; discussion
567–559.
0 20 40 60
SEVERE STRESS
MODERATE STRESS
MILD STRESS
NO STRESS
SEVERE
STRESS
MODERATE STRES
S
MILD STRES
S
NO STRES
S
LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG NURSES
13 43 37 7
LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG NURSES
8
42 38
12
QUALITY OF SLEEP
61
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF
DIABETIC PATIENTS REGARDING DIABETES MELLITUS IN
SELECTED HOSPITALS IN NASHIK.
Ms. Pallavi U. Jadhav,
Clinical Instructor, Sinhgad College Of Nursing, Narhe, Pune
Keywords- Knowledge, Attitude , Patient.
BACKGROUND
With vast changes in lifestyle of people,
diabetes mellitus has become a major
disease. It is a chronic disease
There is a noticeable increase in health
care. Burden from diabetes in severe
area in the world. there is a global
concern on the change in diabetes
epidemiology and its clinical spectrum.
There is an apparent increase in general
prevalence in severe geographic areas.
The significant worldwide increase in
diabetes, leading to morbidity and
mortality has evoked concern from
medical community so there is limited
information on effectiveness of patient
education from India were diabetes
management is complicated by ignorance
and carelessness towards symptoms
management.
Proper care of diabetes includes
education, dietary control, appropriate
medication action plans and prevention
of complication for an improved quality
of life for individuals with diabetes and
reduction in the burden of health care
cost.
METHODOLOGY
A description research design was
adapted to conduct the study. Target
populations were patients with diabetes
mellitus in selected hospital of Nashik. A
structured questionnaire for knowledge
and attitude scale for attitude
assessment was used.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
“ A study to assess the knowledge and attitude of diabetic patients regarding diabetes mellitus in selected hospitals in Nashik.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus among the diabetic patients.
To assess the attitude regarding diabetes mellitus among the diabetic patients.
To find out the correlation between knowledge and attitude.
62
Expert opinion and pilot study was
conducted for the purpose of validity and
reliability of the tool and was found to be
feasible and valid. 50 samples were
selected from the target population by
convenient sampling. Data was
connected and analyzed using mean,
median percentage.
RESULTS
The study revealed that maximum
number of patients 12% belonged to 40-
50 years of age group and 18% were
above 70 years. Majority of patients that
is 44% were male and 56% of them were
female as per the samples. 78% of the
patients were having 1-5 years of illness
and 22% of patients were having 6-10
years of illness. 32% of patients don’t
have history of illness.
In their family and 68% of patients are
having history of disease. 98% of
patients got information from health
personnel and 2% of patients got from
magazine. A low positive correlation was
identified between knowledge and
attitude of patients towards diabetes
mellitus.
Unfavorable attitude towards diabetes
mellitus. A low positive correlation was
identified between knowledge and
attitude score of patients.
The study conducted that the need for
providing knowledge on diabetes
mellitus is an important strategy to
utilize patients as effective contributory
toward diabetes mellitus.
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION
The study revealed that the level of
knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus
was moderately adequate and in general
all were having unfavorable attitude
towards diabetes mellitus. A low positive
correlation was identified between
knowledge and attitude score of patients.
The study conducted that the need for
providing knowledge on diabetes
mellitus is an important strategy to
utilize patients as effective contributory
toward diabetes mellitus.
REFERENCES
1. Cindy Grandian et al. ( 2007 ) The
impact of diabetes mellitus on female
sexual well being. Nursing Clinics of
North America , Vol 42, No 4, 581-
592.
2. The International Diabetes
Federation ( 2010). Canadian Nurse.
Vol.106, No. 2 10-12.
3. Dr. Noreen Rahat Hashmi, Dr Iram
Manzoor, et al. Diabetes Mellitus ,
Awareness Among Individuals
Attending Outpatient Department .(
serial online ) July – Aug 2009 , 29
(3): 118-122 Available from : URL :
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
rticles
4. Lt Gen S.R. Mehta et al. Diabetes
Mellitus in India : The Modern
Scourge ( serial online ) 2009 : 65: 50
-54.
5. Ming Yeong Tan , Judy Magary. Self
care Practices Of Malaysian Adults
with Diabetes And Sub Optimal
Glycemic Control . Patient Education
And Cpounceling 2008 , Volume 72 ,
Issue : 2, Publisher : Elsevier.
Tool Consist Of
Sociodemographic Variables.
Knowledge Questionnaires.
Attitude Statement
63
A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY TO ASSESS THE STRESSORS
EXPERIENCED AND COPING STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY
ADOLESCENT SURVIVORS OF CHILD ABUSE IN MUMBAI.
Mrs. Meena Zore,
Lecturer, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
INTRODUCTION
Child abuse can result from physical,
emotional, or sexual harm. Child
maltreatment is a devastating social
problem in India. In 1990, over 2 million
cases of child abuse and neglect were
reported to social service agencies. In the
period 1979 through 1988, about 2,000
child deaths (ages 0-17) were recorded
annually as a result of abuse and
neglect), and an additional 160,000 cases
resulted in serious injuries in 1990 alone.
Researchers have found that child abuse
and neglect affects not only children but
also the adults they become. Its effects
cascade throughout the life course, with
costly consequences for individuals,
families, and society. These effects are
seen in all aspects of human functioning,
including physical and mental health, as
well as important areas such as
education, work, and social relationships.
Furthermore, rigorous examinations of
risk and protective factors for child
abuse and neglect at the individual,
contextual, and macrosystem levels have
led to more effective strategies for
prevention and treatment.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
“A cross sectional survey to assess the
stressors experienced and coping
strategies adopted by adolescents
survivors of child abuse in Mumbai.”
OBJECTIVES
• To identify the stressors experienced by
the adolescent survivors of child
abuse.
• To identify the coping strategies
adopted to overcome the stressors
experienced by the adolescent
survivors of child abuse.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A cross sectional survey design was
adopted for the study. Study subjects
were selected using non probability
convenient sampling method. Total 50
children from different hospitals
participated in this survey. A structured
questionnaire was used for the data
collection consisting
Part 1: Distribution of the adolescents
according to their physical abuse
Of beaten, pinched, burnt with heated
metal or objects, strangulated, cigarette
burns, hair was pulled.
64
Part 2: Distribution of the adolescents
according coping strategies adopted
towards physical abuse
By shouting, Becoming angry & never
talked to them, ignoring the abuse, go
inside the room & sleep, any other
Part 3: Distribution of the adolescents
according to their experience of emotional
abuse
Telling you that you are good for nothing,
indirectly taunting the person,
comparing with significant others, not
appreciating, any other
Part 4: Distribution of the adolescents
according to their coping strategies
adopted towards emotional abuse
Cried a lot, tried to injure self, do not
think about it, verbally returned the
abuse, try to divert mind through
involving in hobby activities, tried to
ventilate out to someone reliable
Part 5: Distribution of the adolescents
according to their experience of sexual
abuse Yes or no
Part 6: Distribution of the adolescents
according to their experience of neglect as
a child
You were not provided food, You were
not provided proper clothing, were not
given medical attention when needed,
allowed to use drugs as a child, were not
supported psychologically
Part 7: Distribution of the adolescents
according to coping strategies adopted
towards neglect
Tell someone about it, ignore the fact, try
to adjust to the situation, any other
FINDINGS
Table13.1: the stressors experienced and
coping strategies adopted by adolescent
survivors of child abuse.
Physical abuse
Beaten 12%
Pinched 5%
Burnt with heated metals or objects 0%
Strangulated 2%
Cigarrete burns 2%
Hair was pulled 4%
Coping of Physical abuse
By shouting 7%
Becoming angry & never talked to them
3%
Ignoring the abuse 3%
Go inside the room & sleep 3%
Emotional Abuse
Telling you that you are good for nothing 8%
8%
Indirectly taunting the person 6%
Comparing with significant others 5%
not appreaciating 3%
Coping of Emotional abuse
Cried a lot 9%
Tried to injure self 1%
Do not think about it 4%
Verbally returned the abuse 3%
Tried to divert mind through involving in hobbies
2%
Tried to ventilate out to someone who is reliable
4%
Neglect
You were Not provided proper clothing
1%
You were not supported psychologically
5%
Allowed to use drug as a child 1%
were not given medical attention 1%
Coping towards neglect
Tell someone about it 5%
Ignore the fact 3%
Try to adjust to the situation 1%
65
CONCLUSION
In most cases,
children who are
abused or neglected
suffer greater
emotional than
physical damage. A
child who has been abused or otherwise
severely mistreated may become
depressed or develop suicidal,
withdrawn, or violent behavior. An older
child may use drugs or alcohol, try to run
away, or abuse others. The younger the
child and the closer the child's
relationship to the abuser, the more
serious the emotional damage will be. As
adults, they may develop marital and
sexual difficulties, depression or suicidal
behavior. With early intervention and
treatment, these outcomes may be
avoided.
REFERENCES
1. Briederman J., Spencer T., Wilens,
Timothy, Sprich- Buckminster S.,
“Synopsis of treatment of psychiatric
disorders”, Atkinson, 2nd edition:74.
2. Campbell Donna, (1985), “Developing
Professional effectiveness in
Nursing”, 5th edition USA, Reston
publication.
3. Jon R. Conte, “Critical Issues in Child
Sexual Abuse” ISBN: 0761909117,
Publication Date: 2001-11-20
4. Rachel M. Calam; Cristina Franchi,
“Child Abuse” ISBN: 0521302773,
Publication Date: 1987-08-06
5. Raymond H. Starr; David, “he Effects
of Child Abuse and Neglect” by A.
Wolfe (Editor), ISBN089862759.
66
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED
TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HUMAN
MILK BANKING AMONG STUDENTS OF B.SC. NURSING FROM
SELECTED COLLEGE OF DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND.
Miss. Vanshika Joshi,
Lecturer, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
INTRODUCTION
“While breastfeeding may not seem the
right choice for every parent,
It is the best choice for every baby”
A child is an individual who always need
special care to survive and thrive. They
are the major consumers of health care.
In India, about 35% of total populations
are children. They are not only large in
number but also vulnerable to various
health problems and considered as
special risk group.
Breastfeeding is the most suitable source
of nutrition for preterm infants, and aids
the cognitive development of premature
babies; the psychological advantages
have a positive effect on long-term
prognosis
According to the recent National Family
Health Survey (NFHS)-4 that was
released last year, 41.6% children under
3 years of age were breastfed within one
hour of birth in 2015-16 as compared to
23.4% in 2005-06.Close to 55% of
country’s children are exclusively
breastfed, which was 46% till about a
decade ago.27
Despite increase in institutional
deliveries, the number of children in
India being breastfed in the first hour of
birth is less than half.
According to WHO, breastfeeding can
save up to 80% of infant mortality as
mother’s milk is the best source of
nutrition for the baby. However, there
are cases when a mother is unable to
lactate during the first few days or
weeks, which further worsens the
condition of a preterm or low-birth-
weight baby. And in such a case, human
milk banks or breast milk banks act as a
life savior for such babies, said Dr
Raghuram Mallaiah, Director and HOD
Neonatology, Fortis La Femme, Delhi at
‘LactoClave 2016′ organized by Medela
India. Donation of breast milk from one
woman to an unrelated infant has a long
history. Before this century, the infant
would have been directly breastfed by
the woman who was referred to as a
"wet nurse". Breast milk donation has
been an age-old practice. In earlier times,
67
a woman, who was referred to as a wet
nurse, used to breastfeed an unrelated
infant directly. Today, this practice has
been revolutionized by making it safer
for the child and the volunteer.
The first breast milk bank in India was
set up in 1989 in Mumbai. As human milk
is the best and safest feed for a baby,
infants who don’t have access to
mother’s milk are benefitted by the milk
banks.
A Human Milk Bank is a service which
collects, screens, processes and
dispenses by prescription of human milk
donated by nursing mothers who are not
biologically related to the recipient
infant.
Researches have shown that even staff
nurse don’t have adequate knowledge
about human milk banking. Present
study attempts to assess and update the
knowledge of B.Sc. Nursing interns so
that they may have updated knowledge
regarding Human Milk Banking.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To assess the pre-test knowledge of
the students regarding Human Milk
Banking.
To administer Structured Teaching
Programme on Human Milk Banking.
To assess the post-test knowledge of
the students regarding Human Milk
Banking.
To compare the pre-test knowledge
of the score with the selected
demographic variables.
METHODOLOGY
A Pre-Experimental Research Design was
selected for the study. Study subjects
were selected using a non-probability
Purposive sampling method. Total 50
B.Sc. Nursing 4th year students
participated in study. A Structured
questionnaire was used for the data
collection consisting of Part 1:
Demographic Variable ( age, gender,
religion, area of residence and previous
knowledge about human milk banking)
Part 2 Section-A: Questionnaire
Regarding Human Milk and Section-B
Questionnaire Regarding Human Milk
Banking
Students were made to give pretest and
structured teaching programme was
conducted for the students and after 10
days post test was conducted for the
students.
FINDINGS
Major findings of the study are:
Majority (76%, n=38) of the subjects
were in the age group of 22-24 years.
Majority (90%, n=45) of the subjects
were female.
Majority (98%, n=49) of the subjects
were Hindu.
Majority (66%, n=33) of the subjects
were from urban community.
Majority (66%, n=33) of the subjects
don’t have previous knowledge
regarding HMB.
Majority (20%, n=10) of the subjects
gained previous knowledge from
Mass Media.
The pre-test mean knowledge score
of the respondents was 11.9 (35%)
and post-test knowledge mean was
27.5(80.88%). The difference
between pre-test and post-test
knowledge scores shows difference at
the level of p<0.05. Hence, it was
interpreted that post-test knowledge
score is statistically significantly
higher that the pre-test knowledge
68
score regarding knowledge on
Human milk Banking.
The calculated chi-square value with
regards to age (2.054, p<0.05),
gender (0.368, p<0.05), religion
(2.608, p<0.05), area of residence
(1.894, p<0.05), previous knowledge
(3.841, p<0.05) and source of
knowledge (9.488, p< 0.05) were less
than the table values at 0.05 level of
significance. Hence it is concluded
that the pre-test knowledge score of
the students was not significantly
associated with the selected
demographic variables.
Fig No. 14.1: Aspect wise comparison
between pre test and post test knowledge scores based on mean in different
components of questionnaire of Human Milk Banking
CONCLUSION
The findings of the study
revealed that there was
significant gain in
knowledge score of
students of B.Sc. Nursing
after structured teaching programme. So
the study concluded that structured
teaching programme had a great
potential for accelerating the awareness
regarding Human Milk Banking.
REFERENCES
1. Verhasselt V, Milcent V, Cazareth J,
Kanda A, Fleury S, Dombrowicz D,
Glaichenhaus N, Julia V. Breast milk-
mediated transfer of an antigen
induces tolerance and protection
from allergic asthma. Nat
Med. 2008;14:170–175. [PubMed]
2. Ballard O, Morrow AL. Human milk
composition: nutrients and bioactive
factors. Pediatr Clin North
Am. 2013;60:49–74. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]
3. Field CJ. The immunological
components of human milk and their
effect on immune development in
infants. J Nutr. 2005;135:1–
4. [PubMed]
4. Abrahams SW, Labbok MH.
Breastfeeding and otitis media: a
review of recent evidence. Curr
Allergy Asthma Rep. 2011;11:508–
512. [PubMed]
5. Bertino E, Giuliani F, Occhi L, Coscia
A, Tonetto P, Marchino F, Fabris C.
Benefits of donor human milk for
preterm infants: current
evidence. Early Hum Dev. 2009;85:S9.
6.84
1.86
3.04
0.2
11.48
6.6
8.22
1.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Human milk & Breast Milk
HMB Procedure of HMB
Current status of HMB in
India
pretest posttest
69
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED
TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING BREAST
FEEDING AMONG PRIMI POSTNATAL MOTHERS IN SONAWANE
HOSPITAL, PUNE.
Mrs. Priya Shahuraj Kamble,
Lecturer, Sinhgad College of Nursing, Pune.
INTRODUCTION
Breastfeeding is one of the best values
among investments in child survival,
recognized for both the magnitude of its
effect on mortality and the effectiveness
of interventions to promote it There is
compelling scientific evidence that
optimal breastfeeding of infants under
one year could prevent around a million
deaths of children under-five in the
developing world.
NEED OF THE STUDY
In the second decade of the 21st century,
under nutrition still causes 45% of all
child deaths, and some 165 million
children around the world are stunted.
Among the main causes of stunting is
chronic deficiency in nutrition during the
first 1,000 days of a child’s Life, from
conception to age two the timeframe
when optimal infant and young child
feeding is so crucial. Frequent infectious
illness during this period also plays a
major role—and lack of breastfeeding
substantially elevates the risk of illness.
The damage stunting causes is
irreversible.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
"A study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge regarding breast feeding among primi postnatal mothers in Sonawane Hospital, Pune"
OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the pre-test level of knowledge regarding breastfeeding among primi postnatal mothers in Sonawane Hospital, Pune.
2. To plan and deliver the video assisted teaching programme regarding breast feeding.
3. To assess the post test level of knowledge regarding breast feeding among primipara postnatal mothers in Sonawane Hospital, Pune.
4. To find out the association between post tests level of knowledge with selected demographic variables.
70
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH APPROACH
In order to achieve the objectives of the
study, a quantitative evaluative approach
was considered appropriate.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The design adopted for this study was
pre experimental one group pre-test
post-test design.
SETTING, POPULATION, SAMPLE AND
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The study was conducted in Sonawane
Hospital of Pune city. The sample
selected for the study comprised of primi
postnatal mothers of 14 to 40 years of
age in a selected Hospital of Pune city
with a sample size of 60 primi postnatal
mothers. Purposive sampling technique
is used.
FINDINGS
Section I
Description of samples based on their
personal characteristics
Table 15.1: Description of samples based on their personal characteristics in terms
of frequency and percentages N=60
Demographic variable Freq %
Age
14-20 years 19 31.7%
21-30 years 31 51.7%
31-40 years 10 16.7%
Religion
Hindu 25 41.7%
Muslim 33 55.0%
Christian 2 3.3%
Education
Illiterate 11 18.3%
Primary 22 36.7%
Secondary 23 38.3%
Graduate 4 6.7%
Occupation
Unemployed 22 36.7%
Private Job 8 13.3%
Government Job 1 1.7%
Self Employed 29 48.3%
Type of family
Joint 32 53.3%
Nuclear 28 46.7%
Income per month
5001-10,000 rupees 23 38.3%
10,001-15,000 rupees 35 58.3% More than 15,001 rupees 2 3.3%
Source of information
Books 14 23.3%
Mobile 10 16.7%
Television 32 53.3%
Internet 4 6.7%
71
Section II
Analysis of data related to knowledge
regarding breastfeeding among primi
postnatal mothers
Table 15.2: Knowledge regarding
breastfeeding among primi postnatal
mothers
N=60
Knowledge Pretest
Freq %
Poor (Score 0-10) 35 58.3%
Average
(Score 11-20) 23 38.3%
Good (Score 21-30) 0 0.0%
58.3% of the primi postnatal mothers
had poor knowledge (score 0-10) and
38.3% of them had average knowledge
(score 11-20) regarding breastfeeding.
Section III
Analysis of data related to effectiveness of
video assisted teaching programme on
knowledge regarding breast feeding
among primi postnatal mothers
Fig. 15.1: Effectiveness of video assisted
teaching programme on knowledge
regarding breast feeding among primi
postnatal mothers
Fig 15.2: Paired t-test for effectiveness of
video assisted teaching programme on
knowledge regarding breast feeding
among primi postnatal mothers
Researcher applied paired t-test for
comparison of knowledge scores of
people before and after health education
program. Average pretest knowledge
score was 9.5 which increased to 20.2 in
posttest. T-value for this comparison was
27.5 with 59 degrees of freedom.
Corresponding p-value was small (p-
value=0.000, smaller than 0.05), the null
hypothesis is rejected. Video assisted
teaching program was found to be
significantly effective in improving the
knowledge of primi postnatal mothers
regarding breastfeeding.
Section IV
Analysis of data related to the association
between knowledge and selected
demographic variables
Association between knowledge and
selected demographic variables was
assessed using Fisher’s exact test. The
58.3%
38.3%
0.0% 0.0%
56.7%
43.3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Poor (Score 0-
10)
Average (Score 11-
20)
Good (Score 21-
30)
Pretest Posttest
9.5
20.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
Pretest Posttest
Average change in knowledge regarding breastfeeding among
primi postnatal mothers after video assisted
teaching programme
72
summary of Fisher’s exact test is
tabulated below:
Table 15.3: Fisher’s exact test for
association between knowledge and
selected demographic variables
N=60
Demographic variable Average
Poor
p-value
Age
14-20 years 6 13 0.297
21-30 years 16 15
31-40 years 3 7
Religion
Hindu 18 7 0.000
Muslim 5 28
Christian 2 0
Education
Illiterate 1 10
0.000
Primary 1 21
Secondary 19 4
Graduate 4 0
Occupation
Unemployed 4 18
0.000
Private Job 8 0
Government Job
1 0
Self Employed 12 17
Type of
family
Joint 10 22 0.116 Nuclear 15 13
Income per
month
5001-10,000 rupees
8 15
0.209
10,001-15,000 rupees
15 20
More than 15,001 rupees
2 0
Source of
information
Books 9 5
0.000
Mobile 10 0
Television 5 27
Internet 1 3
Since p-value corresponding to religion,
education, occupation and source of
information were small (less than 0.05),
demographic variables religion,
education, occupation and source of
information were found to have
significant association with knowledge of
primi post natal mothers regarding
breastfeeding.
CONCLUSION
Many of the respondent didn’t have
sufficient knowledge after video assisted
teaching they have gained knowledge
regarding breastfeeding. It is mandatory
to prepare primigravida during antenatal
period to have adequate knowledge on
breastfeeding as a basis to develop skill
and self-confidence during postnatal
period.
REFERENCES
Text books
1. Jacobs, M.E. and Black, J.E. (1997),
Medical Surgical Nursing.
Philadelphia, W.B.Saurders company
P.1387 -1390.
2. Polit BF and Hungler, B.P. (2004)
Nursing Research – Principles and
methods, jblippincot co. Philadelphia
P. 30 -36
3. Basavanthappa (2006) Nursing
Research Jp publishing company New
Delhi. P. 116 -120
4. Brunner &Suddarth’s Text book of
Medical –Surgical Nursing, volume1,
Tweleth edition 889-900.
5. Perry and pooter(1992).
Fundamentals of Nursing. (1992)
Philadelphia, Mosby year book
company, 1232.
6. Anand, M.P. &Billimoria,A.R (2001)
breast feeding: An
InternationalMonograph India, 364-
367
7. Park .k text book on preventive and
social medicine, 18th edition,
published by BanarsidasBhanot
publishers, page number 293-295
8. Phipps, text book of medical surgical
nursing, 8th edition, chapter no-31,
73
Elsevier publication, India pvt-ltd
page no-857-859
JOURNALS
1. Lutter C. et al. ‘Backsliding on a Key
Health Investment in Latin America
and the Caribbean: The Case of
Breastfeeding Promotion’, American
Journal of Public Health| November
2011, vol. 101, No 11
2. Maternal and Child Undernutrition,
Lancet, January 2008 UNICEF, The
State of the World’s Children 2012.
3. Shiffman J, ‘Generating political
priority for public health causes in
developing countries: Implications
from a study on maternal mortality’,
Center for Global Development Brief
4. Clark DL ‘Protecting breastfeeding
through implementation of the
International Code: what’s the law
got to do with it?’ Breastfeeding
Review2011 011 Jul;19(2):5
5. UNICEF Executive Director, Anthony
Lake, Keynote Speech, 126th Inter-
Parliamentary Union, Kampala,
Uganda, April 2012
6. Infant and Young Child Feeding
Programming Guide, UNICEF
Nutrition Section, 2011
7. ‘Analyzing Commitments to Advance
the Global Strategy for Women’s and
Children’s Health’, PMNCH 2011
Report.
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