Ms. SnyderMs. Snyder

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Horace Greeley HS

Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY

TheTheNetherlaNetherla

nds:nds:

The The “Low“Low

Country”Country”

17c: The “Dutch” 17c: The “Dutch” CenturyCenturyIt was a political model.It was a political model.

A radical attitude towards A radical attitude towards religion in the country.religion in the country.

A certain level of religious A certain level of religious toleration.toleration.

17c: The “Dutch” 17c: The “Dutch” CenturyCentury

It was a political model.It was a political model.

A radical attitude towards religion in the country.A radical attitude towards religion in the country.

A certain level of religious toleration.A certain level of religious toleration.

Stable, thriving economy.Stable, thriving economy.

““Golden Age” of artists and Golden Age” of artists and thinkers.thinkers.

Religion and everyday life Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in were recurring themes in their art.their art.

Dutch SocietyDutch SocietyAmsterdam, Rotterdam: Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough surplus granaries with enough surplus for one year.for one year.

Generally higher salaries than Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. in any other parts of W. Europe.Europe.

Even women had higher Even women had higher wages.wages.

Dutch SocietyDutch SocietyAmsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough surplus for one year.surplus for one year.

Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe.Europe.

Even women had higher wages.Even women had higher wages.

““Protestant work ethic.”Protestant work ethic.”

Thrift and frugality.Thrift and frugality.

Had the highest standard of Had the highest standard of living in Europe!living in Europe!

View of DoerdrechtView of DoerdrechtAelbert Cuyp, 1650sAelbert Cuyp, 1650s

Oude Kerk [Old Church], Oude Kerk [Old Church], AmsterdamAmsterdam

First built in 1300.First built in 1300.

Interior of the Oude Kerk in Interior of the Oude Kerk in AmsterdamAmsterdam - - Emmanuel De Emmanuel De

WittWitt

Catholic “Hidden” Catholic “Hidden” ChurchChurch

in the Attic, Amsterdam, in the Attic, Amsterdam, 1630s1630s

Interior of a Portuguese Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in AmsterdamSynagogue in Amsterdam – –

Emmanuel De WitteEmmanuel De Witte

Portrait of an Old Jewish Portrait of an Old Jewish ManMan Rembrandt, 1654Rembrandt, 1654

Beware of LuxuryBeware of Luxury – – Jan Jan SteenSteen

““Genre” Genre” PaintingPainting

Still Life with Gilt GobletStill Life with Gilt GobletWilliam Heda, 1635William Heda, 1635

““Genre” Genre” PaintingPainting

Upper-class Homes, Upper-class Homes, AmsterdamAmsterdamEarly 1600sEarly 1600s

Patrician Houses Along Patrician Houses Along the Canal in Leidenthe Canal in Leiden

The Burgher of Delft & His The Burgher of Delft & His DaughterDaughter – Jan Steen – Jan Steen

The Leiden Baker & His The Leiden Baker & His WifeWife

Jan SteenJan Steen

A Young Woman with a A Young Woman with a Water JugWater Jug - - Jan VermeerJan Vermeer, ,

16621662

Girl with a Pearl EarringGirl with a Pearl EarringJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1665, 1665

The Dutch EconomyThe Dutch EconomyExported diamonds, linens, Exported diamonds, linens, pottery.pottery.

Not much inflation.Not much inflation.

Great Dutch land reclamation Great Dutch land reclamation project was accelerated project was accelerated during this time.during this time.

Masters of the Masters of the “carrying “carrying trade”trade” (lowest shipping rates (lowest shipping rates in Europe).in Europe).

17c Dutch Global 17c Dutch Global CommerceCommerce

Dutch East India Ship, Dutch East India Ship, mid-17cmid-17c

Return of the Dutch East Return of the Dutch East IndiaIndia

Fleet, 1599Fleet, 1599

Amsterdam Stock Market Amsterdam Stock Market (Bourse)(Bourse)

Emmanuel De Witte, 1653Emmanuel De Witte, 1653

Jewish refugees helped found it in Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.1602.

Sampling Officials of the Sampling Officials of the Drapers GuildDrapers Guild – – Rembrandt Rembrandt

- 1662- 1662

The Lace MakerThe Lace MakerNicolaes MaesNicolaes Maes

The Lace MakerThe Lace MakerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1669-1670, 1669-1670

The Account KeeperThe Account KeeperNicolaes Maes, 1656Nicolaes Maes, 1656

A Woman Holding a A Woman Holding a BalanceBalance

Jan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1662, 1662

View of DelftView of DelftJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1660-1661, 1660-1661

DutchDutchDelftwareDelftware

English English DelftwareDelftware

Dutch West Dutch West IndiaIndia

Company, Company, 16211621

NetherlanNetherlandd

AntillesAntilles

18c Delftware Tobacco 18c Delftware Tobacco JarsJars

Fort Orange Fort Orange (Albany, NY)(Albany, NY)

in New Netherlandsin New Netherlands

New Amsterdam (NYC)New Amsterdam (NYC)Settled in 1624.Settled in 1624.

Official Flag of the NYC SealOfficial Flag of the NYC Seal of the City of NY. of the City of NY. (United Netherlands Tricolor)(United Netherlands Tricolor)

New Amsterdam (NYC)New Amsterdam (NYC)

Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC.NYC.

Dutch East India Company, 1602Dutch East India Company, 1602

(Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie)(Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie)

““Africa” Center PanelAfrica” Center PanelJan van der Heyden, 1664-66Jan van der Heyden, 1664-66

The Dutch in Japan, The Dutch in Japan, 18c18c

1638- Sakoku ("closed door" policy)

Dutch Ship in NagasakiDutch Ship in NagasakiLate 18cLate 18c

University of University of Leiden,Leiden,

15751575◘ By 1645, it was By 1645, it was the largest the largest university in the university in the Protestant world.Protestant world.

◘ The separation of The separation of the strong the strong provinces provinces hindered the hindered the power of any power of any church to control church to control intellectual life in intellectual life in the Dutch the Dutch Republic!Republic!

University of University of Gröningen, 1614Gröningen, 1614

◘ Along with Along with Leiden, they Leiden, they were the first were the first international international universities.universities.

◘ Half of the Half of the students were students were foreigners.foreigners.

René DescartesRené Descartes

The French philosopher lived in The French philosopher lived in Leiden Leiden

from 1628 to 1649.from 1628 to 1649.

Dutch Optics: The Dutch Optics: The TelescopeTelescope

Most agree that the telescope was Most agree that the telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in invented by Hans Lippershey in

1608.1608.

Astronomical Pioneer:Astronomical Pioneer:Christiaan HuygensChristiaan Huygens

◘ Explanation of Saturn’s rings.Explanation of Saturn’s rings.

◘ Wave theory of light.Wave theory of light.

Anton van Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Leeuwenhoek:

The Microscope & the The Microscope & the Discovery of Micro-Discovery of Micro-

OrganismsOrganisms

Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes TulpNicolaes Tulp – – Rembrandt, Rembrandt,

16321632

(detail) Anatomy Lecture of (detail) Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes TulpDr. Nicolaes Tulp – –

Rembrandt, 1632Rembrandt, 1632

Jan Vermeer and OpticsJan Vermeer and Optics◘ Did Vermeer use some of the Did Vermeer use some of the

new discoveries in optics?new discoveries in optics?

◘ Did he use lenses to project Did he use lenses to project the image of the subject the image of the subject [[camera obscuracamera obscura] onto the ] onto the canvas?canvas?

◘ It is argued that van It is argued that van Leeuwenhoek was the model Leeuwenhoek was the model for his painting, “The for his painting, “The Astronomer.”Astronomer.”

The AstronomerThe AstronomerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1668, 1668

The GeographerThe GeographerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1668-1669, 1668-1669

Girl Reading a Letter with the Girl Reading a Letter with the Window Open - Window Open - Jan Vermeer, 1657Jan Vermeer, 1657

The Music LessonThe Music LessonJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1662-1665, 1662-1665

The Spanish Hapsburgs & The Spanish Hapsburgs & EuropeEurope (1556)(1556)

Philip II consolidated Hapsburg landsPhilip II consolidated Hapsburg landsat the end of the 16c.at the end of the 16c.

The Spanish Netherlands:The Spanish Netherlands:Union of Utrecht, 1579Union of Utrecht, 1579

The United Provinces still recognized The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared their independence.declared their independence.

The Netherlands (1609)The Netherlands (1609)

The Dutch FederationThe Dutch Federation REGENTS- provincial level- held virtually all the power- strong advocates of local independence

The Dutch FederationThe Dutch FederationREGENTS- provincial level- held virtually all the power- strong advocates of local independence

STADHOLDER- States General representative from each province- responsible for defense and order

STATES GENERAL- federal assembly- foreign affairs (war)- all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

The Dutch FederationThe Dutch FederationREGENTS- provincial level- held virtually all the power- strong advocates of local independence

STADHOLDER- States General representative from each province- responsible for defense and order

STATES GENERAL- federal assembly- foreign affairs (war)- all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

The Night WatchThe Night Watch – Rembrandt, – Rembrandt, 16421642

Dutch Royal Palace, Dutch Royal Palace, AmsterdamAmsterdam

1648-16651648-1665

Count William II Granting Count William II Granting PrivilegesPrivileges

Cesare van Everdingen, 1654Cesare van Everdingen, 1654

Anglo-Dutch WarsAnglo-Dutch Wars◘ First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-

16651665

◘ Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-16671667

◘ Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1674-Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1674-16781678

Anglo-Dutch Anglo-Dutch ConnectionConnection William and MaryWilliam and Mary

ascend the throne of England in 1689 ascend the throne of England in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution.after the Glorious Revolution.

King William III Queen Mary IIKing William III Queen Mary II

William III of England:William III of England:“Dutch William”“Dutch William”

The final “revenge” of the The final “revenge” of the Dutch?Dutch?