Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
M.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER SCHEME
I SEMESTER
BT P101 CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
Unit 1 60 Hours
Structure of prokaryctic and eukaryotic cells ultra structure of animal and plant cells, cell
differentiation in plant and animal cells, muscle and nerve cells, autocrine, paracrine and
endocrine cells. 2 Hours
Unit 2
Plasma membrane –structural organization, membrane proteins, cytoskeletal proteins (cell wall
–structure and organization. Types of cell functions –Transport of nutrients ions and
macromolecules across membranes –passive diffusion, osmosis, reverse osmosis and active
transport, permease, Na and K – pump, Ca 2++ ATPase pump, Co-transport, symport, antiport,
endocytosis and exocytosis, conduction and transmission of nerve impulses, cell to cell
interactions, junction between cells –desmosomes, plasmodesmata; synapse, cell to cell
adhesion : (Invertebrates and Vertebrates) structure and functioning of endocrine cells including
neuroendocrine cells, components of blood plasma, RBC, WBC, Platelets, types of WBC and
their functions, Cytosolic, nuclear and membrane bound receptors. 14 Hours
Unit 3
Cellular organelles-organization and functions of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex,
lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosomes, peroxisomes and vacuoles. 12 Hrs
Unit 4
Cell motility – cilia , flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, tubulin and microtubules, myosin
and actin intermediate filament. 4 Hrs.
Unit 5
Cell mechanisms : Cell cycle, gamete formation in animals, spore formation in plants mitosis
and meiosis- mitotic apparatus, centrioles, synaptonemal complex, cytokinesis, cell senescence
and death. 5 Hrs.
Unit 6
Chromosomes – structural organization, nucleosomes, solenoid, chromonema, euchromatin
and heterochromatin, centromere, kinetochore, telomeric organization. 4 Hrs.
Unit 7
Mutation : Types of mutations, molecular basis of mutation and its importance, mutagens –
chemical and physical mutagens, site directed mutagenesis. 6 Hrs.,
Unit 8 :
Population Genetics : Genetic variation, random mating, genetic frequency and Hardy-
Weinberg law, natural selection, genetic drift, in breeding out breeding, genetic equilibrium.
4 Hrs.
Unit 9 :
Human genetics : Human chromosomes, chromosomal abnormalities –sex chromosomal and
autosomal, inherited disorders, genetic counseling, genetic engineering and gene therapy.
8 Hrs.
References :
1. Alberts, B., Bray, D. Lewis, J., Raf, M.Roberts, K and Watson, J.D. (1994) 3rd edition,
Molecular Biology of THE CELL.
2. Cooper G.M. (1997) The cell : A molecular approach, ASM press, USA.
3. Darnell, J.Lodish, H and Baltimore D (1990) Molecular cell biology, Scientific American
Books inc. N.Y.
4. Edwards and Hassall (1980) Biochemistry and Physiology of cell (2nd Edition) McGraw
Hill Company.
5. Garrett, R.H. and Gresham, C.M. (1995 molecular aspects of cell Biology, International
edition, Saunders College Pub.
6. Holy Ahern (1992) introduction to experimental cell biology, Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
7. karp, G (1996) Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and experiments, John Wiley and
Sons Inc. N.Y.
8. Lodish, H.D. Baltimore A.Berk, B.D.Zipursky, P.Mastsydaira and J.Darnell (1995)
Molecular cell biology, Scientific American Books Inc. NY.
9. Tobin and Morel (1997) Asking about “Cells”Saunders College Publishing.
10. Wolfe, S.L. (1991) Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wardsworth PUB Co.
BT P 102 BIOMOLECULES
Unit 1 60 Hours
Chemical foundations of Biology – pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers , chemical bonds. -6 Hrs
Unit 2
Amino acids and proteins = Classification, chemical reactions and physical properties,
purification and criteria for homogeneity, structural organization of proteins- primary, secondary,
tertiary and quarternary structure. Conformational analysis . Ramachandran map. – 10 Hrs
Unit 3
Carbohydrates – classification and reactions, types, structural features - 6 hours
Unit 4
Heterocyclic compounds and secondary metabolites in living systems – nucleotides , pigments,
isoprenoids, structure of nucleic acids – DNA and RNA and their organization in living cells.
Interactions of nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids , biological membranes. – 8 hours
Unit 5
Separation techniques for different biomolecules. -12 Hours
Unit 6
Lipids – classification, structure and functions. -6 Hours
Unit 7
Analytical techniques in biochemistry for micromolecules and macromolecules for quantification.
-12 Hours
References :
1. Cram D.J. and G.S. Hammond, Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill
2. Freifilder, D.W.H. Physical Biochemistry, Freeman and Company.
3. Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. (1998) Molecular Biotechnology, ASM Press,
Washington D.C.
4. Irwin H.Segel , Biochemical calculations, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
5. Linus Pauling, General chemistry, W.H. Freeman and Company.
6. Rao, CNR (1999) Understanding chemistry, University Press, Hyderabad.
7. Voet D. and J.G.Voet (1995) Biochemistry, J.Wiley and Sons.
BT P103 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
60 hrs.
Unit 1
Characteristics, classification and importance of microorganisms, codes of bacterial
nomenclature and taxonomy, Type cultures, criteria for classification, numerical taxonomy,
chemotaxonomy, Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. - 10 Hrs.
Unit 2
Viruses : Structure and their genetic system and replication.
i) Plant viruses : TMV, Potato virus, X and Y, SBYV , CaMV, CMV, TYMV, WT Virus,
Plant rhabdovirus.
ii) Animal viruses : Vaccinia, Adeno, FMDV, Influenza, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis B , HIV.
iii) Bacterial viruses : Lytic and Lysogenic cycles (T4 & Lambda) : Transduction
(Restricted as in lambda) Phage P1 and generalized transduction, Phage Mu and
M13. -4 Hours
Unit 3
Viroids and Prions - 2 Hours
Unit 4
Prokaryotic organisms –structure and reproduction : Important groups of prokaryotes,
Eubacteria (E.Coli), Rickettsiae, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasmas, L-forms of bacteria, spirochetes
and Cyanobacteria; Acetic acid bacteria, budding and appendaged Bacteria, Spirilla, gliding and
sheathed bacteria, pseudomonas, lactic and propionic acid bacteria, endospore forming rods
and cocci, Fission and conjugation. - 6 Hours
Unit 5
Domain Archaea, Salient features in structure ; unique enzymes; Environmental and
Phylogenetic significance. - 2 Hours
Unit 6
Eukaryotic micro-organisms : Structure and reproduction, Protozoa and yeast and filamentous
fungi. - 4 Hours
Unit 7
Microbial metabolism –EMP pathway, Entner Duodoroff pathway, Krebs cycle, fermentation of
carbohydrates, gluconeogenesis. - 4 Hours
Unit 8
Microbial growth and nutrition : Definition of growth ; growth curves : mathematical expression of
growth : measurement of growth and growth yields; synchronous growth continuous culture.
-6 Hours
Unit 9
Microbial ecology : Effect of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, water availability
on oxygen on growth, Rhizosphere and phylloplane microflora, mycorrhiza, air microflora, water
microflora. -6 Hours
Unit 10
Methods in microbiology : Pure culture techniques : Theory and practice of sterilization,
composition of culture media, enrichment culture techniques for isolation of chemoautotrophs,
chemoheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganisms, sampling of microorganisms from soil,
water and air. - 8 Hours
References :
1. Alexander M (1977) Introductio to soil microbiology, John Wiley and sons inc. N.Y.
2. Atlas R.M. (1998) Microbiology, Fundamentals and applications (2nd Edition) McMillan
Publishing company.
3. Brock, T.D. and Madigan, M.T.(1992) Biology of Microorganisms, 6th Edition, Prentice
Hall, Englewood cliffs N.J.
4. Frazier, W.C and Westhaff, D.C. 91998) Food microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill Pub.
Delhi.
5. Grabiel Balton (1994) Waste water Microbiology,Wiley Liss Inc.N.Y.
6. Holt, J.S.kreig N.R. Sneath P.H.A. and Williams S.T. (1994) Bergey’s Manual of
systematic Bacteriology (9th Edition) William and Wilkins, Blatimore.
7. Pelezar Jr. M.J. Chan ECS and Kreig N.R. 91993) Microbiology, MCGraw Hill Inc. NY.
8. Prescott, L.M. , Harley , T.P and Klein D.A. (1996) Microbiology, Wm.C. Brown
Publishers.
9. Stacey R.H. and Evans H.J (1992) Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Chapman Hall Ld.
London.
10. Sullia S.B. and Shantharam .S (1998) General Microbiology , Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. New Delhi.
BT P104 BIOPHYSICS AND BIOSTATISTICS
60 Hours
Section A : BIOPHYSICS
Unit 1
Chemical and physical forces involved in chemical bond formation between atoms and
molecules; mechanisms of bond formation based on electronic orbitals; sigma, pi bonds,
covalent , ionic, electrostatic, co-ordinate bonds, hydrophobic and vanderwaals interaction and
their properties, chemical bonds between carbon and carbon, carbon and nitrogen and carbon
with other atoms such as hydrogen , oxygen, phosphorous and sulphur. Conformation of
proteins and polypeptides; Reverse turns and Ramachandran Plot. 8 Hours
Unit 2
Physical methods of determining the sizes and shapes of molecules ; Hydrodynamic properties,
surface tension, diffusion, osmotic pressure, sedimentation. 4 Hours
Unit 3
Isotopes and Radioactivity : Dosimetry, Radioactivity, decay laws, production of radio –isotopes,
isotopic tracer method, assay using radioactive active substrates, biological life time, metabolic
and physiological racer studies, dose response relationship, non radioactive labels, labeling and
detection methods using fluorescent molecules like diagnosing biotin, rhodomin and other
chromogenic compounds Cerenkov radiation, Liquid scintillation spectrometry. 8 Hours
Unit 4
Instrumental methods of analysis : Ultra-centrifugation, Viscometry, flame photometer,
Hydrodynamic methods, atomic absorption and plama emission, spectroscopy, Mass
spectrometry, Light scattering, UV –visible –IR spectrophotometry, Chromatography,
Electrophoresis, X-ray crystallography, NMR and ESR. 10 Hrs
References :
1. Adams et al. Biochemistry of nucleic acids 1992. Chapman and Hall.
2. Branden and Tooze (1991) Introduction to protein structure, Garland publishing Co.
3. Rhodes G (1993) Crystallography made crystal clear, Academic press.
4. Van Holde et al. (1998) Principles of Physical Biochemistry, Prentice Hall
5. Narayanan P (2000) Essentials of Biophysics, New Age Int. Pub.New Delhi.
Section B : BIOSTATISTICS
Unit 5
Scope of statistical methods in scientific studies : samples and populations : Frequency
distribution – preparation of frequency table : relative and cumulative frequencies :
diagrammatic representation of frequency distribution ; histograms, frequency polygons,
frequency curve and ogives. 5 Hrs.
Unit 6
Measures of central tendency : Arithmetic mean, mode, median and percentiles. Measures of
variability : Range , mean deviation, Analysis of variance, standard deviation and coefficient of
variation. Skewness and Kurtosis. 5 Hrs.
Unit 7
Probability : Definitions : events ; sample space: addition and multiplication rules of probability ;
conditional probability (simple problems). 3 Hrs.
Unit 8
Probability Distributions : Discrete, continuous, binomial, poisson and normal distribution.
Simple correlation of regression. 5 Hrs
Unit 9
Population and sample : Random sample, use of table fo random numbers, parameter and
statistics, sampling distribution of sample means, standard error; confidence intervals. 5 Hrs.
Unit 10
Hypothesis testing: basic concepts and definitions, tests based on normal, student T, Chi
square and F distribution (no proofs) 4 Hrs.
Unit 11
Design of experiments: Basic principles of scientific experimentation : randomization, replication
and local control, completely randomized and randomized block designs. 4 Hrs.
References 1
1. Bliss, C.I.K. (1967) Statistics in Biology, Vol.1 McGraw Hill, New York.
2. Campbell R.C. (1974) Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge Uni. Press, Cambridge
3. Daniel (1999) Biostatistics (3rd edition) Panima Publishing Corporation.
4. Swardlaw, A.C. (1985) Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists , John Wiley and Sons
, Inc. NY.
5. Green, R.H. (1979) Sampling design and Statistical methods for environmental Biologists,
Wiley Int. N.Y.
6. Khan (1999) Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Panima Publishing Corporation.
7. Bazin, M.J. (1983) Mathematics in microbiology Academic press, N.Y. Green, R.H. (1979)
Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental Biologists, Wiley Int, N.Y.
8. Fry J.C. (1993) Biological Data Analysis, A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford.
PRACTICALS
BT P105 Cell Biology & Genetics
8 x 15 Weeks = 120 Hours
1. Vital staining of mitochondria.
2. Localization of Barr bodies.
3. Blood smear – differential staining.
4. Mitosis – Onion root tip.
5. Meiosis –Grasshopper testis, flower buds.
6. Cell fractionation – Chloroplast and mitochondrial isolation.
7. Isolation of chloroplast / protoplast using enzymes.
8. Cryopreservation of cells.
9. Normal and abnormal human karyotypes.
10. Polytene chromosomes –Salivary gland of Drosophila.
BT P106 Microbiology
8 x 15 weeks = 120 hrs.
1. Staining techniques :
(a) simple staining
(b) Differential staining –Gram staning
(c) Endospore staining
(d) Capsule staining.
2. Bacterial Motility
3. Biochemical tests :
a) Indole test
b) Methyl red test
c) Voges Proskaeur test
d) Citrate utilization.
e) Triple Sugar vion agar test
f) Starch hydrolysis test.
g) Gelatin hydrolysis test.
h) Catalase test
i) Oxidase test.
4. Soil microbiology :
a) Isolation of rhizosphere microflora
b) Isolation of Phylloplane microflora
c) Isolation of actinomycetes from soil
d) Isolation of Rhizobium from legume root nodules
e) Identification of Rhizobium and Agrobacterium
f) Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)
g) Isolation of sporocarp by sieve method.
5. Air Microbiology :
a) Isolation of air microflora –exposure plate method, Rotorod sampler method.
6. Water microbiology : Testing for quality of water (coliform test), H2S strip method.
II SEMESTER
BT P201 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
60 Hours
Unit 1
Introduction to molecular biology and genetics : Historical background, Nature of genetic
material, experimental proof for DNA as genetic material , different forms of DNA (A, B and Z) ,
Properties of DNA, DNA denaturation and renaturation, Central Dogma Principle , Special
characteristic of DNA like satellite DNA, Tandem repeats etc. 8 Hrs.
Unit 2
DNA replication : Mechanisms of Prokaryotic DNA replication, semi conservative model of
replication, Mechanism of DNA replication –discontinuous synthesis of DNA, RNA Primer for
DNA synthesis, DNA polymerases I, II, IIII and their role in DNA replication ; Eukaryotic DNA
replication; Eukaryotic DNA polymerases, DNA ligases – Mechanism of action and role in DNA
replication : Role of otherproteins in DNA synthesis , fidelity of replication, nearest neighbour
frequency analysis, Replication of viral DNA –rolling circle model. - 6 Hours
Unit 3
DNA Repair : Photo –reactivation, excision repair, post replication repair, SOS repair etc. 4 Hrs.
Unit 4
Transcription : RNA polymerase in prokaryotes – its molecular composition, role of each
component of RNA polymerase, mechanism of transcription, Eukaryotic transcription and
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Transcription factors and their role . Inhibitors of RNA synthesis.
6 Hours
Unit 5
Modification in RNA : 5’-CAP formation, 3’ –end processing, Polyadenylation, Splicing, Editing,
Nuclear export of mRNA and mRNA stability. Processing of other RNAs , Ribosome formation.
6 Hours
Unit 6
Translation : Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation, Mechanisms of initiation, elongation and
termination, Amino acid activation, Inhibitors, Regulation of translation, Co-& post translational
modification of proteins. 6 Hours
Unit 7
Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes : Transcriptional control : enzyme induction and
repression, constitutive synthesis of enzymes. The operon hypothesis : genes involved in
regulation - regulatory gene, promoter gene, operator gene and structural gene, role of cAMP
and cAMP receptor protein (CRP) in the expression ofeg : Lac operon, Arg operon, Tryptophan
operon, His operon, Catabolite repression. Brief account of eukaryotic gene regulation. 6 Hrs.
Unit 8
Protein localization : Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, import into nucleus,
mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisomes, Receptor mediated endocytosis. Oncogenes and
tumor suppressor genes : Viral and cellular. 6 Hrs.
Unit 9
Oncogens and tumor suppressor genes from humans, structure, function and mechanism of
action of p53 tumor suppressor proteins. 6 Hrs.
Unit 10
Antisense and ribozyme technology : Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules, inhibition of
splicing , Polyadenylation and translation, Disruption of RNA structure and capping,
Biochemistry of ribozyme, hammerhead, hairpin and other ribozymes, strategies for designing
ribozymes, application of antisense and ribozyme technologies. 6 Hrs.
References :
1. Davis R.W. D . Boltstein and Roth J.R. (1980) A manual for genetic Engineering, Cold
spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold spring Harbor, N.Y.
2. Glick, B.R. and Pasternak J.J (1998) Molecular biotechnology, Principles and
applications of recombinant DNA, Washington D.C. ASM press.
3. Howe, C (1995) Gene cloning and manipulation, Cambridge University Press, USA.
4. Josef.F and Michel G (1993) Prokaryotic genetics, genome organization, transfer and
plasticity, Blackwell pub. Boston.
5. Lewin, B., Gene VI New York, Oxford university press.
6. Rigby, P.W.J (1987) Genetic Engineering Academic Press Inc. Florida, USA.
7. Robertson D and Shore Miller D.M. (1997) Manipulation and expression of recombinant
DNA, Laboratory Manual Academic Press Inc. USA.
8. Sambrook et al (2000) Molecular cloning Volumes I, II and III, Cold spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, New York, USA.
9. Sandhya Mitra (1988) Elements of molecular Biology, McMillan Pub. Delhi.
10. Wallker J.M. and Gingold, E.B. (1993) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ((Indian
edition) Royal Society of Chemistry U.K.
BT P202 BIOCHEMISTRY
60 Hrs.
Unit 1
Bioenergetics : Principles of thermodynamics : free energy, important energy rich molecules ,
Standard free energy change, concept of redox reactions. 4 Hrs.
Unit 2
Enzymes : Chemistry and 3D organization of simple, conjugated enzymes and multiple
enzymes, concept of regulatory sites andtheir characters, role of metal ion and coenzymes,
Mechanism of enzymatic reaction of single and double substrates, nucleophilic and electrophilic
reactions, substitution and elimination reactions (with one or two examples, regulation of
enzyme activity. ` 6 Hrs.
Unit 3
Kinetics : Rate of reactions, specific activity, molecular activity, km, K/cat, Lineweaver plot,
enzyme inhibition, pre-pro enzymes. 6 Hrs.
Unit 4
Photosynthesis : Chemistry and structural components of photosystems, cyt b/cyt. F complex,
ATP synthesis, characteristics of solar electromagnetic radiations, relationships between wave
length, frequency , velocity and the energy, pigments, involved in photosynthesis-chlorophylla,
chlorophyll b, bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriorhodopsin, Absorption spectrum and active spectrum,
mechanism of light reaction and carbon fixation, C3, C4 and CAM pathways, Photorespiration
and its impact, Bacterial photosynthesis. 10 Hrs.
Unit 5
Metabolism of carbohydrates, main sources of carbohydrates, enzymatic conversion and
mobilization as glucoses or fructoses, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, terminal oxidation/ oxidative
phosphorylation, mechanism of ATP synthesis, rate controlling steps and regulation. 8 Hrs
Unit 6
Metabolism of lipid and fat bodies : Beta oxidation and channeling of the products to ATP
production : Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids : oxidation of odd chain fatty acids, peroxisomal
Beta oxidation, minor pathway of fatty acid oxidation, (alpha and omega oxidation) 6 Hrs.
Unit7
Biosynthesis of Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Ketone bodies, membrane lipids –
cholesterol, phospholipid and glycolipid, biosynthesis of fat soluble vitamins : biosynthesis of
eicosanoids (Prostaglandin, leucotrienes and thromboxane). 8 Hrs.
Unit 8
Structure , properties and metabolism of amino acids, Brief account of structure and
biosynthesis : Basic glutamine and glutamic acid pathway, mechanism of reductive amino acids,
a brief account of intermediate metabolites. 6 Hrs.
Unit 9
Signal Transduction : Inter and intracellular signaling, Signal molecules – protein and non –
protein signals, organs involved in the synthesis and release : Transport, target cells /tissues :
signal and receptors, distribution : interaction between signal and receptors : signal transduction
elements and the mechanism of transduction ; role of second messengers such as calcium,
cAMP, cGMP, phosphatidyl inositol phosphatase, A general view of plant signals –
photohormones, calcium , phosphotidyl inositol. 6 Hrs
Unit 10
Biochemistry of hormones : steroid hormones –structure, biosynthesis and importance in brief.
2 Hrs.
References :
1. Conn, E.E. and Stumpt, P.K. (1976) , outlines of biochemistry, JOhn Wiley and sons Inc,
New York.
2. Lehninger, A.L., nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (1993), II Edition, Principles of
Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
3. Devlin, T.M. (1997) with clinical correlations, wiley –Liss, Inc. New York.
4. Hall , D.D. and Rao, K.K (1995), Photosynthesis Cambridge University Press.
5. Zubey, G.L., Parson, W.W. and Vance, D.E. , (1994), Principles of Biochemistry,
Wm.C.Brown Publishers Oxford.
6. Stryer, L (1995), Biochemistry (4th Edition) W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
7. Mathews, C.K. and Holde, K.E.V. (1996), Biochemistry, The Benjamin /. Cummings
Publishing Co., Inc., new York.
8. Dey , P.M. and J.B. and J.B. Harborne (1997), Plant Biochemistry : Academic Press, Inc.
San Dugo, California.
9. Albert, Bruce, Bray, D.Lewis, J.Raff, M.Roberts K., and Watson J.D. (1983) Molecular
Biology of Cell, Garland Publishing Inc, New York and London.
10. Jackowski, S., Cranan, J.E. and Rock, C.O. (1991), Lipid Metabolism in Prokaryotes, In
Vance, D.E. and Vance, J.E. and Vance, J.E. Biochemistry of Lipids , Lipid Proteins and
membrane. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
11. Edwards and Hassell, (1980), Biochemistry and physiology of the cell, (2nd Edition)
McGraw Hill company (U.K.) Limited.
12. Horton H.R. Moran, L.A. Ochs, R.S. Rawn, J.D., (1996), Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd
Edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc.
13. Elliott, W.H., and Elliott, D.C. (1997) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oxford
University Press.
14. Voet, D and Voet J.G. (1995), Biochemistry, 2nd Edition.
15. Mathews and Van Holde (1995), Biochemistry 2nd Edition, Benjamin /Cummings
Publishing Company Inc.
BT P203 IMMUNOLOGY
60 Hours
Unit 1 Immune System and Immunity
History of immunology, Structures, composition and functions of cells and organs involved in
immune system –T-cells , B –cells macrophages, antigen – processing cells, Eosinophills,
neutrophils, Mast cells and killer T-cells ; microbial infections and immune responses –innate
Immunity, acquired Immunity ; clonal nature of immune response, Immunohaematology –blood
groups, blood transfusion and Rh incompatibilities. 12 Hours
Unit 2 Antigens and Antibodies
Antigens –Structure and properties –types of Iso and Alloantigens –haptens ; adjuvants –
antigen specificity, Immunoglobulines –structure –heterogeneity – types and sub types –
properties (physical-chemical and biological) :; complement –structure, components, properties
and functions of complement ; complement pathways and biological consequences of
complement activation. Generation of Immunological diversity ; Effector mechanisms.
12 Hours.
Unit 3 Antigen –antibody Reactions
In vitro methods –Agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, immuno-fluorescence,
immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, Radio –immunoassays : In vivo Methods : skin tests and
immune complex tissue demonstrations. Applications of these methods in diagnosis of microbial
infections. 10 Hours
Unit 4 Major Histocompatibility-Complex and Tumour Immunology
Structure and functions of MHC and the HL-A systems. Gene regulation and Ir-genes ; HL-A
and tissue transplantation –Tissue typing methods for organ and tissue transplantations in
humans : graft versus host reaction and rejection ; autoimmunity ; Tumor immunology – tumor
specific antigens, Immune response to tumors, genetic control of immune response. 10 Hrs.
Unit 5 : Hypersensitivity Reactions
Definition of allergy, Antibody –mediated Type I. Anaphylaxis ; Type II. Antibody dependent cell
cytotoxicity ; Type III. Immune complex mediated reactions : Type IV. Cell mediated
hypersensitivity reactions. The respective symptoms immunological methods of their diagnosis.
Lymphokines and cytokines –their assay methods. Immunological tolerance. 8 Hrs.
Unit 6 : Immunization
Vaccines (conventional ; subunit vaccines ; DNA vaccines) toxoids ; antisera; polyclonal and
monoclonal antibodies ; hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies ; catalytic
monoclonal antibodies; common immunizations : small pox, DPT, polio measles, hepatitis –B,
vaccines from plants –banana, water melon etc. (plantibodies) 8 Hrs.
References :
1. Abul K.Abbas, Andrew K.Lightman, Jordan S.Pober. 1998. Cellular and Molecular
immunology. Saunders college Pub.
2. Dimmock, N.J. and Primrose, S.B (1994) Introduction to Modern Virology, Blackwell
Science Limited, Oxford.
3. Hyde R.M. (1992) Immunology , 2nd Edition, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
4. Kuby, J (1994) Immunology II Edition. WH. Freeman and Company, New York.
5. Klaus D.Elgert (1996) Immunology- understanding of immune system. Wiley Liss NY.
6. Roitt, I.M. (1998) Essential of Immunology. ELBS, Blackwell Scientific Publishers,
London.
7. Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas J.Kindt, Barbara A. Osborne.2000. Kuby Immunology.
4th Edition, W.H., Freeman and company, New York.
8. Topley and Wilson’s (1995) Text Book on Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and
Immunology, IX Edition (5 volumes)Edward Arnold, London.
9. Tizard I.R. 1995. Immunology, 4 edition, Saunders College Publication.
10. William E.Paul (1989) Fundamentals Immunology 2nd Edition. Raven Press N.Y.
BT P204 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND BIOINFORMATICS
60 Hours
Unit 1
Computer basics, Operating systems, Windows , Excel, Power point, Internet basics –
LAN, WAN, Types of networks, Internet addresses, Internet access and applications, URL,
HTTP, HTML , ftp, TCP/IP, WWW, hyperlinks, File transfer protocol, UNIX, Algorithms and flow
charts. 5 Hrs.
Unit 2
C programming –Structure of C-programming – Header files, Main function, variable
declarations, how to use C statements with examples –looping statements –if, if else, while, for,
switch case statements, sub functions and examples. Introduction to PERL, examples of
Bioinformatics programming using PERL. 8 Hrs.
Unit 3
Databases : Introduction to data bases –Relational databases- Oracle, SQL, Database
generation, sequence databases –resources –Human genome project (HGP), Microbial
genomes, structural databases –protein data Bank (PDB), Organisation of databases,
Navigation through databases. 7 Hrs.
Unit 4
Principles behind computational analysis, Sequence analysis, sequence alignment and
phylogenetic analysis with reference to nucleic acids, identification of ORFs ; sequence analysis
, sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis with reference to proteins. 8 Hrs.
Unit 5
Introduction to protein structure – secondary structure prediction, tertiary structure
prediction, protein modeling, principles of homology and comparative modeling. Modeling
applications – drug designing. 7 Hrs.
BIOINFORMATICS LABORATORY BASED ON THE ABOVE INCLUDING - 25 Hrs
Accessing bibliographic databases.
Sequence retrieval from nucleic acid and protein databases.
Restriction mapping
FASTA and BLAST searches.
Pair wise comparison of sequences.
Multiple alignment f sequences.
Identification of genes in genomes.
RNA folding.
PDB retrieval.
Protein structure.
References :
1. Bioinformatics 1998, Baxavanis
2. Bioinformatics 2000. Higgins and Taylor, OUP
3. Nucleic acid research, 2001, Jan. Genome Database issue
4. Introduction to Bioinformatics -2002, Dhananjaya, www.sd-bio.com series
PRACTICALS
BT P205 BIOCHEMISTRY
8 x 15 = 120 Hrs
1. Buffers : Preparation of buffers
a) Citrate
b) Tris-HCl
c) Phosphate buffer
2. Extraction and estimation of macromolecules
a) Total protein
b) Total sugars
c) Reducing sugars
d) Fractionation of Total lipid by column chromatography.
e) Fractionation of phospholipids by TLC.
f) Estimation of glycogen from animal tissue.
3. Extraction and estimation of pigments.
a) Chlorophyll a
b) Chlrophyll b
4. Colorometric assay of enzyme activity
a) Amylase
b) Invertase
c) Protease
5. Spectrophotometric assay of enzyme activity.
a) Lactose dehydrogenase
BT P 206 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY
8 x 15 weeks = 120 Hrs
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. Study of conjugation in E.coli.
2. Study of transduction in E.coli
3. Plasmid gene mapping in E.coli
4. Tns -5 induced mutagenesis in E.coli.
5. Transformation in E.Coli
6. Study of mutations in E.Coli
7. Isolation of plasmid DNA from different type of bacteria by adopting different methods ,
purification and calculation of molecular weight of plasmid DNA. , plasmid curing
(acridine orange, heat shock)
8. Isolation of genomic DNA from bacteria.
9. Isolation of genomic DNA from plant cells / animal cells.
10. Restriction mapping of genomic / plasmid DNA.
IMMUNOLOGY
1. Serum separation from whole blood.
2. Precipitation of immnoglobulins (igs) from serum by ammonium sulphate precipitation.
3. Dialysis of ammonium sulphate precipitated immunoglobulins. Dialysis against
phosphate buffered saline.
4. Ouchterlony double diffusion.
5. Electrophoresis of the immunoglobulin preparation.
6. Separation of lymphocytes from blood.
7. Single radial immuno-diffusion and determination of Ig concentration.
8. Blood group testing.
9. Rocket immuno electrophoresis.
10. Immuno precipitation test.
III SEMESTER
BT P301 ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
60 Hours
Unit 1 Animal reproductive system with reference to insects and mammals- Organization, function.
Hormonal regulation of growth and reproduction in insects and mammals. IVF-Embryo transfer
technology in live-stock and man. 5 Hrs
Unit 2
Animal cell cultures : Culture media –composition and preparation, Balanced salt solutions and
simple growth medium, chemical physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of
culture medium –Role of CO2 , serum and supplements. Growth factors promoting proliferation
of animal cells (EGF, PDGF, NGF, GAP43 etc) Serum and protein free defined media and their
applications ; Culturing and maintenance of different animal cells lines (Primary and established
cell lines). Characterization of cultured cells, measurement of viability, cyto-toxicity and growth
parameters. Stem cell cultures, embryonic stem cells and their applications, cell culture based
vaccines, measurement of cell death, apoptosis , scaling up of animal cell cultures and
production of recombinant gene products. Thee dimensional culture and tissue engineering.
20 Hrs. Unit 3 Transgenic animals : Methods of obtaining transgenic animals using fertilized eggs and
embryonic blastocyst cells, examples, importance of transgenic animals – increased productivity
of domestic animals, improved desired characters of domestic animals, production of proteins
for pharmaceutical use. Animal models for tackling human diseases (Gene knock out and mice
models), Transgenic silkworms.
15 Hrs. Unit 4 Animal cloning : Methods of cloning in animal systems –Rat, sheep, pig : importance of cloning.
5 Hrs Unit 5
Diagnostics : Application of immunological and molecular diagnostic methods. (RIA, ELISA,
PCR, DNA fingerprinting) in forensic medicine and disease diagnostics.
5 Hrs.
Unit 6
Gene therapy and cell mediated therapy : Genetic diseases targeted for gene therapy, Use of
genetically modified and humanized antibodies against cell surface antigens in cancer treatment
and organ transplantation, importance of humanized antibodies and plasminogen activating
factor in treating thrombosis, importance of Adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene in curing Severe
combined immuno-deficiency (SCID).
10 Hrs
References :
1. Ballinic C.A., Philips J.P and Moo Young M (1989), Animal Biotechnology- Pergamon
press, New York.
2. Benjamin –Cummings (Eds) Vol. 1 & 2, 4th Edition Molecular Biology of Gene.
3. Berger S.L. and A.R. Kimmel, (1996) Methods in enzymology –guide to molecular
cloning techniques, vol. 152, Academic Press Inc. San Diego.
4. Glick, B.R. and J.J.Pasternak (1998), Molecular Biotechnology, A 5 M Press,
Washington DC.
5. D.V.Goeddel, Methods in enzymology –Gene expression Technology, Vol. 185,
Academic Press Inc. San Diego.
6. Green C.E., DA, Somers, W.P. Hackett (1989), Plant tissue and cell culture –Alan R Liss
Inc., New York.
7. Ian Freshney (2001) 3rd Edition, Culture of Animal cells, Wiley Lis.
8. Jenni, P.mather and David Barnes, Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 57 (2001) Acdemic
press.
9. Ratlege, C and B. Kristiansen, (2001) Basic Biotechnology, Cambridge University,
Press, London.
10. Reinert J and Bajaj, Y.P.S. (1997), Applied and Fundamental Aspects of plant cell,
Tissue and organ culture –Springer –Verlag, Berlin.
11. Ravishankar G.A. and Venkataraman L.V. (1997), Biotechnological applications of plant
tissue and cell culture –Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Limited.
12. J.D. Watson, N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, A. Steitz and A.M. Weiner (1987) Molecular
Biology of the Gene, The Benjamin Cummings Pub.Co. Inc.
13. Wigglesworth, TExt Book on Insect Physiology (1979) Oxford University Press.
BT P302 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
60 Hours
Unit 1
Role of Hormones in growth and development of plants, tissue specific hormones, receptors.
5 hrs.
Unit 2
Introduction to cell and tissue culture, Plant tissue culture media (compostion, types and
preparation) , plant hormones and growth regulators in tissue culture, Preparation of suitable
explants for organogenesis . Application of immuno diagnostics (RIA, ELISA, Flourescent
antibody technique, precipitin) and molecular diagnostics (RFLP, RAPD, PCR) in selection of
elite plant species. Micropropagation on large scale, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast culture
and somatic hybridization, Anther, Pollen and ovary culture for production of haploid plants and
homozygous lines, cell culture methods for the secondary metabolite production, somaclonal
variation and its significance, cryopreservation, Gene banks for germaplasm conservation.
12 Hours.
Unit 3
Plant transformation techniques –Mechanisms of DNA transfer –Agrobacterium mediated gene
transfer , general features of Ti and Ri plasmids and their use as vectors, role of virulence
genes; design of expression vectors; use of 35S and other promoters, reporter genes ; viral
vectors; direct gene transfer methods (Particle bombardment electroporation, microinjection and
other methods). Selection, screening and field trials. A brief account of chloroplast
transformation –vector construct with reference to tobacco. Molecular marker aided breeding.
RFLP maps, RAPD markers and SCAR (Sequence Characterized applied regions).
13 Hours
Unit 4
Improvement of plants : Increase in essential amino acids, storage proteins, improvement of oil
content and oil quality, improvement of growth rate and yield of wood in forest timber yielding
plants, improvement of stress tolerance in plants (drought and salinity), use of anti freeze gene
for frost resistance.
16 Hours
Unit 5
Use of transgenic plants in the production of alkaloids, steroids, colouring agents, flavouring
agents, biodegradable plastics, polyhydroxyl alkoanates and polyhydroxybutyrate, industrial
enzymes, therapeutic proteins, antibodies (Plantibodies), edible vaccines, Transgenic plant for
carbohydrate modifications current status of transgenic plants in India and abroad.
12 Hours
Unit 6
Plant genomics, Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for plant genomics.
2 Hours
References :
1. Anthony R.C Wilhelm G and Joseph L : (1995) , Methods in plant molecular biology – A
laboratory course manual –Cold spring Harbor lab. Press USA.
2. Bhan (1998), Tissue culture – Mittal publications, New Delhi
3. Chrispeels M.J.and Sadava D.E., Plants , Genes and Agriculture-Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Boston.
4. Fu, T-J, G.Singh and W.R. Curtus eds (1999) Plant cell and tissue culture for the
production of food ingredients , Kluwer Academic /Plenum Press.
5. Gamborg O.L. and Philips G.C. (1990), Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 2nd reprint –
Narosa Publishing House.
6. Gupta P.K. (1996) Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogi and Co. Meerut.
7. Hammound J.P. Mcgravey and V.Yusibov Eds (2000) Plant Biotechnology, Springer
Verlag.
8. Heldt (1997), Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co.Pvt. Limited, Delhi.
9. Islam A. (1996), Plant tissue Culture –oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Limited.
10. Kumar H.D. (1991), A text book on Biotechnology (2nd Edition)-Affiliated EAst –West
Press Pvt. Limited, New Delhi.
11. Lydiane Kyte and John Kleyn (1996) Plants form test tubes. An introduction to
Micropropagation (3rd Edition) –Timber press, Portland.
12. Murray D.R. (1996), Advanced methods in plant breeding and biotechnology –Panima
Publishing Corporation.
13. Nickoloff J.A. (1995), methods in molecular biology, Vol. 55, Plant cell electroporation
and electrofusion protocols –Humana press incorp, USA.
14. Ravishankar G.A. and Venkataramana.V (1997), Biotechnological Applications of Plant
Tissue and Cell Culture –Oxford and IBH publishing Co, Pvt. Ltd.
15. Shivanna K.R. and Sawhney V.K. (1997), Crop production and improvement Cambridge
University Press.
16. Sawahel W.A. (1997), Plant genetic transformation technology-Daya Publishing House,
Delhi
BT P303 GENETIC ENGINEERING 60 Hours
Unit 1 Genetic Engineering – Introduction, definition, scope and importance.
1 Hours Unit 2 Molecular tools for genetic engineering, Restriction endonucleases –types, nomenclature,
recognition sequences, cleavage pattern, DNA bases –properties and functions of T4 DNA
ligase and NAD dependant DNA ligase of E.Coli ligation techniques, Vectors –general
characteristics of vectors, desirable characters such as size orisite, selection / marker gene,
restriction sites and unique multiple cloning sites for cDNA cloning, cloning and expression
vectors –Plasmids –PBR 322 pUC vectors, Ti Plasmids – M13 derived pUC vectors, Phage
vectors – lambda based vectors, M13, Cosmids, Phagemids, ARS, Mini Chromosome, yeast
artificial chromosomal vectors (YAC) Design of Shuttle vectors for replication in bacteria and
yeast cells, specific promoters for expression in yeast cells, transcriptional terminators ,
selection of marker genes for bacteria and yeast cells : Vectors for plants ; expression vectors
need for promoters such as Lac-Z, T7 and TaC, MCS ; Vectors for animals –SV 40, Bovine
papilloma virus (BPV), Retrovirus, Isolation and purification of vector DNA, digestion and end
modification. Introduction of recombinant vectors into suitable hosts, selection of recombinant
clones, purification of recombinant DNA.
25 Hours.
Unit 3
Cloning –cloning and selection of individual gene, gene libraries, preparation of cDNA libraries ; isolation and purification of mRNA ; importance of poly-A tailing in the preparation of cDNA library; Genomic library isolation and purification of total genomic DNA, partial digestion with suitable enzyme size fractionation and end modification. Transformation Techniques : Preparation of competent cells of bacteria, yeast insect, mammalian and plant cells ; Methods of DNA transfer, exogenously supplied chemical methods, calcium phosphate precipitation method, liposome mediated method and electroporation, Agrobacterium T-DNA mediated method, gene gun method ; Determination of transformation / transfection efficiency. Lambda DNA based DNA recombinants : In vitro packaging of DNA using packaging extracts infection of bacteria using packaged lambda viruses containing recombinant DNA. 18 Hrs
Unit 4
Plating , screening and selection ; preparation of nutrient media with selection, marker antibiotics and additives for visual screening of recombinant clones, selection of clones, amplification and preservation.
5 Hours Unit 5
Labeling of DNA, RNA and proteins : Use of radioactive isotopes, Non –radio active labeling relative advantages and disadvantages, in-vivo labeling, Nick translation, random primer labeling, auto radiography, autofluorography.
4 Hours
Unit 6
In vitro translation : Purification of mRNAs and translation using cell free systems from wheat
germ extract or rabbit reticulocytes and characterization of protein products on gel
electrophoresis. Blotting experiments – southern , Northern western and western / southern
blotting methods, agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel and 2D gel electrophoresis ; DNA
microarrays (DNA chips) to study gene expression etc.
7 Hours
References :
1. Berger S.L. and A.R. Kimmel, (1996) Methods in enzymology –guide to molecular
cloning techniques vol. 152, Academic press Inc. San Diego.
2. Davies J.A. and Reznikoff, Butterworth-Heinemnn (1992) Milestones in Biotechnology ,
classic papers on genetic engineering.
3. D.V. Goeddel, Methods in enzymology –Gene Expression Technology, Vol. 185,
Academic press Inc. San Diego.
4. Glick and Pasternak – Molecular biotechnology, Principles and application of
recombinant DNA.
5. Kingsman , S.M and A.J. Kingsman (1998) Genetic Engineering : An introduction to
Gene analysis and exploitation in Eukaryotes, Blackwell Scientific publications, Oxford.
6. Old R.W. and S.B. Primrose (1994) Principles of gene manipulation, Boston Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
7. Primrose, S.B. (1994) Molecular Biotechnology, 2nd Edition, Blackwell scientific
publishers Oxford.
8. Sambroock E.F. Fritsch and T.Maniatis, (2000) – Molecular cloning : A laboratory
manual, cold spring Harbor Laboratory Press NY.
BT P304 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
60 Hours
Unit 1
Basic concepts, Renewable and non –renewable resources, Environmental pollution-types.
2 Hours
Unit 2
A brief account of water pollution, soil pollution, and air pollution – sources and measurement of
pollution. Xenobiotic compounds and their sources, biomagnification, Biomonitoring –
Bioindicators.
6 Hours
Unit 3
Water as a scarce natural resource, Need for water management, Waste water characteristics,
Waste water treatment –physical, chemical and biological processes, Aerobic processes :
Activated sludge, oxidation, ditches, trickling filters , oxidation ponds; Anaerobic processes :
Anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters, anaerobic sludge, membrane bioreactors . Treatment of
industrial effluents (dairy, distillery, tannery, textile paper and sugar industries), reverse osmosis
and ultra filtration.
15 Hours.
Unit 4
Application of biotechnology for pollution prevention : Current status with respect to the use of
Biofertilizers, Biopesticides, Bioleaching of ores to retrieve scarce metals.
8 Hours
Unit 5
Bioremediation : Concept and principles , Bioremediation using microbes, In situ and ex-situ
Bioremediation, Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of heavy metals : Phytoremediation,
Bioremediation of xenobiotics (heavy metals, pesticides, oil slicks, plastic) Bioremediation of soil
and water contaminated with hydrocarbons and surfactants, Biofilms, Reduction of
organochlorine compounds in bleach plant effluents.
10 Hours
Unit 6
Solid wastes : Sources and management, waste as a source of energy, Microorganisms
involved in the degradation of plant fiber, cell wall, lignin, fungal de-lignification and pulping of
wood, solving pitch problems in pulp and paper processes using enzymes or fungi
hemicellulases in pulp bleaching. Biotechnology for solving slime problem in the pulp and paper
industry, Production of oil and fuels from wood waste, composting , vermiculture, Biofuels :
Biogas production, methanol production from organic wastes, Byproducts of sugar industries.
10 Hours
Unit 7
Global environmental problems : Global warming, ozone depletion, UV-B , green house effect
and acid rain, their impact and management.
Biodiversity and its conservation, Status of biodiversity, Role of Biotechnology in conservation of
biodiversity, Influence of transgenic plants on the environment.
9 Hours
References :
1. Allsopp D. and K.J. Seal (1999) Introduction to Biodeterioration –ELBS/Edward Arnold.
2. Christson, J.Harst (1997) Manual of Environmental Microbiology, ASM Press,
WAshington DC.
3. De, A.K. (1987) Environmental Chemistry –Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi Foster C.F.
John Ware D.A. Environmental Biotechnology, Ellis Horwood Limited.
4. Ericksson Ed. (1998) Biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry, Springer.
5. Geetha Bali et al eds (2001) Environmental Biotechnology, ApS Pub.
6. Jitendraprakash and LM Pierik, (1993) Plant Biotechnology : Commercial aspect and
problems Oxford and IBH.
7. Hurst C.J. et al eds (1997) Environmental microbiology , ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
8. Larry Anderson and David A. Tilman (1977) Fuels from waste, Academic press.
9. Moo –Young M (Ed-in-Chief), Comprehensive Biotechnology, Vol. 4- Pergamon Press,
Oxford.
10. Ramamurthy et al. Ed (2001) , Biodiversity, APS publishers New Delhi.
11. Sinha R.K. (1997) Global Biodiversity, INA , Shree publishers, Jaipur
12. Whitaker, Joh Reed and S.Philip (1989) Biocatalysis in agricultural biotechnology,
Washington ACS.
PRACTICALS
BT P305 ANIMAL AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
8 x 15 weeks = 120 Hours
1. Animal cell culture : Preparation of media (natural and synthetic), culture and
maintenance of cell lines ; Transformation of cell lines.
2. MTT assay for cell viability and growth.
3. Preparation of plant culture media (Whites, MS and Nitsch & Nitsch 1967)
4. Organ culture : Shot tip, nodal and leaf culture.
5. Callus culture : Initiation and regeneration.
6. Protoplast isolation and fusion.
7. Anther culture for the production of haploids.
8. Isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts.
9. In vitro morphogenetic studies using selected plant species.
10. Preparation of artificial seeds.
11. Isolation of plant genomic DNA (Pea shoot tip –CTAB, Cauliflower –SDS)
12. Isolation of plant chloroplasts.
13. Agrobacterium culture, selection of transformants.
14. Developing RFLP and RAPD maps.
15. Suspension culture and production of secondary metabolites.
BT P306 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
8 X 15 Weeks = 120 Hours
1. Detection of coliforms for determination of the purity of potable water.
2. Determination of total dissolved solids of water.
3. Determination of BOD and COD of sewage sample.
4. Isolation of bacteriophages from sewage.
5. Anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal waste.
6. Determination of the efficiency of removal of air pollutant using fibrous air filter.
7. Study of microflora of industrial wastes and effluents.
8. Survey of degradative plasmids in microbes growing in polluted environment.
9. Isolation of bacteria degrading xenobiotics by selective enrichment technique.
10. Isolation and characterization of iron and manganese reducing bacteria.
11. Study on biogenic methane production in different habitats.
12. Selective enrichment of auxotrophic and antibiotic (tet, Rif) mutants.
13. Isolation of nucleic acids from environmental samples.
14. Restriction enzyme digestion of DNA and calculation of molecular weight of the digested
DNA.
15. DNA amplification by PCR method.
16. Preparation of competent cells in E.coli.
17. Cloning and sub cloning using plasmid and E.Coli expression vectors.
18. Transformation through CaCl2 PEG method.
19. Selection of cloned microorganisms by blue /while colony, X-Gal method.
20. Western and southern blotting.
IV SEMESTER
BT P401 BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
60 Hrs
Unit 1
Introduction to bioprocess engineering ; Screening and selection of industrial microorganisms ;
Strain improvement : Inoculum production for bacterial and fungal processes, Spore inoculums
or vegetative mycelial inoculums for fungi.
3 Hours
Unit 2
Bioreactors : Basic functions, design and components , body construction ; temperature control ;
Aeration, agitation systems, baffles, Sterilization of fermenter, air supply and medium, Aseptic
inoculation and sampling methods, specialized bioreactors –Tubular bioreactors, membrane
bioreactors, Tower bioreactors, fluidized bed reactor, packed bed bioreactors and
photobioreactors.
10 Hours
Unit 3
Fermentation media : Natural and synthetic media; Media formulation strategies, sources of
carbon , nitrogen, vitamins and minerals. Role of buffers, precursors, inhibitors, inducers and
antifoam agents. Solid state fermentation.
8 Hours
Unit 4
Down stream processing : Objectives and criteria, cell disruption, precipitation methods,
filtration, centrifugation, liquid –liquid extraction, membrane filtration, chromatography, drying
devices, crystallization, packaging and quality assurance.
16 Hours
Unit 5
Immobilization –Definition and concept of immobilization, Enzyme and whole cell immobilization,
Immobilization techniques –Adsorption, cross linking, ionic bonding, entrapment, encapsulation,
Types of reactors for immobilization. Advantages and industrial applications.
3 Hours
Unit 6
Industrial production of Agar-Agar, alcohols, organic acids (citric, acetic and gluconic acid),
solvents (glycerol, acetone, butanol). Amino acids (Lysine , glutamic acid), antibiotics (Penicillin,
Streptomycin, Tetracyline), SCP, Vitamins (Riboflavin), Enzymes, Hydrocarbons –
Biodegradable plastic – Polyhydroxyalkanoates (Butyrate, Propionate etc.)
10 Hours
Unit 7
Food processing : Food spoilage –bacterial , fungal and yeast . Food preservation principles
and general methods, elementary idea of canning and packing ; sterilization and pasteurization
of food products.
Technology of fermented foods-sausages, olives, bread, Idli and acidophilous milk, Hazard
analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept.
10 Hours.
References :
1. Barwart, G.J. (1989), Basic food Microbiology, Chapman and Hall, New York.
2. El-Mansi, E.M.T. and Bryce, C.F.A. (2002), Fermentation Microbiology and
Biotechnology –Taylor and Francis, London.
3. Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiansen (2002), BAsic Biotechnology, 2nd Edition,
Cambridge University Press.
4. Casida , Jr. L.E. (1997) Industrial Microbiology, New Age International Pvt. Limited, New
Delhi.
5. Doyle , M.P. et al (1997), Food Microbiology, ASM press, Washington, D.C.
6. Frazier, W.C and Westhoff, D.C. (1998) Food Microbiology –Tata McGraw Hill
Publication, New Delhi.
7. Hobbs, B.C. and Roberts, D (1993), Food poison and Food Hygiene, Edward Arbold,
London.
8. James, M and Jay, J.M. (1991) , Food borne pathogen – An illustrated text, Wolfe
Publication Limited, England.
9. McNeil. B, and Harvey L.M. (1990) Fermentation – a practical approach. IRL Press, New
York.
10. Michael J. Waites Neil L. Morgan John S.Rockey and Gray Higton (2001), Industrial
Microbiology –An introduction – Blackwell Science, Delhi.
11. Prescott, Sc and Dunn, C (1984) Industrial Microbiology, McGraw Hill, New York.
12. Stanbury, P.F. Whitaker A. and Hall S.J. (1997), Principles of Fermentation Technology
–Elsevier Science Limited., Aditya Books (P) Limited, New Delhi.
BT P402 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
60 Hours
Unit 1
Application of plant transformation technology (transgenic plants) for improvement of
productivity and performance. Disease resistance: Genes and gene constructs used for viral
resistance by coat protein mediated protection and RNA mediated protection., Bacterial
resistance by lysozyme gene, Fungal resistance by chitinase and 1,3 Beta glucanase genes.
Herbicide resistance in commercially important plants.
Insect resistance through BT genes (cry genes) and protease inhibitor genes, BT crops, current
status in the world. Other biopesticides and their importance . Integrated pest management.
Terminator gene technology.
Male sterile plants, methods of inducing male sterility , its importance in breeding, Barstar and
barnase system.
16 Hours.
Unit 2
Crop improvement to resist adverse soil conditions. Salinity tolerance in rice and other plants
Drought resistance in plants.
8 hours.
Unit 3
Post harvest protection : Antisense RNA technology (ACC synthase gene and
polygalacturonase) Delay of softening and ripening of fleshy fruits by antisense RNA for ACC
synthase gene in tomato banana watermelons etc. Use of antisense RNA technology for
extending shelf life of fruits and flowers. Protection of cereals, millets and pulses following
harvest using biotechnology.
Biotechnology for fortification of agricultural products –golden rice, transgenic sweet potatoes.
15 Hours
Unit4
Importance of biofertilizers in agriculture (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Actinorhiza)
advantages and current status, vermiculture, composting , current practices and production of
biofertilizers.
5 Hours
Unit 5
Control of pests : Importance of JH and JH analogues in insect pest control. Insect pheromones
and their applications. Biological control of insect pests and weeds using natural enemies, mass
multiplication of predators and parasites. Biological control of plant pathogens using
antagonistic fungi and antagonistic bacteria.
6 Hours
Unit 6
Applications of biotechnology in poultry, aquaculture, sericulture and animal husbandry,
Improvement of poultry, disease resistance, recombinant vaccines for poultry, growth hormones
for increasing biomass, fish breeding techniques, silkworm as bioreactor for the production of
commercially important proteins ; improvement of livestock, “pharming” products -
(Pharmaceuticals through milk or genetically engineered cows).
10 Hours
REFERENCES :
1. Handbook of Agriculture (1987), ICAR Publication New Delhi.
2. Disease of crop plants in India –G.Rangaswamy and D.H. Bagayraj 3rd Edition (1994),
Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
3. Plant Pathology –R.S. Mehrotra (1993) Tata McGraw Hill Publications Limited, New
Delhi.
4. Agricultural Microbiology: G.Rangaswamy and D.J. Bagyaraj 1993, 2nd Edition, Prentice
Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
5. Microbial Biotechnology – Fundamentals of applied Microbiology. Glazer and Nikaido
(1995) W.H. Freeman Publication company.
6. Biotechnology theory and techniques –Chirikjian.
7. Veena, D.P.S. and Hons T (1984) Plant gene research, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg and
New York.
8. Trevan, M.D. Boffey, S. Goulding, K.H. and Starberry P (1990) Biotechnology – the
basic principles Tata McGraw Hill Edition.
9. Plant Pathology by Agrios.
10. Powel C.L. and Bagyaraj, D.J. (1984) V. Mycorrhiza, CRD Press Florida
11. Vincent J.M. (1982) Nitrogen fixation in legumes Cambridge University Press, London.
12. Stacey R.H. Evans H.J (1992) Biological Nitrogen fixation, Chapman and Hall Limited,
London.
13. biosafety for sustainable Agriculture –Krathiger and Rosemarin – International service
for the agribiotech applications.
14. K.R. Aneja (1992) Experiments in microbiology, plant pathology, Tissue culture and
Mushroom cultivation –Vishwa Prakashana.
BTP403 IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
60 Hours
Unit 1
Hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies : Production of murine (mouse) monoclonal
antibodies, myeloma cell lines and fusion of myeloma cells with antibody producing B-cells ,
fusion, selection and screening for positive hybrids, Purification and characterization of
monoclonal antibodies : Applications of monoclonals in Biomedical research in Clinical
diagnosis and treatment; Production of human monoclonal antibodies and their applications.
12 Hours
Unit 2
T-cell cloning : Mechanisms of antigen recognition by T and B –Lymphocytes : Structure,
function and synthesis of lymhokines : Importance of antigen and MHC class II molecules in T –
Cell cloning ; Antigen specific and alloreactive T –cell cloning, use of T-Cell cloning in
understanding the immunologically relevant antigens and T-Cell sub types Applications of T-cell
cloning in vaccine development.
10 Hours.
Unit 3
Cytokines (Lymphokines) : production of interleukins and their applications in infectious and non
–infectious diseases , Interferons – production, functions and applications.
8 Hours.
Unit 4 :
Immuno deficiency diseases : Phagocyti deficiencies, Humoral deficiencies, cell mediated
deficiencies , severe combined immuno deficiency diseases (ADA deficiencies, PNP
deficiencies)
8 Hours
Unit 5 :
Immunity to infections : Immunity to bacteria (Tuberculosis, Leprosy , Typhoid, Syphilis),
Parasites (Malaria, Filariasis, Amoebiasis , Ascariasis) and Viruses (Hepatitis, AIDs and
Herpes) 6 Hours
Unit 6
Auto-immune diseases : Hashimotos diseases, Good pasture syndrome, Insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus, Myasthenia gravis, Systemic lupus erythematosis, Multiple sclerosis,
Rheumatoid arthritis, Treatment of autoimmune disease.
6 Hours
Unit 7
Transplantation immunity : Immuno supressive therapy : Types of Transplant organs, tissue and
bone marrow, xenotransplantation.
4 Hours
Unit 8
Tumor immunology : Theory of surviliance, immune diagnosis of tumor , detection of tumor
markers – alphafoetal proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen cells etc. Immuno therapy.
6 Hours
References
1. Borrebace : CAK (1995) Antibody Engineering, 2nd Division, Oxford University Press.
2. Caul E. (1992) Immuno Flourescent antigen detection techniques in diagnostic
microbiology, Pub, Health Lab Services.
3. Cruickshank et. al. Medical Microbiology.
4. Goding, M.J.W. Monoclonal antibodies : Principles and practice (1983) Academic press.
5. Jawetz, Melnuk and Adelgerg (1971) Medical Microbiology, Appeleton and Lange.
6. Weir D.M(Ed)( Vol. 1-5, handbook of experimental immunology.
7. Immunology 4th Edition, Eli Benjamine , Cocoi and Sunshine (2000) – Weily – Liss,
Publication, NY.
8. Kuby , J (1992) Immunology 4th Edition, Richard A. Glodsby Kindt and Oshorne eds.
W.H. Feeman and Co.NY.
9. Muthukkarupan V.R. , S.Basker and F.Sinigoglia Hybridoma Techniques : A laboratory
course (1986) McMilan (India ) Limited.
10. Springer T.A. (Editor) Hybridoma technology in the biosciences and medicine (1985)
Plenum press New York.
BT P404 BIOETHICS AND BIOSAFETY
60 Hours
Unit 1
An overview of the legal and socioeconomic impacts of biotechnology, biosafety regulations –
National and international levels, guidelines for research in transgenic organisms ,
environmental aspects of biotech applications, use of genetically modified organisms and their
release in environment, levels of containment. Public education of the processes of producing
transgenic organisms.
Hazardous materials used in biotechnology, handling and disposal , Good manufacturing
Practices , (GMP) and Good lab Practices (GLP)
18 Hours
Unit 2
Intellecutual Property Rights (IPRs), IPRs and agricultural technology – implications for India,
WTO, WIPO, GATT,. Trips , Patenting and the procedures involved in the application for patents
and granting of a patent compulsory licenses , patent search, patent cooperation Treaty (PCT) ,
examples of patents in biotechnology, special applications of patent laws in biotechnology,
patenting of living organisms , plant breeder’s right , legal implications, traditional knowledge
commercial exploitation, protection. Bioethics in biodiversity, Ethics of resource management,
Impact of patenting on biodiversity rich developing countries. Ethical issues associated with the
consumption of GM food, labeling of GM crops and GM Food.
22 Hours
Unit 3
Human Genome project, molecular detection of pre –symptomatic genetic diseases ,
importance in health care, pre-natal diagnosis and genetic manipulation, ethical implications,
Human genome project and human rights. International ethical and legal issues. connected with
human genome diversity research, Foetal sex determination - implications in India Genetic
studies on ethnic races.
10 Hours
Unit 4
Stem cell research, applications of stem cells, ethical issues involved. use of cell cultures as
alternatives for animal models for research. Testing of drugs on human volunteers ; use of
animals for research and testing; animal cloning, human cloning.
5 Hours
Unit5
Organ transplantation – organ transplantation in humans, ethical and social issues involved in
xenotransplantation.
5 Hours
REFERENCES :
1. Bent S.A. (1987) Intellectual property rights in Biotechnology worldwide, Stockholm
press, NY.
2. Chowdhury N.K. and Agarwal J.C. (1994) Dunkel Proposals Vol. II, The final act
significance for India and the world trade –Shipra Publications, New Delhi.
3. Erbisch, F.H. and Maredia K.M. (1987) Intellectual property rights in Agricultural
Biotechnology, Orient Longman Limited.
4. Evenson Robert, Carl E. Pray and mark. W. Rosegrant (1999) Agricultural Research and
Productivity Growth in India, Research report, No. 109, IFPRI, Washington DC.
5. Hacking, Andre (1986) Economic aspects of biotechnology, Cambridge University Press,
London.
6. Rao M.B. (1999) WTO and International Trade by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Limited.
BIO WEB
Online services for Agricultural Biotechnology
www.agbiotechnet.com
Dept of Biotechnology, Govt. of India.
www.dbtindia.org
MSS Research foundation : Genetically modified plants.
www.mssrf.org/gmo99.html
Genetically modified plants –
www.ogm.org/default a.htm
Science , Technology and Innovation update
www.cid.harvard .edu/cidtech/
Biotechnology and International relations :
www.cid.harvard.edu/cidbitech/links /bitech_ir-rp.htm
The Royal society : genetically modified plants for food use.
www.royalsoc.ac.uk/templates/statements/statement.details.cfm?statementID=56
Biotechnology in developing countries:
www.cid.harvard.edu/cidbiotech/links/biotech_dev-rp.htm
Regulation of the biotechnology industry
www.cid.harvard.edu.cidbiotech/links/regulatin-rp.htm
PRACTICALS
BT P405 BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
8 X 15 weeks = 120 Hours
1. Study of fermenter –Demonstration only.,
2. Screening of Antibiotic producing microorganisms.
3. Detection and quantification of siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp.
4. Study of antibiotic producing microorganisms in mass culture process and recovery of
the product.
5. Study of alcoholic fermentation – alcohol from different substrates –estimation of
percentage of alcohol, total acidity and volatile acidity.
6. Yoghurt production using specific starter cultures.
7. Immobilization of Saccharomyces cervisiae by calcium alginate gel entrapment.
8. Citric acid production by Aspergilllus niger, Penicillium citrianum.
9. Bioassay methods –Vitamins and amino acids.
10. Production and analysis of SCP :Spirulina, Yeast, Chlorella, mushroom.
11. Production of pectinase by Aspergillus niger using wheat bran coffee pulp using small
scale fermenter and its assay.
12. Production of a amylase using Aspergillus oryzae /Bacillus licheniforis using wheat bran
in small scale solid state fermentation and its assay.
13. Study of food spoilage Microorgnisms in fresh, canned, fermented food and meat.
14. Food preservation techniques-meat, fish.
15. Visits to industries –report to be submitted along with the record.
BT P406 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
8 X 15 Weeks = 120 hours
1. Bioinoculants : mass production of
a) Rhizobium
b) Anabena and Nostoc
c) Azotobacter
2. Assay of Biofertilizers (at least three types)
3. Proving Koch’s postulates.
4. Assay of antifungal , antibiotics and fungicides, biopesticide –BT on Larvae.
5. Isolation of Microbial fungi and Rhizobacteria from soil and roots of plants.
6. Production of microbial polysaccharides and yield estimation.
7. Microbial flora of different soil types and habitats using molecular techniques.
8. Isolation of symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria from soil.
9. Study of root /stem nodules and study of VAM
10. Effect of BT toxins on lepidopteron insects.
11. Composting (vermiculture).
12. Mushroom cultivation.
13. Bio-insecticidal effect of biopesticides from microbial and plant sources.
14. Protoplast fusion in Rhizobium for enhanced nodule formation.
15. Baculovirus stocks –Preparation and titration using plaque colony.
16. Co-transfection of insect cells using linearized baculovirus stocks.
17. Induced breeding of carp fishes.
