M.Sc. in “Engineering Policy and Management of Tehnology” CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND...
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M.Sc. in “Engineering Policy and Management of Tehnology” CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+ Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt Innovation, Engineering and the Management of Technology: building a university agenda Pedro Conceição and Manuel Heitor
M.Sc. in “Engineering Policy and Management of Tehnology” CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+ Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical
M.Sc. in Engineering Policy and Management of Tehnology CENTER
FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+ Instituto
Superior Tcnico, Technical University of Lisbon
http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt Innovation, Engineering and the
Management of Technology: building a university agenda Pedro
Conceio and Manuel Heitor
Slide 3
Background: trends for the University ? Conceico & heitor
(1999) Codified knowledge (software) Tacit knowledge (wetware)
Valorization of human and intellectual capital? Challenges and
Opportunities...
Slide 4
TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE UNIVERSITIES and R&D IN
SOCIETY The model: american university as reference 1.Intellectual
Property Protection issues:economic impact negligible promotes
institutional integrity requires adaptation and flexibility
2.Technology Infrastructures and Science Parks issues:emphasis
local development have not promoted U-I linkages
Slide 5
TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN
SOCIETY The trend: a process of institutional convergence The
result: universities today, despite their long historical I
inheritance, are relatively new institutions with a complex set of
incentive structures and organizational features (Rosenberg &
Nelson, 1996) The threat: institutional integrity The analysis:
standard, linear model has been implicit in m most studies
Slide 6
New technologies Existing technologies 20002010 Education /
training for last 10 years 20002010 Education / training acquired
for more than 10 years 2010: 80% of technologies with less than 10
years, while 80% of working force has acquired training with more
than 10 years The knowledge gap (Scope: EUROPEAN REGIONS)
Slide 7
QUESTION Which trends for science, technology and innovation
policy, in a way to contribute for the challenges faced by
engineering and technology to enhance innovation?
Slide 8
Our Argument... The need for institutional renewal, promoting
diversity with institutional integrity, (Conceico & Heitor,
1999) making use of partnerships! (Conceico, Gibson, Heitor &
Sirilli, 2000) The scope:... the globalized learning society!
Knowledge Institutions Learning Organisations Intellectual Property
Learning Networks BUT, understanding research (R&D; R&T;
R&L), promoting research for creative teaching, and integrating
technology, policy and management!
Slide 9
1. The CONTEXT: a CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.FACTS and RESULTS 3.
HYPOTHESIS STRATEGIES, POLCIES and RECOMENDATIONS Reference Terms e
Scenrios Strategies and
Policies...http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt/et2000/ CONTENTS
Slide 10
1. The new economy: the big boom 2.Technological change:
accelerating 3.Social Dynamics: complexity and diversity 4.
Governance: a new model! The CONTEXT OCDE: FUTURES, Hannover 2000
EC: IPTS - Futures Report, 2000
Slide 11
The structure of the new economy Agriculture Indstry Services
Agriculture Indstry Services Industrial era Knowledge era I-
Recession II- Growth Technology replaces employment Economy without
employment Demand Deficit Technology creates new industries and
opportunities Entrepreneurial economy Value creation
Slide 12
The importance of Technology in corporate development Case
study: Innovation in Italy (Evangelista & Sirilli, 1997) The
convergence of sectors is emerging, with the growing importance of
technology in corporate development
Slide 13
1. The new economy: the big boom 2.Technological change:
accelerating 3.Social Dynamics: complexity and diversity 4.
Governance: a new model! The CONTEXT OCDE: FUTURES, Hannover 2000
EC: IPTS - Futures Report, 2000
Slide 14
Technological Change: materials, IPTS(1999) STEELS CAST IRON
IRON COOPER ALLOY STEELS GLASSY METALS AL-LITHIUM ALLOYS DUAL PHASE
STEELS MICROALLOYED STEELS BRONZE SKIN FIBRE GUMS RUBBER LIGHT
ALLOYS SUPER ALLOYS TITANIUM ZINCONIUM ETC NEW SUPER ALLOYS
DEVELOPMENT SLOW MOSTLY QUALITY CONTROL AND PROCESSING CONDUCTING
POLYMERS HIGH TEMPERATURE POLYMERS HIGH MODULUS POLYMERS BAKELITE
NYLON WOOD PAPER STONE FLINT POTTERT GLASS CEMENT REFRACTORIES
PORTLAND CEMENT FUSED SILICA CERMETS EPOXIES POLYESTERS COMPOSITES
POLYMERS METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES CERAMICS METALS ALLOYS
10 000 BC5000 BC010001500 1800 19001940 1960 19801990200020102020
GOLD CERAMIC COMPOSITES COMPOSITES METAL-MATRIX SURFACE ENGINEERING
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE SUPERCONDUCTORS TOUGH ENGINEERING CERAMICS
KEVLAR BRICKS (with STRAW) IVORY 10000 BC 5000 BC
010001500180019001940196019801990200020102020
Slide 15
Technological Change: telecommunications
Slide 16
Technological Change: perspectives The Convergence:
telecommunications and computers... The QUESTION : scope and scale
PRODUCTS PRODUCT more technologies to produce each product more
products produced from a given technology Source: von Tunzelmann
(1999)) TECHNOLOGIES PROCESSES TECHNOLOGY PROCESSES
Slide 17
New reactors Nuclear fusion New energy biomassPhotovoltaic
materials Fuel cells Superconductors Supervision of energy
processes Robotics Security systems energy Batteries Pacemakers
Artificial Heart Recombin. DNA New drugs Enzymatic Synthesis
Membranes Biocompatible materials Instrumental analysis of dna
sequences biotechnologies Power lasersBio-leaching Biological ore
processing New alloys Ceramics and composits Computer based design
of new materials materials Photovoltaic applications Biosensors
Biochips Semiconductors Superconductors Telematics Automation
Computers information technologies
energybiotechnologiesmaterialsinformation technologies
Technological Change: Emerging interactions... from to
Slide 18
Technological Change: impact...1 1. Knowledge Diffusion 2.
Knowledge Creation corporate competitiveness depends on innovation
capacity globalization has increased market demand on nre products,
processes and services Increasing interdisciplinarity and
complexity of the knowledge base Significant contribution of
technology for scientific development QUESTION: inovation/ adoption
of new technologies? QUESTION: Which, and how to develop the
scientific base? 3. Knowledge Transfer the need to promote systems
of education and training diversified QUESTION: Which education and
training systems?
Slide 19
Entrepreneurial capacity : NTBF Socio-economic inequality: The
need to promote local systems of knowledge creation and diffusion
Technological Change: impact...2 A strategic vision: developing
technology platforms enphasizing clusters (the corporate value
chain) ca de vlor....to promote SOCIAL CAPITAL in a technology
context Knowledge Diffusion
Slide 20
PROCESSES:complex and diversified INVESTMENT:education;
R&D; learning-by-doing AGENTS:state, firms, universities,
schools What we know Creation and distribution of knowledge
Economic growth and development Technological innovation and
development
Slide 21
What we know The Chain Link Model Chain Linked Model of
Innovation Potential Markets Invention/ analytical design Detailed
design & Test Re-design & Production Distribution &
market Knowledge Research Kline & Rosenberg Technology
platforms BUS Communities of practice
Slide 22
1. The CONTEXT: a CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.FACTS and RESULTS 3.
HYPOTHESIS STRATEGIES, POLCIES and RECOMENDATIONS Reference Terms e
Scenrios Strategies and
Policies...http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt/et2000/ CONTENTS
Slide 23
Innovation in EU source: Community Innovation Survey,
OCT-PT
Slide 24
Facts and Results 1.Productivity 2.The knowledge-based
industries 3.Resouces 4.Scale vs intensity 5.Industrial structure
6.Institutional development 7.The regional dimension 8.Sustainable
development 9.Social capital for the inclusive development
Slide 25
1. Productivity
Slide 26
2. Knowledge-based industries OECD(2000) Share in business
sector value added in knowledge business industries (share year
1996) Average annual real value added growth of knowledge based
industries (1985 share year)
Slide 27
3. RESOURCES Expenditure by Manufacturing Firms on
Innovation
Slide 28
Perspectives for change: Public vs private R&D expenditures
P97 P95 P81 ES IR SE JP USA FR D UK
Slide 29
Caso de estudo: EUA (1953-1998) Privado Pblico Perspectives for
change: Investments in R&D Evoluo do investimentos pblico e
empresarial em I&D (1981-1995) USA PT 95-98 81-95 PT 95-98 Caso
de estudo: Portugal (1982-1998) pblico: aumento significativo
privado: aumento incremental a partir de 95 crescemos na
diagonal
Slide 30
4. Scale vs Intensity R&D Expenditure (OECD)
Slide 31
5. THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE Food, beverages & tobacco
Textiles, apparel & leather Wood products & furniture
Paper, paper products & printing Chemical products Non-metallic
mineral products Basic metal industries Fabricated metal products
Other manufacturing, nec EU-13 YEAR Portugal
Slide 32
5. Industrial structure: Dynamics
Slide 33
6. Institutional Development Market Regulation and Employment
Protection Nicoletti, Scarpetta & Boylaud; OECD (2000)
Slide 34
7. The regional dimension: technology and innovation gap 1.
Input: HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES 2. output: SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITIES 3. determining factors : international
cooperation sme`s: support services networks FDI: integration in
local economies transports, communications, energy infrastructures
BUT, ALSO, INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
Slide 35
Regional diversity in Western Europe Source: Sixth Periodic
Report DG XVI, 1998
Slide 36
Master Equation Environmental Impacte =
(Population)*(GDP/Capita)*(Environmental Impacte /GDP) Increased
eco- efficiency Promoting engineering and technolgy for innovation!
8. The sustainable development innovation and the environment
Slide 37
DMI, Direct Material Input per capita (1988-1995) Source : EEA,
2000, Environmental Signals for 2000 8. The sustainable development
innovation and the environment Economic growth in Portugal is
associated with the highest european growth rate of materials
consuption!
Slide 38
9. Social capital for inclusive development OECD(2000)
Slide 39
1. The CONTEXT: a CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.FACTS and RESULTS 3.
HYPOTHESIS STRATEGIES, POLCIES and RECOMENDATIONS Reference Terms e
Scenrios Strategies and
Policies...http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt/et2000/ CONTENTS
Slide 40
Perspectives for change The notion of localised technological
change: The science base: a joint process of production, learning
and communication a fully endogenous, with strong interdependence
between specialisation and diversification important, but limited
role of demand based on mix of generic and tacit knowledge the aim
of policy should be to create a broad and productive science base,
closely linked to higher education, Pavitt (1998) Systems of
Innovation and Competence Building!
Slide 41
THE ISSUE 1 The evidence: The major source of economic growth
in developed countries has been science-based technology, Kuznets
(1966) The explosion in knowledge creation was concentrated in a
few regions, and led to similarly concentrated distribution of
income, World Bank (1999) The most daunting problem is that of
spiritual inequality, Fogel (1999)
Slide 42
Regional diversity in Western Europe Source: Sixth Periodic
Report DG XVI, 1998
Slide 43
A fragmented regional innovation system: an institutionally
blocked regional economy Regional Government Business Services SMEs
Chamber of Commerce SMEs Large firms SMEs Universities Technology
Centers Sectoral Associations SMEs Large firms SMEs Technology
Consultants SMEs Large firms SMEs Regional economy
Slide 44
A learning region : An efficient regional innovation system
Regional government Business services & tech. con- sultants
SMEs Business intermediaries: Cham. of Comm.; Local Agencies BICs
SMEs Large firms; Tech. Centers; Sect. Associa- tions SMEs Cluster
Science base: Universities; Public R&D; Laboratories Technology
Centers Sectoral Associations SMEs Large firms SMEs Valorisation of
R&D and Tech. Transfer Office SMEs Global economy SMEs Open
gate: International technology transfer networks Open gate:
International value chains Open gate: International business
consultants & specialized business services Open gate:
International R&D/academic excellence networks SMEs Regional
economy
Slide 45
Regional Innovation Strategies Landabaso et al. (1999) Internal
coherence of the regional innovation system by connecting its
different key elements: R&TDI supply with well identified
Demand and business needs, from SMEs in particular. Increase the
amount and, more importantly the quality of innovation public
spending through innovation projects (bigger and better spending in
this field through regional policy). Rationalise the regional
innovation support system by raising awareness, eliminating
duplications, filling gaps and promoting synergies. Successful
stories: The Regional Technology Plans Wales (UK), Limburg
(Netherlands), Lorraine (France) and Leipzig-Halle- Dessau
(Germany), Central Macedonia (Greece), Castilla Y Leon (Spain) and
Abruzzo (Italy).
Slide 46
What type of Social Capital ? Source: Conceico, Gibson, Heitor
& Sirilli (2000)
Slide 47
THE ISSUE 2 A specific issue: EUROPEAN DIVERSITY With some
notable exceptions, the regional developmment debate in Europe has
been dominated by exogeneous models to such an extent that
development tends to be conceived as something that is introduced
to, or visited upon, less favoured regions, LFRs, from external
doors this kind of regional policy did little or nothing to
stimulate localised learning, innovation and indigeneous
development within LFRs, Henderson & Morgan (1999)
Slide 48
The regional dimension: technology and innovation gap cont.
Most development programmes stand on their ability to build social
capital: a relational infrastructure for collective action This
requires a shift in development studies: from state-led or
market-driven processes, regardless time, space or milieu to
institutional perspective, looking at the quality of institutional
networks
Slide 49
The regional dimension: technology and innovation gap cont.
INSTITUTIONAL NETWORKS to mediate: mediate information exchange
knowledge creation capacity for collective action potential for
interactive learning efficacy of voice mechanisms Henderson &
Morgan (1999)
Slide 50
CONTENTS SERVICES E-TAILERS THE INTERNET ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
E-CHANNELS ACCESS PROVIDERS INTERNET SERVICES Software Solutions
Enabling Technologies CONSUMER BUSINESS Develop software solutions
Designed to enhance the Internet experience for both Consumers and
business Create hardware/software solutions which enable the
efficient operation of the internet Building Social capital in
technology contexts: a case study the internet industry
Slide 51
Business/Customer Support On-line Products and Services
Traditional Corporations Content Services THE GLOBE.COM THE MOTLEY
FOOL BROADCAST.COM MPATH MONSTER.COM NETCENTIVES Alternative Media
ESPN CNN Wall St. Journal YAHOO MSN EARTHWEB VERTICALNET BABY
CENTER DELL BARNES & NOBLE CHARLES SCHWAB CITIBANK MACYS E-
CHANNELS AMAZON.C OM E*TRADE BEYOND.C OM EBAY BUY.COM E-tailers
Access Providers EARTHLINK MINDSPRING AOL EXCITE @HOME VERIO
COMPUSERVE NETCOM Service Providers AT&T WorldNet Ameritech
DOUBLECLICK USWEB/CKS IXL MEDIA TRIX RAZORFISH ABOVENET Software
solutions NetObjects Real Networks Egain Netscape Marimba Inktomi
Sitara Networks Resonate Networks Associates WebOrder Vignette
Ariba IBM Cisco IOS Hewlett-Packard Sun Cisco Lucent/Ascend
Nortel/Bay Networks Nexabit Netopia Broadcom Verifone Enabling
Technologies Technological Innovation a case study: internet
business model Source: joint Venture Sillicon Valley Network,
1999
Slide 52
Building Social capital in technology contexts: a case study -
internet clustering It is unlikely that technological clusters
aimed at supporting service integration will emerge, unless
incentives exist to integrate elements in the value chain...
Hawkins (1997) Continuous evolution to a new value chain The need
to extend the analysis to the context : -communities of users
-Regional/local context Internet business models: creative
destruction, as usual !! (McKnigth et al, 2000)
Slide 53
TALENT Management Engineering Programming Marketing
Universities Talent Research Networks SUPPORT SERVICES High-Tech
Lawyers/ Accountants Incubators Industry Associations INVESTORS
Venture and Angel Financing Network to Customers, Business,
Partners And Talent PILLAR COMPANIES Capital Management Talent
Technical Resources Business Partners ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE IDEAS
INTERNET COMPANIES Building CONTEXT: the importance of LOCATION in
a virtual medium
Slide 54
The need to consider engineering research and teaching in a
broader context, leading to innovation: Promoting value, by
exploiting change Understanding institutional development
Integrating systems of competence building and social cohesion The
ISSUE... concluding OUR GOAL: to discuss the emergence of a
university agenda on engineering policy and the management of
technology
Slide 55
POLICY ISSUES THE CONTEXT: increase importance of knowledge for
development THE CHALLENGE: how to promote the learning society?
Towards an Agenda for innovation and technology policy: 1. the
framework: interactive nature of innovation 2. balancing innovation
and diffusion 3. wetware/software interaction 4. the inclusive
development 5. the institutional development
Slide 56
advanced education and research in engineering policy and
management of technology... Which relevant topics? 1.Advanced
Research Methods for decision support and policy analisis
2.Management of technology and innovation 3.Organizational design
and institutional development 4.Technology policy (environment;
industrial; communications)
Slide 57
debate challenges and opportunities for a University Agenda on:
Engineering Policy and the Management of Technology !