Msrm Presentation

7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation

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Primary Data

Information collected a

fresh and for the first time,

and thus happen to be

original in character.


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Advantages of Primary Data

Answers a specific research question

Data are current

Source of data is known

Secrecy can be maintained


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Disadvantages of Primary Data

Expensive

Quality declines if interviews

are lengthy

Reluctance to participate in lengthyinterviews


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Types of Primary Data Gathering

1. Interview Research

2. Observational Research


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The interview method of collecting data involves

presentation of oral verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-

verbal responses. This method can be used through

personal interviews and, if possible, through telephone

interviews.

Personal Interviews: This method requires a person known as interviewer asking

questions generally in a face to face contact to the person orpersons

Interview Method


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Advantages of Personal Interview

More information and that too in a greater depth can be obtained

Personal information can as well be obtained easily under this

method

The interviewer can usually control which person will answer the

question

Observation method can as well be applied to recording verbal

answers to various questions


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Disadvantages of Personal Interview

It is a very expensive method

This method is relatively more time consuming

Interviewing at times may also introduce systematicerrors

Under the interview method the organization required

for selecting, training and supervising the field staff is

more complex with formidable problems


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Telephone Interviews

This method of collecting information consists in

contracting respondents on telephone itself

It is not a very widely used method, but plays important

part in industrial surveys


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Advantages

It is more flexible in comparison to mailing method

It is faster than other methods i-e quick way of

obtaining information

Recall is easy; callbacks are simple and economical

Interviewer can explain requirements more easily

No field staff is required

It is cheaper than personal interviewing method; here

cost per response is relatively low


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Disadvantages

Little time is given to respondents for considered

answers; interview period is not likely to exceed five

minutes in most cases

Surveys are restricted to respondents who have

telephone facilities

Questions have to be short and to the point; probes aredifficult to handle

Possibility of the bias of the interviewer is relatively

more


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Observation Research

A research method

that does not involve

personal interaction

between interviewer

and subject.


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Observational Research

Advantages

1. Eliminates bias from

the interviewingprocess

2. Does not relay on the

respondent'swillingness to

provide data

Disadvantages

1. Data collection costs

are high

2. Subjective,unsolicited info is

limited

3. No insight on theproblem that youdidnt think to

consider


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This method is quite popular, particularly in case of large

enquires

It is being adopted by private individuals, research workers,private and public organizations and even by governments

In this method a questionnaire is sent(usually by post) to the

person

A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or

typed in a definite order on a form or a set of form The

respondents have to answer the questions on their own


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Advantages

There is low cost even when the universe is large and is widelyspread geographically

It is free from the bias of the interviewer; answers are in

respondents own words

Respondents have adequate time to give well thought outanswers

Respondents, who are not easily approachable, can also bereached conveniently


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It can be used only when respondents are educated andcooperating

The control over questionnaire may be lost once it is sent

It is difficult to know whether willing respondents are trulyrepresentative

This method is likely to be the slowest of all

Disadvantages


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Main Aspects of Questionnaire

General form

Question sequence

Question formulation and wording


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General form

General form can be structured or unstructured

questionnaire

Structured questionnaire are those questionnaire in

which there are definite, concrete and pre-determinedquestions

The questions are presented with exactly the same

wording and in the same order to all respondents

The form of question may be either closed (i-e.,of thetype yes or no) or open (i-e.,inviting free response)

Structured questionnaire may have fixed alternative

questions in which response of the informants are

limited to the stated alternatives


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Contd:

In an Unstructured questionnaire, the interviewer is

provided with a general guide on the type of

information to be obtained, but the exact questionformulation is largely his own responsibility and the

replies are to be taken down in the respondents own

words to the extents possible; in some situations tape

recorders may be used to achieve this goals


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Question sequence

In order to make the questionnaire effective and to

ensure quality to the replies received, a researcher

should pay attention to the question sequence in

preparing the questionnaire A proper sequence of questions reduces considerably

the chances of individual questions being

misunderstood

Questions which are easier to answer is being put inthe beginning

The opening questions should be such as to arouse

human interest


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Contd:

The following type of questions should generally be

avoided as opening questions in questionnaire:

a) Questions that put too great a strain on the memoryor intellect of the respondents

b) Questions of the personal character

c) Questions related to personal health,weath,etc


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Question formulation and wording

Each question must be very clear for any sort of

misunderstanding can do irreparable harm to a survey

In general,all questions should meet the following standard:

a. Should be easily understood

b. Should be simple i-e,should convey only one thought at a time

c. Should be concrete and should conform as much as possible to

the respondents way of thinking(for instance, instead of

asking.How many razor blades do you use annually? The

more realistic questions would be to ask, "How many razorblades do you used last week?

d. Simple words, which are familiar to all respondents should be

employed

e. Words with ambiguous meanings must be avoided

f. Danger words, catch-words or words with emotionalconnotations should be avoided


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Essential of a good questionnaire

To be successful, questionnaire should be comparatively short

and simple i-e,the size of a questionnaire should be kept to the

minimum

Questions should proceed in logical sequence moving from easy

to more difficult questions

Personal and intimate questions should be left to the end

Technical terms and vague expressions capable of different

interpretations should be avoided in a questionnaire

Questions may be dichotomous(yes or no answers),multiplechoice(alternative answers listed) or open-ended

Adequate space should be provided for answers in the

questionnaire to help editing and tabulation

The quality of paper, along with its colour,must be good so that it

may attract the attention of recipients


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Collection of data through schedules

Schedules are being filled in by the enumerators who are specially

appointed for the purpose

These enumerators along with schedules, go to respondents, put to

them the questions from the proforma in the order the questions are

listed and record the replies in the space meant for the same in theproforma

In certain situations, schedules may be handed over to respondents and

enumerators may help them in recording their answers to various

questions in the said schedules

The enumerators should be trained to perform their job well and the

nature and scope of the investigations should be explained to themthoroughly so that they may well understand the implications of difficult

questions put in the schedule

Enumerators should be honest,sincere,hardworking and should have

patience

Population census all over the world is conducted through this method


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Difference between questionnaire and schedules

Questionnaire

Generally sent through post or

mail

Data collection is cheap and

economical Non-response is usually high in

this because many people do not

respond and many return the

questionnaire without answering

all questions

In case of questionnaire, it is not

always clear as to who replies

Schedules

These are filled out by the

research worker or the

enumerator

Data collection is more expensivesince considerable amount of

money has to be spent in

appointing enumerators and

importing training to them

Non-response is very low in this

because these are filled by

enumerators who are able to get

answers to all questions

In case of schedule the identity of

respondents is known


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Contd:-

Questionnaire

The questionnaire method is likely

to be very slow

Personal contact is generally not

possible Questionnaire method can be

used only when respondents are

literate and cooperative

Risk of collecting incomplete and

wrong information is relatively

more under the questionnaire

method

Schedules

In case of schedules the

information is collected well in

time

Direct personal contact isestablished with respondents

In case of schedules the

information can be gathered even

when the respondents happen to

be illiterate

In case of schedules, the

information collected is generally

complete and accurate

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