M.TECH. THERMAL ENGINEERING - :: Welcome to … EN… · The question paper of the external end semester examination shall be ... which are offering the M.Tech. programs and two other

ACADEMIC REGULATIONS

COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABI

M.TECH.

THERMAL ENGINEERING (Department of Mechanical Engineering)

2013 – 2014

GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)

Accredited by NAAC with A Grade with a CGPA of 3.47/4.00

Affiliated to JNTUK-Kakinada

MADHURAWADA, VISAKHAPATNAM – 530 048

VISION

To evolve into and sustain as a Centre of

Excellence in Technological Education

and Research with a holistic approach.

MISSION

To produce high quality engineering graduates

with the requisite theoretical and practical

knowledge and social awareness to be able to

contribute effectively to the progress of the

society through their chosen field of endeavor.

To undertake Research & Development, and

extension activities in the fields of Science and

Engineering in areas of relevance for immediate

application as well as for strengthening or

establishing fundamental knowledge.

F O R E W O R D

Two batches of students have successfully graduated from the M.Tech.

programmes under autonomous status, which gave us a lot of

satisfaction and encouragement. In the light of changing scenario of

accreditation process globally, to upkeep the quality of education

further, a major revision in the curriculum has been taken up with an

objective to provide outcome based education.

We could execute these changes through our dedicated faculty,

commendable academicians from institutions of repute, enthusiastic

representatives from Industry, affiliating University JNTU-K, and UGC

present in the Boards of Studies, Academic Council and Governing

Body.

It is hoped that the new regulations and curriculum will enhance the all-

round ability of students so that they can technically compete at global

level with native ethical standards.

PRINCIPAL

MEMBERS ON THE BOARD OF STUDIES

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prof. P. Bangaru Babu, Professor in Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology

(NIT), Warangal – 506 004.

Sri M. Prasanna Kumar,

DGM (O & M), NTPC Simhadri, Parawada, Visakhapatnam.

Sri V. Damodar Naidu,

President, Sujana Towers Ltd., Plot No.5/A, Vengalrao Nagar,

Hyderabad – 500 038.

Prof. M.M.M. Sarcar,

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering , College of

Engineering (Autonomous) Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003.

Dr. N. Siva Prasad,

Professor, Machine Design Section, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600 036.

Sri K. R. Sreenivas,

Engineering Mechanics Unit, JNCASR, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064.

Sri P. Srikanth,

Project Manager, Software Development, Parabola Software, MVP

Double Road, Visakhapatnam.

All faculty members of the Department

http://www.andhrauniversity.info/engg



GVPCE(A) M.Tech. Thermal Engineering 2013

M.TECH. ACADEMIC REGULATIONS (Effective for the students admitted into first year from the Academic Year 2013 - 14)

The M.Tech. Degree of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University

Kakinada shall be recommended to be conferred on candidates who are

admitted to the program and fulfill all the following requirements for the

award of the Degree.

1.0 ELGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION:

Admission to the above program shall be made subject to the

eligibility, qualifications and specialization as per the guidelines

prescribed by the APSCHE and AICTE from time to time.

2.0 AWARD OF M.TECH. DEGREE:

a. A student shall be declared eligible for the award of the M.Tech.

degree, if he pursues a course of study and completes it

successfully for not less than two academic years and not more

than four academic years.

b. A student, who fails to fulfill all the academic requirements for

the award of the Degree within four academic years from the

year of his admission, shall forfeit his seat in M.Tech. Course.

c. The duration of each semester shall normally be 20 weeks with

5 days a week. A working day shall have 7 periods each of

50 minutes.

3.0 STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAMME:

*Elective 1

Semester No. of Courses per Semester Credits

Theory + Lab

I (5 +1*) + 1 20

II (5+1*) + 1 20

III Seminar 02

III, IV Project Work 40

TOTAL 82


4.0 ATTENDANCE:

The attendance shall be considered subject wise.

a. A candidate shall be deemed to have eligibility to write his end

semester examinations in a subject if he has put in at least 75%

of attendance in that subject.

b. Shortage of attendance up to 10% in any subject (i.e. 65% and

above and below 75%) may be condoned by a Committee on

genuine and valid reasons on representation by the candidate

with supporting evidence.

c. Shortage of attendance below 65% shall in no case be

condoned.

d. A student who gets less than 65% attendance in a maximum of

two subjects in any semester shall not be permitted to take the

end- semester examination in which he/she falls short. His/her

registration for those subjects will be treated as cancelled. The

student shall re-register and repeat those subjects as and when

they are offered next.

e. If a student gets less than 65% attendance in more than two

subjects in any semester he/she shall be detained and has to

repeat the entire semester.

5.0 EVALUATION:

The performance of the candidate in each semester shall be

evaluated subject-wise with 100 marks for each theory subject

and 100 marks for each practical, on the basis of Internal

Evaluation and External End -Semester Examination.

The question paper of the external end semester examination

shall be set externally and valued both internally and externally.

If the difference between the first and second valuations is less

than or equal to 9 marks, the better of the two valuations shall

be awarded. If the difference is more than 9 marks, the scripts

are referred to third valuation and the corresponding marks are

awarded.

a. A candidate shall be deemed to have secured the minimum

academic requirement in a subject if he secures a minimum of

40% of marks in the End Semester Examination and aggregate

minimum of 50% of the total marks of the End Semester

Examination and Internal Evaluation taken together. 2


b. For the theory subjects, 60 marks shall be awarded based on the

performance in the End Semester examination and 40 marks

shall be awarded based on the Internal Evaluation. One part of

the internal evaluation shall be made based on the average of the

marks secured in the two internal examinations of 30 marks

each conducted one in the middle of the Semester and the other

immediately after the completion of instruction. Each mid-term

examination shall be conducted for a duration of 120 minutes

with 4 questions without any choice. The remaining 10 marks

are awarded through an average of continuous evaluation of

assignments / seminars / any other method, as notified by the

teacher at the beginning of the semester.

c. For practical subjects, 50 marks shall be awarded based on the

performance in the End Semester Examinations, 50 marks shall

be awarded based on the day-to-day performance as Internal

marks. A candidate has to secure a minimum of 50% in the

external examination and has to secure a minimum of 50% on

the aggregate to be declared successful.

d. There shall be a seminar presentation during III semester. For

seminar, a student under the supervision of a faculty

member(advisor), shall collect the literature on a topic and

critically review the literature and submit it to the Department in

a report form and shall make an oral presentation before the

Departmental Committee. The Departmental Committee shall

consist of the Head of the Department, advisor and two other

senior faculty members of the department. For Seminar, there

will be only internal evaluation of 50 marks. A candidate has to

secure a minimum of 50% to be declared successful.

e. In case the candidate does not secure the minimum academic

requirement in any subject (as specified in 5.a to 5.c), he has to

reappear for the End Examination in that subject. A candidate

shall be given one chance to re-register for each subject

provided the internal marks secured by a candidate in that

subject is less than 50% and he has failed in the end

examination. In such a case, the candidate must re-register for

the subject (s). In the event of re-registration, the internal marks

and end examination marks obtained in the previous attempt are

nullified. 3


f. In case the candidate secures less than the required attendance

in any subject(s), he shall not be permitted to appear for the End

Examination in those subject(s). He shall re-register for the

subject(s) when they are next offered.

g. Laboratory examination for M.Tech. subjects must be

conducted with two Examiners, one of them being Laboratory

Class Teacher and second examiner shall be other than the

Laboratory Teacher.

6.0 EVALUATION OF PROJECT / DISSERTATION WORK:

Every candidate shall be required to submit the thesis or

dissertation after taking up a topic approved by the

Departmental Research Committee (DRC).

a. A Departmental Research Committee (DRC) shall be

constituted with the Head of the Department as the Chairman

and two senior faculty as Members to oversee the proceedings

of the project work from allotment of project topic to

submission of the thesis.

b. A Central Research Committee (CRC) shall be constituted with

a Senior Professor as Chair Person, Heads of the Departments

which are offering the M.Tech. programs and two other senior

faculty members from the same department.

c. Registration of Project Work: A candidate is permitted to

register for the project work after satisfying the attendance

requirement of all the subjects (theory and practical subjects.)

d. After satisfying 6.0 c, a candidate has to submit, in consultation

with his project supervisor, the title, objective and plan of action

of his project work to the DRC for its approval. Only after

obtaining the approval of DRC the student can initiate the

Project work.

e. If a candidate wishes to change his supervisor or topic of the

project he can do so with the approval of the DRC. However,

the Departmental Research Committee shall examine whether

the change of topic/supervisor leads to a major change in his

initial plans of project proposal. If so, his date of registration

for the Project work shall start from the date of change of

Supervisor or topic as the case may be whichever is earlier.

4


f. A candidate shall submit and present the status report in two

stages at least with a gap of 3 months between them after

satisfying 6.0 d. The DRC has to approve the status report, for

the candidate to proceed with the next stage of work.

g. The work on the project shall be initiated in the beginning of the

second year and the duration of the project is for two semesters.

A candidate shall be permitted to submit his dissertation only

after successful completion of all theory and practical subject

with the approval of CRC but not earlier than 40 weeks from the

date of registration of the project work. For the approval by

CRC the candidate shall submit the draft copy of the thesis to

the Principal through the concerned Head of the Department and

shall make an oral presentation before the CRC.

h. Three copies of the dissertation certified by the Supervisor shall

be submitted to the College after approval by the CRC.

i. For the purpose of adjudication of the dissertation, an external

examiner shall be selected by the Principal from a panel of 5

examiners who are experienced in that field proposed by the

Head of the Department in consultation with the supervisor.

j. The viva-voce examination shall be conducted by a board

consisting of the supervisor, Head of the Department and the

external examiner. The board shall jointly report the candidate’s

work as:

A. Excellent

B. Good

C. Satisfactory

k. If the adjudication report is not favorable, the candidate shall

revise and resubmit the dissertation, in a time frame prescribed

by the CRC. If the adjudication report is unfavorable again, the

dissertation shall be summarily rejected and the candidate shall

change the topic of the Project and go through the entire process

afresh.

7.0 AWARD OF DEGREE AND CLASS :

A candidate shall be eligible for the degree if he satisfies the

minimum academic requirements in every subject and secures

satisfactory or higher grade report on his dissertation and viva-

voce. 5


After a student has satisfied the requirements prescribed for the

completion of the program and is eligible for the award of M.Tech.

Degree, he shall be placed in one of the following three classes.

% of Marks secured Class Awarded

70% and above First Class with Distinction

60% and above but less than 70% First Class

50% and above but less than 60% Second Class

The grade of the dissertation shall be mentioned in the marks

memorandum.

8.0 WITHHOLDING OF RESULTS:

If the candidate has not paid any dues to the college or if any case

of indiscipline is pending against him, the result of the candidate

shall be withheld and he will not be allowed into the next higher

semester. The recommendation for the issue of the degree shall be

liable to be withheld in all such cases.

9.0 TRANSITORY REGULATIONS:

a. A candidate who has discontinued or has been detained for

want of attendance or who has failed after having studied the

subject is eligible for admission to the same or equivalent

subject(s) as and when subject(s) is/are offered, subject to 4.0

d, e and 2.0.

b. Credit equivalences shall be drawn for the students re-

admitted into 2013 regulations from the earlier regulations. A

Student has to register for the substitute / compulsory / pre-

requisite subjects identified by the respective Boards of

Studies.

c. The student has to register for substitute subjects, attend the

classes and qualify in examination and earn the credits.

d. The student has to register for compulsory subjects, attend

the classes and qualify in examination.

e. The student has to register for the pre-requisite courses,

attend the classes for which the evaluation is totally internal.

6


10.0 GENERAL

1. The academic regulations should be read as a whole for

purpose of any interpretation.

2. In case of any doubt or ambiguity in the interpretation of the

above rules, the decision of the Chairman, Academic

Council is final.

3. The College may change or amend the academic regulations

and syllabus at any time and the changes amendments made

shall be applicable to all the students with effect from the

date notified by the College.

4. Wherever the word he, him or his occur, it will also include

she, hers.

******

7


COURSE STRUCTURE

SEMESTER - I

Course

Code

THEORY/LAB L P C

13BM2201 Advanced Computational Methods 4 - 3

13ME2301 Advanced Fluid Mechanics 4 - 3

13ME2302 Advanced Thermodynamics 4 - 3

13ME2303 Advanced Heat Transfer 4 - 3

13ME2304 Advanced I.C. Engines 4 - 3

13ME2305

13ME2306

13ME2307

Elective – I

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

Advanced Power Plant Engineering

Jet and Rocket Propulsion

4 - 3

13ME2308 Thermal Engineering Lab - 3 2

TOTAL 24 3 20

SEMESTER – II

Course

Code

THEORY/LAB L P C

13ME2309 Measurements in Thermal Engineering 4 - 3

13ME2310 Turbo Machines 4 - 3

13ME2311 Computational Fluid Dynamics 4 - 3

13ME2312 Fuels and Combustion 4 - 3

13ME2313 Renewable Energy Resources 4 - 3

13ME2314

13ME2315

13ME2316

Elective – II

Optimization Techniques and

Applications

Design of Thermal Equipment

Energy Conservation and Audit

4 - 3

13ME2317 Simulation Lab - 3 2

TOTAL 24 3 20

8


SEMESTER – III

Course Code SEMINAR/ PROJECT WORK CREDITS

13ME2318 SEMINAR 2

13ME2319 PROJECT WORK (Contd..) -

SEMESTER – IV

Course code PROJECT WORK CREDITS

13ME2319 PROJECT WORK 40

9


ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL METHODS

Course Code: 13BM2101 L P C

4 0 3

Pre-requisites: Fundamental concepts of calculus, ordinary differential

equations, and elementary numerical methods

Course Educational Objectives:

To make the student understand

1. non-iterative and iterative methods to solve systems of linear

equations

2. Eigen values and Eigen vectors

3. various methods of numerical differentiation and integration

4. methods of solution of certain types of partial differential equations

Course Outcomes:

The student will be able to

1. use advanced numerical methods in modern scientific computing.

2. use numerical methods to interpolate functions and their derivatives.

3. solve ordinary and partial differential equations using numerical

methods.

4. to formulate mathematical models for engineering problems to choose

appropriate methods to solve them

UNIT-I System of linear equations: Gauss elimination method, triangularization

method, Cholesky method, Partition method, Error Analysis for Direct

Methods.

Iteration Methods: Jacobi Iteration Method, Gauss Seidel Iteration

Method, SOR Method.

UNIT-II

Eigen value and Eigen Vectors, Bounds on Eigen values, Jacobi Method

for symmetric matrices, givens method for symmetric matrices,

householders method, power method.

10


UNIT-III

Numerical differentiation: Introduction, methods based on undetermined

coefficients, optimum choice of step length, extrapolation methods,

partial differentiation.

Numerical Integration: Introduction, open type integration rules,

methods based on undetermined coefficients: Gauss-Legendre, Gauss-

Chebyshev, Romberg Integration.

Double integration: Trapezoidal method, Simpson’s method.

UNIT-IV

Numerical Solutions of ordinary differential equations (boundary value

problem): introduction, shooting method: linear and non linear second

order differential equations.

UNIT-V

Numerical solutions of partial differential equations: introduction, finite

difference approximation to derivatives. Laplace equation- Jacobi

method, Gauss Seidel Iteration Method, SOR Method, Parabolic

Equations, iterative methods for parabolic equations, hyperbolic

equations.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. M.K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar and R.K.Jain, “Numerical Methods for

Scientific and Engineering Computation”, New Age International

(P) Limited, Publishers, 4th

Edition, 2003.

2. S.S.Sastry, “Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis”,

Prentice Hall India Pvt., Limited, 4th

Edition.

REFERENCES:

1. Samuel Daniel Conte, Carl W. De Boor, “Elementary

Numerical Analysis: An Algorithmic Approach”, 3rd

Edition,

McGraw-Hill.

11


ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS

Course Code: 13ME2301 L P C

4 0 3

Pre requisites: Basic Fluid mechanics

Course Educational Objectives: To make the student understand

1. lift and drag for flow past a cylinder with and without circulation

2. viscous incompressible flows and their applications

3. concept of boundary layer

4. concept of turbulent flow

5. compressible fluid flow and its applications

Course Outcomes:


1. determine the lift and drag for flow past a cylinder with and

without circulation

2. apply Navier-Stokes equations to solve viscous incompressible

fluid flow problems

3. explain boundary layer formation, separation and control

4. apply Prandtl’s mixing length hypothesis to solve the turbulent

fluid flow problems

5. explain the effect of Mach number in compressible fluid flow

through a variable area

6. solve normal shock wave problems

7. solve oblique shock wave problems

8. apply Fanno flow equations to solve the compressible fluid flow

problems with friction

UNIT-I Rotational and irrotational flows – velocity potential – circulation –

relationship between stream function and potential function – basic

solutions of stream and potential functions for uniform flow, source or

sink, doublet and vortex flow – stationary circular cylinder - cylinder

with circulation.

Normal stresses – shear stresses - Navier-Stokes equations – flow

through a parallel channel – very low Reynolds number flow – order of

magnitude analysis, and approximation of N-S equations – boundary

layer equations. 12


UNIT-II Momentum integral equations – flow over a flat plate – displacement

thickness – momentum thickness – boundary layer separation – drag –

bluff bodies – aerofoils.

Laminar–turbulent transition – time mean and time dependent

description – conservation of mass – momentum equations and Reynolds

stresses – boundary layer equations – shear stress models, eddy

viscosity, Prandtl’s mixing length – laminar sub layer –turbulent

boundary layer on a flat plate.

UNIT-III Wave propagation in an elastic solid medium – propagation of sound

waves – Mach number – Mach angle – equation of sound wave.

Energy equation – energy equation for non-flow and flow processes –

adiabatic energy equation – stagnation enthalpy - stagnation temperature

- stagnation pressure – stagnation velocity of sound – reference

velocities – Bernoulli’s equation – effect of Mach number on

compressibility.

UNIT-IV Comparison of isentropic and adiabatic processes – Mach Number

variation - expansion in nozzles – compression in diffusers – stagnation

and critical states – area ratio as a function of mach number – impulse

function - mass flow rate, flow through nozzles - convergent nozzles –

convergent-divergent nozzles – flow through diffusers.

Development of a shock wave – rarefaction wave – governing equations,

Fanno line, Rayleigh line -Prandtl-Meyer relation – Mach number

downstream of the shock wave – static pressure ratio across the shock -

temperature ratio across the shock – density ratio across the shock -

stagnation pressure ratio across the shock.

UNIT-V

Nature of flow through oblique shock waves – fundamental relations -

Prandtl’s equation – Rankine-Hugoniot equation.

The Fanno curves – Fanno flow equations – variation of flow

parameters.

13


TEXT BOOKS:

1. A.K. Mohanty, “Fluid Mechanics”, 2nd

Edition, PHI Learning

Private Limited, New Delhi, 2010.

2. S.M. Yahya, “Fundamentals of Compressible Flow With Aircraft

And Rocket Propulsion

(SI UNITs)”, 3rd

Edition, New Age International Publishers, New

Delhi, 2003.

REFERRENCES: 1. Som and Biswas, “Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid

Machines”, 2nd

Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004.

2. S.W. Yuan, “Foundations of Fluid Mechanics”, Prentice-Hall,

1967.

3. Patrick H. Oosthuizen and William E. Carscallen, “Compressible

Fluid Flow”, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, 1997.

14


ADVANCED THERMODYNAMICS


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Basic thermodynamics, Statistics



1. the principle of entropy, and entropy generation in closed and open

systems

2. the concepts of availability and irreversibility

3. properties of gases and gas mixtures, and thermodynamic relations

4. thermodynamics of reactive systems and chemical equilibrium

5. certain advanced power cycles

6. concepts of statistical thermodynamics

Course Outcomes: The student will be able to

1. apply the principles of entropy and irreversibility to solve practical

problems

2. explain the equations of state for ideal and real gases and gas mixtures

3. use thermodynamic relations to predict latent heats and other

properties of substances

4. explain combined power cycles

5. explain thermodynamic distribution function and partition function in

classical thermodynamics

UNIT-I Entropy: Clausius theorem - the property of entropy – the inequality of

Clausius – entropy change in an irreversible process – entropy principle

– applications of entropy principle to the processes of transfer of heat

through a finite temperature difference, and mixing of two fluids

maximum work obtainable from a finite body and a thermal energy

reservoir – entropy transfer with heat flow - entropy generation in a

closed system – entropy generation in an open system.

15


UNIT-II

Available energy: Available energy referred to a cycle - available

energy from a finite energy source – maximum work in a reversible

process – dead state – availability in a steady flow process – availability

in a non-flow process – availability in chemical reactions.

P-V-T Relationships for pure substances: P-v diagram for a pure

substance, triple point line, critical point, saturated liquid and vapor

lines, P-T diagram for a pure substance - T-s diagram for a pure

substance – h-s diagram (Mollier diagram) for a pure substance –

dryness fraction – problems using steam tables.

UNIT-III

Properties of Gases: Equations of state – Vander Waal’s equation – law

of corresponding states – Beattie-Bridgeman equation, Redlich-Kwong

equation.

Gas Mixtures: Dalton’s law of partial pressures – enthalpy and entropy

of gas mixtures.

Reactive Systems: Degree of reaction – reaction equilibrium – law of

mass action – heat of reaction – temperature dependence of the heat of

reaction – temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant – change

in Gibbs function – Fugacity and activity.

UNIT-IV

Thermodynamic Relations: Maxwell’s equations –TdS equations –

difference in heat capacities – ratio of heat capacities – Joule-Kelvin

effect – Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

Power Cycles: Brayton cycle – comparison between Brayton cycle and

Rankine cycle – effect of regeneration on Brayton cycle efficiency –

Brayton-Rankine combined cycle.

Statistical Thermodynamics-I: Thermodynamic equilibrium

distribution – thermodynamic distribution function – thermodynamic

ensemble, micro canonical ensemble, canonical ensemble, grand

canonical ensemble.

UNIT-V

Statistical Thermodynamics-II: Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics and

distribution – Fermi-Dirac statistics and distribution – Bose-Einstein

statistics and distribution – phase space – Liouville equation –

equilibrium constant by statistical thermodynamic approach.

16


Partition function – equipartition of energy – partition function for

canonical ensemble – partition function for an ideal monoatomic gas –

decomposition of partition function – translational partition function –

electronic, rotational and vibrational partition functions.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. P.K. Nag, “Engineering Thermodynamics”, 4th

Edition, Tata

McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited, 2010.

2. S.S. Thipse, “Advanced Thermodynamics”, Narosa Publishing

House, New Delhi, 2013

REFERENCES:

1. Y.A. Cengel and M.A. Boles, “Thermodynamics – An Engineering

Approach”, 5th

Edition in SI Units, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi, 2006.

2. C. Borganakke and R.E. Sonntag, “Fundamentals of

Thermodynamics”, 7th

Edition,

Wiley India, Delhi, 2012.

3. Van P. Carey, “Statistical thermodynamics and micro scale thermo

physics”, Cambridge University Press, 1999

17


ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Fluid mechanics and basic heat transfer


1. fin heat transfer for certain special geometries

2. solution methods for problems of two dimensional steady state heat

conduction

3. transient heat conduction for different boundary conditions

4. heat transfer in laminar and turbulent flows over a flat plate and

through pipe

5. external and internal boiling and condensation

6. radiation exchange between surfaces, and gas radiation

Course Outcomes:


1. calculate fin effectiveness for rectangular and triangular fins

2. solve numerically 2-D steady state heat transfer problems for

specified boundary conditions

3. find heat transfer rates in transient heat conduction for specified

boundary conditions

4. obtain heat transfer coefficients in laminar and turbulent forced

convection

5. explain boiling and condensation outside and inside pipes

6. construct networks for radiation exchange between surfaces

UNIT-I

General heat conduction equation: Heat conduction equation in

Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.

One-dimensional steady state heat conduction: Heat transfer from

extended surfaces – infinitely long fin - rectangular and triangular fins –

boundary conditions - fin performance.

Two-dimensional steady state heat conduction: Steady state two-

dimensional heat conduction equation – boundary conditions –

numerical solution by finite difference method. 18


Definition of conduction shape factor – conduction shape factor for a

three-dimensional wall and for different other geometries.

UNIT-II

Unsteady-state heat conduction: Lumped heat capacity system -

transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite rod - transient heat

conduction in an infinite plate with convection boundary condition at the

surface.

Transient heat conduction in an infinite cylinder exposed to a convection

environment - transient heat conduction in a sphere - Heisler’s charts.

Forced convection-I: Laminar boundary layer on a flat plate – Von

Karman analysis through integral equations for hydrodynamic boundary

layer thickness – energy balance equation and thermal boundary layer on

a flat plate, turbulent boundary layer – mixing length and eddy viscosity.

UNIT-III

Forced convection-II: Heat transfer in laminar tube flow – turbulent

flow in a tube, heat transfer in high speed flow – liquid metal heat

transfer – high speed heat transfer for a flat plate.

Boiling: Regimes of saturated pool boiling – Rohsenow’s correlation for

nucleate pool boiling, flow boiling: external flow boiling, internal flow

boiling, two-phase flow regimes.

UNIT-IV

Condensation: Nusselt’s analysis for laminar film condensation on a

vertical plate – condensate Reynolds number – film condensation inside

horizontal tubes.

Heat pipe: Heat pipe components, materials and working fluids –

Applications of heat pipe – Cooling of electronic components.

UNIT-V

Radiation heat transfer: Radiation properties – Kirchhoff’s law –

Wien’s displacement law – Planck’s distribution law – black body - gray

body. Radiation heat exchange between black isothermal surfaces -

radiation shape factor, Irradiation–radiosity– space resistance – surface

resistance – radiation networks – radiation between two hot plates

enclosed by a room. 19


Gas radiation: Radiation exchange between a gas and a heat transfer

surface - absorption in a gas layer - radiation network for an absorbing

and transmitting medium, interaction of radiation with conduction and

convection.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Holman, J.P., “Heat Transfer”, 10th

Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2010.

2. David Reay and Peter Kew, “Heat pipes – Theory, Design and

Applications”, 5th

Edition, Butterworth and Heinemann (Elsevier),

2006.

REFERENCES:

1. M. Thirumaleswar, “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer”,

2nd

Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2009.

2. Incropera, F.P., Dewitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L., Lavine, A.S.,

Seetharamu, K.N. and Seetharam,T.R., “Fundamentals of Heat and

Mass Transfer”,1st

Edition, WileyIndia, 2013.

3. Sachdeva, T.R., “Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass

Transfer” (SI UNITs), 4th

Edition, New Age International, 2010.

20


ADVANCED I.C. ENGINES


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Basic thermodynamics, Thermal Engineering and Basic

Fluid Mechanics.



1. engine operating parameters like fuel-air mixtures, temperature and

cycles

2. supercharging, turbo charging and flow through ports and valves

3. combustion process in SI engine and CI engine and emissions

formation during the combustion cycle and their treatment.

4. metering and flow of charge in SI engines

5. modern trends in IC engines

Course Outcomes:

The student will be able to explain

1. design parameters like fuel-air mixtures and cycle analysis

2. gas exchange processes and motion of charge in the cylinder and its

effects on combustion process in SI and CI engines and control the

pollutant formation

3. flow in carburetor and Intake manifolds

4. modern concepts like Lean burn, HCCI, GDI

UNIT I

Engine types and their operation, engine design and operating

parameters, Fuel-air mixtures and cycle analysis- thermo chemistry of

fuel-air mixtures, properties of working fluids, ideal models of engine

cycles, fuel-air cycle analysis, and availability analysis of engine

processes.

UNIT II Gas Exchange Processes - Volumetric efficiency, flow through valves,

residual gas fraction, exhaust gas flow rate and temperature variation,

flow through ports, supercharging and turbo charging. 21


UNIT III Charge motion- Mean velocity and turbulence characteristics, swirl,

squish, pre-chamber engine flows, crevice flows and blowby.

Fuel metering and manifold phenomenon-SI engine mixture

requirements, carburetors, fuel injection systems, flow past throttle plate,

flow in intake manifolds.

UNIT IV SI Engine combustion, thermodynamic analysis of SI engine

combustion, flame structure and speed, cyclic variations in combustion,

and abnormal combustion.

CI Engine combustion-Essential features, types of diesel combustion

systems, phenomenological model, analysis of cylinder pressure data,

fuel spray behavior, ignition delay, and mixing-controlled combustion.

UNIT V Pollutant formation and control- Nature and extent of problem, nitrogen

oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon emissions, particulate

emissions, exhaust gas treatment.

Modern trends in I.C. engines, lean burning engines-rotary engines,

modification in I.C engines to suit Bio – fuels, HCCI and GDI concepts.

TEXT BOOK:

1. John B. Heywood, “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental”,

1st

Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.

REFERENCES:

1. Heinz Heisler, “Advanced Engine Technology”, Trafalgar Square,

1997.

2. V. Ganesan, “Internal Combustion Engines”, 2nd

Edition, Tata

McGraw Hill, 2002.

3. M.L.Mathur and R.P. Sharma, “Internal Combustion Engines”,

DhanpatRai, 2008.

22


REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING

(Elective – I)


4 0 3

Pre- requisites: Thermodynamics and Heat transfer


To enable the student

1. understand the principles of refrigeration and air

conditioning.

2. calculate the cooling load for different applications.

3. select the suitable equipment for a particular application.

4. design and implement refrigeration and air conditioning

systems using standards.

Course Outcomes:


1. differentiate between various refrigeration systems

2. apply refrigeration and air conditioning principles

3. design refrigeration systems

4. design air conditioning systems

UNIT – I Review on refrigeration- Methods of refrigeration-refrigeration by

expansion of air-refrigeration by throttling of gas-vapor refrigeration

system-steam jet refrigeration system-unit of refrigeration and COP–

mechanical refrigeration–types of ideal cycles of refrigeration.

Air Refrigeration - Bell-Coleman cycle and Brayton Cycle, open and

dense air systems – actual air refrigeration system problems – air craft

refrigeration -simple, bootstrap, regenerative, and reduced ambient

systems – problems based on different systems.

Refrigerants - types, properties, and selection.

Refrigeration system components - compressors – general classification

– comparison – advantages and disadvantages, condensers and cooling

towers – classification – working principles, evaporators – classification

– working principles, expansion devices – types – working principles.

23


UNIT-II Vapor compression refrigeration -working principle and essential

components of the plant – simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle

– COP – representation of cycle on T-S and p-h charts – effect of sub

cooling and super heating – cycle analysis – methods to improve the

COP - use of p-h charts – wet versus dry compression.

Multi-evaporator and compressors -methods of improving COP, sub-

cooler heat exchanger, optimum inter stage pressure for two stage

refrigeration system –single load systems-multi load systems with single

compressor-multiple evaporator and compressor system - dry ice

system-cascade systems.

Vapor absorption system – simple absorption system –practical

ammonia absorption system – Electrolux Refrigerator- comparison of

VARS COP with Carnot COP- Domestic Electrolux Refrigerator-

Lithium–Bromide system-actual analysis of ammonia absorption

system-advantages of VARS over VCRS.

UNIT-III Steam jet refrigeration system - analysis-components of plant-

advantages, limitations and applications –performance.

Non-conventional refrigeration systems - thermoelectric refrigerator -

Vortex tube or Hilsch tube

Methods of defrosting - automatic periodic defrosting–solid absorbent

system- water defrosting-defrosting by reversing cycle-automatic hot gas

defrosting-thermo bank defrosting-electric defrosting -electric air switch

defrosting system-two outdoor unit system-multiple evaporators

defrosting system.

Applications: Food processing and storage by refrigeration.

UNIT-IV Air-conditioning- psychometric properties-psychrometric processes-

summer air-conditioning systems-winter air conditioning systems-year

around air –conditioning-requirements of comfort air-conditioning-

thermodynamics of human body- comfort chart-design considerations-

need for ventilation.

24


Air conditioning systems -classification of equipment - filters, grills and

registers, fans and blowers, humidifiers, dehumidifiers-central station

air-conditioning system-unitary air-conditioning system-self-contained

air-conditioning units.

UNIT-V Design of air conditioning systems -cooling load calculations - different

heat sources-bypass factor (BF) - effective sensible heat factor (ESHF) -

cooling coils and dehumidifying air washers.

TEXT BOOK:

1. S.C. Arora and S. Domkundwar, “A Course in Refrigeration and

Air Conditioning”, 8th

Edition, DhanpatRai & Co., 2012.

REFERENCES:

1. C.P.Arora, “Refrigeration and Air Conditioning”, 2nd

Edition, Tata

McGraw-Hill, 2008.

2. W.P. Stoeker, “Refrigeration and Air Conditioning”, Tata

McGraw-Hill, 1989.

3. R.J. Dossat, “Principles of Refrigeration”, John Willey and sons,

John Wiley (SI Version), 1989.

25


ADVANCED POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

(Elective – I)


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering



1. various improvements possible in steam and gas turbines

2. advanced power cycles

3. advances in nuclear and MHD power plants.

4. combined operations of different power plants

5. environmental issues related to the power plants.

6. economic analysis of power plants

Course Outcomes:


1. suggest improvements possible in steam and gas turbines

2. advanced power cycles

3. explain advances in nuclear and MHD power plants

4. explain how to combine different power plants

5. handle issues related to the power plants

6. explain economic analysis of power plants

UNIT – I

Rankine Cycle – performance – thermodynamic analysis of cycles, cycle

improvements, super heaters, reheaters – condenser and feed water

heaters – operation and performance – layouts, gas turbine cycles –

optimization – thermodynamic analysis of cycles – cycle improvements

– multi spool arrangement. intercoolers, reheaters, regenerators –

operation and performance – layouts.

UNIT- II Binary and combined cycle – coupled cycles – comparative analysis of

combined heat and power cycles – IGCC – AFBC/PFBC cycles –

thermionic steam power plant.

26


UNIT- III

Overview of Nuclear power plants – radioactivity – fission process –

reaction rates –diffusion theory, elastic scattering and slowing down –

criticality calculations – critical heat flux – power reactors – nuclear

safety. MHD and MHD – steam power plants.

UNIT- IV

Advantages of combined working – load division between power

stations – storage type hydro-electric plant in combination with steam

plant – run of river plant in combination with steam plant – pump

storage plant in combination with steam or nuclear power plant –

coordination of hydro-electric and gas turbine stations – coordination of

hydro-electric and nuclear power station – coordination of different

types of power plants.

Air and water pollution –acid rains – thermal pollution – radioactive

pollution –standardization – methods of control.

UNIT-V Load curves–effects of variable load on power plant design and

operation–peak load plant– requirements of peak load plants–cost of

electrical energy–selection of type of generation– selection of generating

equipments–performance and operating characteristics of power plants.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Nag, P.K., “Power Plant Engineering”, Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing

Co Ltd, New Delhi, 1998.

2. Arora and Domkundwar, “A course in power Plant Engineering”,

DhanpatRai and CO, 2004.

REFERENCES:

1. Haywood, R.W, “ Analysis of Engineering Cycles”, 4th

Edition,

Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991.

2. Wood, A.J., Wollenberg, B.F, “Power Generation, operation and

control”, John Wiley, New York, 1984.

3. Gill, A.B., “ Power Plant Performance”, Butterworths, 1984.

4. Lamarsh, J.R., “Introduction to Nuclear”, Engg.2nd

edition, Addison-

Wesley, 1983. 27


JET AND ROCKET PROPULSION

(Elective – I)


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering



1. jet and rocket propulsion cycles

2. combustion of solid and liquid propellants

3. basics of rocket engine

4. hybrid propellant rocket

5. selection of rocket propulsion systems

Courses Outcomes:

The student will be able to explain

1. jet and rocket propulsion cycles

2. working of rocket engines

3. combustion principles of solid and liquid propellants

4. working of hybrid rocket engines

5. selection process of rocket propulsion systems

UNIT-I Ramjet engine, pulse jet engine, turboprop engine, turbojet engine, thrust

and thrust equation, specific thrust of turbojet engine, specific thrust of

the turbojet engine, efficiencies, parameters effecting the flight

performance, thrust augmentation.

Duct jet propulsion, rocket propulsion, chemical rocket propulsion,

nuclear rocket engines, electric rocket propulsion, applications of rocket

propulsion-space launch vehicles, spacecraft, missiles and other

applications.

UNIT-II

Liquid propellant rocket engine-propellants, propellant feed systems, gas

feed systems, propellant tanks, tank pressurization, turbo pump feed

system and engine cycles, flow and pressure balance, valves and pipe

lines, engine support structure. 28


Liquid Propellant properties, liquid oxidizers, liquid fuels liquid

monopropellants, gelled propellants, combustion process, analysis,

combustion instability.

UNIT-III Solid propellant rocket engine - propellant burning rate, basic

performance relations, propellant grain and grain configuration,

propellant grain stress and strain, attitude control.

Motor case – metal cases, wound –filament –reinforced plastic cases,

nozzles- classification, design and construction, heat absorption and

nozzle materials, rocket motor design approach.

UNIT-IV Solid propellants-classification, propellant characteristics, propellant

ingredients, smokeless propellant, igniter propellants, physical and

chemical processes, ignition process, extinction or thrust termination,

combustion instability.

UNIT-V Hybrid propellant rockets - applications and propellants, performance

analysis and grain configuration, combustion instability. Rocket

propulsion systems - selection process, criteria for selection, interfaces.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. V Ganesan, “Gas Turbines”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2nd

Edition, 2003.

2. Sutton P and Oscar Biblaz,” Rocket Propulsion Elements”, Wiley

India Pvt.Ltd. 2010.

REFERENCES:

1. Khajuria and Dubey, “Gas Turbines & Propulsive System”,

DhanpatRai Publications, 2012.

2. Hill and Peterson, “Mechanics and Dynamics of Propulsion”, 2nd

Edition, Prentice Hall, 1991.

29


THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB


0 3 2

Pre requisites: Thermodynamics, Thermal Engineering and Heat

Transfer


To make the student learn

1. measurement of compressibility factor of real gases

2. estimation of dryness fraction of steam

3. analysis of exhaust gases and flame propagation

4. performance test of variable compression ratio diesel engine , R&

AC systems and heat pipe

5. pin fin experiment under forced and natural convection

6. double pipe heat exchanger performance under parallel and

counter flow conditions

7. evacuated tube concentrator

Courses Outcomes:


1. measure the compressibility factor of real gases

2. estimate the dryness fraction of steam

3. analyze exhaust gases and flame propagation

4. conduct performance test on variable compression ratio diesel

engine , R& AC systems and heat pipe

5. conduct performance test on pin fin under forced and natural

convection

6. conduct performance test on double pipe heat exchanger under

parallel and counter flow conditions

7. test the evacuated tube concentrator

30


LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

Any TEN Experiments.

1. Compressibility factor measurement of different real gases.

2. Dryness fraction estimation of steam.

3. Performance test on a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel

engine.

4. Exhaust gas analysis with gas analyzer.

5. COP of refrigeration system.

6. Performance of an air-conditioning system.

7. Pin fin experiment under natural convection heat transfer conditions.

8. Pin fin experiment under forced convection heat transfer conditions.

9. Double pipe heat exchanger with parallel and counter flow.

10. Finned tube heat exchanger.

11. Performance of heat pipe.

12. Evacuated tube concentrator.

31


MEASUREMENTS IN THERMAL ENGINEERING


4 0 3

Pre requisites: basic instrumentation, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer

Course Educational Objectives: To make the student

1. introduce to analyze experimental error, static and dynamic

characteristics of instruments

2. learn the working of various measuring instruments used in the

field of thermal engineering

3. learn the measurement of properties like thermal conductivity of

solids, liquids and gases

4. learn the measurement of transport properties like diffusion,

convective heat transfer

5. introduce to electronic control systems associated with

automatically controlling the measuring parameters.

6. introduce to applications and important features of various

measuring instruments

Course Outcomes:


1. use appropriate instrument for measurement of specific parameter

2. analyze experimental error, Static and Dynamic characteristics of

instruments

3. use appropriate instrument measurement of transport properties

4. practically apply the principles of measurement to engineering

applications / projects.

UNIT-I

Instrument classification, static and dynamic characteristics of

instruments, experimental error analysis, systematic and random errors,

statistical analysis, uncertainty, reliability of instruments,

Variable resistance transducers, capacitive transducers, piezoelectric

transducers, photoconductive transducers, photovoltaic cells, ionization

transducers, Hall effect transducers. 32


UNIT-II Dynamic response considerations, Bridgman gauge, McLeod gauge,

Pirani thermal conductivity gauge, Knudsen gauge, Alphatron.

UNIT-III Flow measurement by drag effects; hot-wire anemometers, magnetic

flow meters, flow visualization methods, interferometer, Laser Doppler

anemometer.

Temperature measurement by mechanical effect, temperature

measurement by radiation, transient response of thermal systems,

thermocouple compensation, temperature measurements in high- speed

flow.

UNIT-IV Thermal conductivity measurement of solids, liquids, and gases,

measurement of gas diffusion, convection heat transfer measurements,

humidity measurements, heat-flux meters.

Detection of thermal radiation, measurement of emissivity, reflectivity

and transmissivity, solar radiation measurement.

UNIT-V

Review of open and closed loop control systems and servo mechanisms,

Transfer functions of Mechanical Systems, input and output systems.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Holman, J.P., “Experimental methods for engineers”, Tata

McGraw-Hill, 7th

Edition, 2007.

REFERENCES:

1. Prebrashensky. V., “Measurement and Instrumentation in Heat

Engineering”, Vol.1, MIR Publishers, 1980.

2. Raman, C.S. Sharma, G.R., Mani, V.S.V., “Instrumentation

Devices and Systems”, 2nd

Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill., 2001.

3. Morris. A.S, “Principles of Measurements and Instrumentation”,

3rd

Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001. 33


TURBOMACHINES


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Basic Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering

Course Educational Objectives: To make the student understand the concepts of

1. gas and steam turbine plants

2. axial and centrifugal compressor stages

3. axial and radial turbine stages

4. axial and centrifugal fans

Course Outcomes:


1. apply thermodynamic principles to various stages of

compressors and turbines

2. explain flow through cascades of compressors and turbines

3. draw velocity triangles for various stages of compressors and

turbines

4. explain parameters required for the design of fans

UNIT-I Turbo machines, turbines, pumps and compressors, fans and blowers,

compressible flow machines, incompressible flow machines, turbine,

compressor and fan stages, extended turbo machines, axial stages, radial

stages, mixed flow stages, impulse stages, reaction stages, variable

reaction stages, multistage machines, stage velocity triangles, design

conditions, off-design conditions, applications.

Thermodynamics -basic definitions and laws, energy equation, adiabatic

flow through nozzles, adiabatic flow through diffusers, work and

efficiencies in turbine stages, work and efficiencies in compressor

stages.

UNIT-II Gas and steam turbine plants - open and closed circuit plants - aircraft

gas turbine plants - gas turbines for surface vehicles, electric power

station, petro-chemical plants and cryogenics.

Types of steam turbines – steam power cycle – industrial steam turbines

– combined steam and gas turbine plants.

Flow through cascades -two-dimensional flow, cascade of blades,

cascade performance, axial turbine cascades, axial compressor cascades,

annular cascades, radial cascades. 34


UNIT-III

Axial compressor stages -stage velocity triangles, enthalpy-entropy

diagram, flow through blade rows, stage losses and efficiency, work

done factor, low hub-tip ratio stages, supersonic and transonic stages,

performance characteristics.

Centrifugal compressor stages -elements of centrifugal compressor

stage, stage velocity triangle, enthalpy-entropy diagram, nature of

impeller flow, slip factor, diffuser, volute casing, stage losses and

performance characteristics.

UNIT-IV

Axial turbine stages -stage velocity triangle, single impulse stage, multi

stage velocity and pressure compounded impulses, reaction stages,

blade-to-gas speed ratio, losses and efficiencies, performance charts, low

hub-trip ratio stages.

Radial turbine stages -elements of a radial turbine stage, stage velocity

triangles, enthalpy-entropy diagram, stage losses, performance

characteristics, outward flow radial stages.

UNIT-V

Axial fans and centrifugal fans -fan applications, axial fans, fan stage

parameters, types of axial fan stages, types of centrifugal fans,

centrifugal fan stage parameters, design parameters.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. S.M. Yahya, “Turbines, Pumps, Compressors”, 4th

Edition, Tata

McGraw Hill, 2010.

REFERENCES:

1. Charles A, Earsons, “The steam turbine”, Cambridge University

Press, 2012.

2. Norman Davey, “Gas Turbines – Theory and practice”, 3rd

Edition, Merchant Books, 2006.

3. S.M. Yahya, “Fundamentals of Compressible flow with aircraft

and rocket propulsion”, New Age International, 2010.

4. Cophen, Roger and Sarvanamiuttu, “Gas Turbines”, 6th

Edition,

Pearson, 2008.

5. Seppo A. Korpela, “Principles of turbomachinery”, John Wiley &

Sons, 2011. 35


COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS


Pre requisites: Fluid mechanics, heat transfer and basic 4 0 3

numerical methods


1. mathematical modeling of physical problems

2. basic features of finite difference and finite volume methods

3. numerical methods to solve transient one and two dimensional

partial differential equations

4. SIMPLE algorithm to solve Navier-Stokes equations

5. mathematical models for turbulent flows

Course Outcomes:


1. explain finite difference and finite volume methods

2. solve problems involving Navier-Stokes equations

3. solve problems involving turbulent flows

UNIT-I Principles of conservation of mass and momentum – dimensionless form

of equations – simplified mathematical models for incompressible,

inviscid, potential and creeping flows, Boussinesq and boundary layer

approximations – mathematical classification as hyperbolic, parabolic

and elliptic flows.

Approaches to fluid dynamical problems – possibilities and limitations

of numerical methods – components of numerical solution method:

mathematical model, discretization method, coordinate and basis vector

systems, numerical grid, finite approximations, solution method,

convergence criteria, consistency, stability, convergence – discretization

approaches: finite difference method, finite volume method, finite

element method.

UNIT-II Finite difference methods: approximation of first, second and mixed

derivatives, uniform and non-uniform derivatives, implementation of

boundary conditions, discretization errors.

Finite volume methods: approximation of surface and volume integrals –

interpolation schemes: upwind differencing, central difference scheme,

quadratic upwind interpolation (QUICK) scheme – implementation of

boundary conditions – algebraic equation system. 36


UNIT III Solution of linear algebraic equations: Gauss elimination method,

Thomas algorithm for tri-diagonal system of equations.

Solution of transient one-dimensional differential equation: explicit

method, Crank-Nicolson implicit scheme.

Solution of unsteady two-dimensional differential equation: Alternating

Direction Implicit method.

UNIT-IV

Solution of Navier-Stokes equations-I: Discretization of derivative

terms: convective and viscous terms, pressure and body force terms –

conservation properties.

Variable grid: Collocated arrangement, staggered arrangement.

The pressure equation and its solution: A simple explicit time advance

scheme, a simple implicit time advance scheme - stream function-

vorticity method.

UNIT-V Solution of Navier-Stokes equations-II: Implicit pressure correction

methods: SIMPLE and SIMPLER algorithms.

Turbulent flows: Large eddy simulation (LES) – Reynolds averaged

Navier-Stokes equations – Simple turbulence models – Reynolds stress

model.

Compressible flow: Pressure correction method, pressure-velocity-

density coupling, boundary conditions.

TEXT BOOK:

1. J. H, Ferziger and M. Peric, “Computational Methods for Fluid

Dynamics”, 3rd

Revised Edition, Springer, 2002.

REFERENCES:

1. C. Hirsch, “Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows:

Volume 1, Fundamentals of Numerical Discretization”, 2nd

Edition,

John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

2. C. Hirsch, “Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows:

Volume 2, Methods of Inviscid and Viscous Flows”, John Wiley

& Sons, 2007.

3. H. K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, “An Introduction to

Computational Fluid Dynamics: the Finite Volume Method”,

Longman Scientific & Technical, 1996.

37


FUELS AND COMBUSTION


4 0 3

Pre-requisites: Thermodynamics



1. solid, liquid and gaseous fuel properties, analysis, process and

handling

2. stoichiometry relations

3. the combustion process

4. features of different types of burners.

5. about emissions

Course Outcomes:


1. differentiate between various fuels

2. analyse exhaust and flue gases

3. understand design considerations of burners

4. control of emissions in combustion.

UNIT-I Classification of coal, analysis and properties of coal, oxidation of coal,

hydrogenation of coal, agro fuels, solid fuel handling.

.

UNIT-II Classification of petroleum products, Handling and storage of petroleum

products, Refining and other conversion processes, property and testing

of petroleum products, other liquid fuels.

Types of gaseous fuels, natural gases, methane from coal mines,

manufactured gases, producer gas, water gas, blast furnace gas, refinery

gas, LPG, cleaning and purification of gaseous fuels.

UNIT-III Stoichiometry relations, theoretical and minimum air required for

complete combustion, calculation of dry flue gases, exhaust gas analysis,

flue gas analysis. 38


Principles of combustion, rapid methods of combustion, flame

propagation, various methods of flame stabilization.

UNIT-IV

Basic features of burner, types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuel burners,

design consideration of different types of burners, recuperative and

regenerative burners, Pulverised fuel furnaces–fixed, entrained, and

fluidized bed systems.

UNIT-V Emissions, Emission index, corrected concentrations, control of

emissions for premixed and non-premixed combustion.

TEXT BOOK:

1. S. Sarkar, “Fuels and combustion”, 3rd

Edition, Universities

Press, 2009.

REFERENCES:

1. H. Joshua Phillips, “Fuels, solid, liquid and gaseous – Their

analysis and valuation”, General Books, 2010.

2. S.R. Turns, “An introduction to combustion – Concepts and

applications”, Tata McGraw- Hill, 2000.

3. K. Kanneth, “Principles of combustion”, Wiley and Sons, 2005.

4. S.P. Sharma and C. Mohan, “Fuels and combustion”, Tata

McGraw-Hill, 1984

39


RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

(Elective-II)


4 0 3

Pre requisites: basic heat transfer


To make the student

1. introduce to the technology of renewable sources of energy

2. learn about the solar radiation, its applications and radiation

measuring instruments

3. learn about the various types of geothermal resources and its

applications

4. study the biomass energy resources , bio-mass systems

5. learn the methods of energy extraction from the wind and oceans

6. learn to the technology of direct energy conversion methods

Course Outcomes:

Student will be able to

1. take up small scale projects- as entrepreneurs- since the cost of

investment is minimal in some of the sources.

2. apply the technology to capture the energy from the renewable

sources like Sun, wind, ocean, biomass, geothermal

3. apply the direct energy conversion methods

UNIT – I

Introduction – Renewable Energy sources-energy parameters-

cogeneration-new technologies-distributed energy systems-impact of

renewable energy generation on environment-solar energy, wind energy,

biomass energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy.

Scenario - survey of energy resources – classification – need for non-

conventional energy resources.

Solar Radiation and its Measurement: The Sun – sun-earth relationship –

solar radiation – radiation measuring instruments.

Solar Collectors: Solar collectors- flat plate collector- performance

analysis of flat plate collector- solar air collectors-solar concentrating

collectors- performance analysis -types of concentrating collectors-

compound parabolic concentrator (CPC)-Tracking CPC and solar swing

- performance analysis. 40


Solar Thermal Energy Storage: Different systems.

Solar Thermal Energy Conversation Systems: solar water heating–

heating of swimming pool-solar thermal power plant-central receiver

power plants– solar ponds-solar pumping systems-solar air heaters- solar

crop drying –solar kilns-integrated solar dryers- solar cooker-solar

passive techniques-solar air conditioning & refrigeration-solar green

houses.

Solar Photovoltaic System: Semi conductor materials and doping-p-n

junction-photovoltaic effect- efficiency of solar cells- semiconductor

materials for solar cells- solar photovoltaic system (SPS)-application-

plastic solar cells with nanotechnology.

UNIT – II

Geothermal Energy: Introduction-structure of earth – plate tectonic

theory-geothermal field–geothermal gradients- geothermal power

generation-preheat hybrid with conventional plant- resources in India.

Wind Energy: Introduction- classification of wind turbines-types of

rotors-terms used-aerodynamic operation –wind energy extraction-

extraction of power-wind characteristics-mean wind speed & energy

estimation-power density duration curve- types of wind machines-

modes of wind power generation.

UNIT - III Bio – Energy: Introduction-biomass resources-bio fuels-biogas-producer

gas-biomass conversion technologies-biochemical conversion-biomass

gasification-biogas technology-biogas plants-energy recovery from

urban waste-MSW based power project-power generation from land fill

gas- power generation from liquid waste-biomass cogeneration-ethanol

from biomass-bio diesel-bio fuel petrol-biomass resource development

in India-environmental benefits.

UNIT – IV Electro Chemical Effects and Fuel Cells: Principle of operation of an

acidic fuel cell-technical parameter of fuel cell-fuel processor-methanol

fuel cell-classification of fuel cells- other types of fuel cells- comparison

between acidic and alkaline hydrogen oxygen fuel cells- efficiency and

EMF of fuel cells- operating characteristics of fuel cells- advantages of

fuel cell power plants- future potential of fuel cells. 41


Hydrogen Energy: Properties of hydrogen in respect of its use as source

of renewable energy- sources of hydrogen- production of hydrogen-

storage and transportation- safety and management-development of

hydrogen cell- economics of hydrogen fuel and – I.C. Engines

applications – utilization strategy – performances.

UNIT – V Energy from Oceans: Tidal Energy: Introduction to -tidal characteristics-

range-energy estimation for tidal power project-double cycle system-

development of tidal power scheme-components of power plant-

advantages and disadvantages-global scenario-power development in

India.

Wave Energy: Introduction -factors effecting wave energy-ocean wave

parameters-energy from waves-wave power data-energy resource in

India-wave area-analysis of wave energy-wave energy conversation-

principles of wave energy-wave power development in India-OTEC.

Direct Energy Conversion: Need for DEC- Carnot cycle- limitations-

Principles of DEC. Thermo-electric generators-Seebeck-Peltier and

Joule-Thompson effects- figure of merit- materials- applications-MHD

generators- principles- dissociation and ionization- Hall effect-magnetic

flux- MHD accelerator- MHD engine- power generation systems-

electron gas dynamic conversion- economic aspects.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. D.P. Kothari, K.C. Singal, Rakesh Ranjan, “Renewable Energy

Resources and Emerging Technologies”, 2nd

Ed., PHI Learning

Private Limited , 2012 .

2. G.D. Rai., “Non-conventional Energy sources”, 4th

Edition,

Khanna Publishers, 2008.

REFERENCES:

1. Suhas- P. Sukhatma and Nayak- J.K., “Solar Energy”, 3rd

Ed.,

TMH- New Delhi, 2008.

2. G.N.Tiwari and M.K.Ghosal, “Fundamentals of Renewable Energy

Resources”, Alpha Science International Limited, 2007.

3. John Twidell & Tony Weir, “Renewable Energy Resources”, 2nd

Edition, Taylor & Francis, 2006. 42


OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS

(Elective-II)


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Basic concepts mathematics and statistics


To make the student learn

1. basic mathematical concepts of optimization

2. methods of modelling and formulating optimization problems

3. different methods of solving optimization problems

4. ways of interpreting solution of optimization problems in

engineering in general and mechanical engineering problems in

particular

Course Outcomes:


1. explain the importance and basic principles of optimization

2. apply the theory to formulate design problems as mathematical

optimization problems

3. solve optimization problems using different methods or algorithms

4. learn different methods of solving unconstrained and constrained

optimization problems

5. select a suitable technique for a specific engineering problem

UNIT-I

Introduction-Classification of optimization problems classical

optimization techniques: single variable optimization–multivariable with

no constraints-multivariable with equality constraints, direct substitution

method, method of Lagrange multipliers.

Unimodal function, methods of single variable optimization -, bisection

method, unrestricted,

Dichotomous, Fibonacci.

UNIT-II Univariate search, Pattern search methods- Hookes-Jeeves method,

Powell’s method, steepest descent method. Penalty approach- interior

and exterior penalty function methods. 43


UNIT- III

Geometric programming -solution from differential calculus point of

view - solution from arithmetic-geometric inequality point of view -

degree of difficulty - optimization of zero degree of difficulty problems

with and without constraints- optimization of single degree of difficulty

problems without constraints.

UNIT-IV

Genetic algorithms - differences and similarities between conventional

and evolutionary algorithms, working principle, reproduction, crossover,

mutation, termination criteria, different reproduction and crossover

operators, GA for constrained optimization, drawbacks of GA.

UNIT-V

Integer Programming- Introduction – formulation – Gomory cutting

plane algorithm – Zero or one algorithm, branch and bound method.

Stochastic programming - Basic concepts of probability theory, random

variables- distributions-mean, variance, correlation, co variance, joint

probability distribution- stochastic linear, dynamic programming.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Singiresu S. Rao, “Engineering Optimization -Theory and

Practice”, 4th

Edition, Wiley, 2009.

REFERENCES:

1. Kalyanmoy Deb, “Optimization for Engineering Design-

Algorithms and Examples”, PHI, 8th

reprint, 2005.

2. Ashok D. Belegundu and Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla,

“Optimization concepts and applications in engineering”, 2nd

Edition, PHI, 2011.

44


DESIGN OF THERMAL EQUIPMENT

(Elective-II)


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Course Educational Objectives: To teach the student

1. about different types of heat exchangers used in industries

2. the method to design multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger for

required specifications

3. to predict the pressure drop on shell-side and tube-side of the heat

exchanger

4. to design compact heat exchanger (such as automobile radiator),

condenser and evaporator

Course Outcomes:


1. calculate the heat exchanger area and pressure drop for a shell-and-

tube heat exchanger

2. know the implications such as fin effect, channel flow to be

considered in the design of

compact heat exchangers

3. design condensers and evaporators for application in refrigeration and

air-conditioning

UNIT-I Classification of heat exchangers: Tubular heat exchangers, plate heat

exchangers, extended surface heat exchangers – flow arrangements –

applications.

Basic design methods of heat exchangers: Overall heat transfer

coefficient – multi pass and cross flow heat exchangers - log mean

temperature difference method – effectiveness-NTU method for heat

exchanger analysis–heat exchanger design calculation–heat exchanger

design methodology.

45


UNIT-II

Correlations for forced convection heat transfer coefficients: Laminar

forced convection in ducts and concentric annuli – turbulent forced

convection in circular pipes – heat transfer in helical coils and spirals –

heat transfer in bends.

UNIT-III Heat exchanger pressure drop and pumping power: Tube side pressure

drop in laminar and turbulent flows – pressure drop in helical and spiral

coils – pressure drop in bends and fittings.

Fouling of heat exchangers: Basic considerations – effect of fouling and

heat transfer and pressure drop – aspects of fouling – design of heat

exchangers subject to fouling.

UNIT-IV Double pipe heat exchangers: Pressure drop – hydraulic diameter –

hairpin heat exchanger – parallel and series arrangements of hairpins –

total pressure drop.

Compact heat exchangers: Plate-fin heat exchangers – tube-fin heat

exchangers – pressure drop for finned-tube heat exchangers – pressure

drop for plate-fin heat exchangers.

UNIT-V Condensers and evaporators: Horizontal shell-and-tube condensers –

horizontal in-tube condensers – plate condensers – air-cooled

condensers, thermal design of shell-and-tube condensers – design and

operational considerations.

TEXT BOOK: 1. Sadik Kakac and Hongtan Liu, “Heat Exchangers – Selection,

Rating and Thermal Design”, CRC Press, New York, USA,

2000.

REFERENCES:

1. Donald Q. Kern, “Process Heat Transfer”, Tata McGraw-Hill,

2001.

2. S. Kakac, A.E. Bergles and F. Mayinger, “Heat Exchangers:

Thermal-Hydraulic Fundamentals and Design”, Hemisphere

Pub., 1981.

3. “Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

(TEMA)”, Inc., 7th

Edition, New York, 1988. 46


ENERGY CONSERVATION AND AUDIT

(Elective-II)


4 0 3

Pre requisites: Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer


1. the principles and importance of energy conservation

2. the role of energy managers in industries

3. the methodology and auditing of energy in process industries

4. the performance of various components associated with

industries related to thermal engineering

5. the role of instrumentation in energy conservation systems

6. the importance of energy management and energy economics.

Course Outcomes:


1. explain the principles and importance of energy conservation

2. know the role of energy managers in industries and importance of

energy management

3. and energy economics

4. apply the methodology and auditing of energy in process industries

5. calculate performance of various components associated with

industries

6. know the role of instrumentation in energy conservation systems

UNIT-I

Introduction – Energy scenario, principles, and imperatives of energy

conservation, energy consumption pattern, resource availability, role of

energy managers in industries.

Energy auditing, methodology with respect to process industries,

characteristic method employed in energy intensive industries.

UNIT-II Energy efficiency in thermal utilities –boilers, steam systems, furnaces,

insulation, refractory, cogeneration, waste heat recovery.

Energy efficiency in compressed air system, refrigeration systems, fans,

blowers, pumps and pumping system, cooling towers. 47


UNIT-III

Concept of total energy, advantages and limitations, total energy system

and application, various possible schemes.

Role of instrumentation in energy conservation, prime movers used in

total energy systems, potential and economics of total energy systems.

UNIT-IV

Potential areas for electrical conservation in various industries, energy

management opportunities in electrical heating, lighting system and

electric motors and variable speed drives.

UNIT-V Importance of energy management, energy economics, discount rate,

internal rate of return and life cycle costing.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Goswami and Kreith, “Energy Conversion”, CRC Press, 2007.

2. Umesh Rathod, “Energy management”, S.K. Kataria & Sons,

REFERENCES:

1. Y.P. Abbi, “Energy audit, thermal power, combined cycle and

cogeneration plants”, Teri Publishers, 2012.

2. W.C. Turner., “Energy management hand book”, CRC Press

Publications.

48


SIMULATION LAB


0 3 2

Pre requisites: Theory courses in Heat Transfer and

Numerical Methods



1. solution of problems of heat conduction using fem software

2. solving problems involving heat transfer from fins by writing program

codes in MAT lab software

3. solving problems containing flow and heat transfer using FVM

software

Course Outcomes:


1. write program source codes to some heat transfer problems and solve

them using MAT lab

2. solve some heat transfer problems using FEM software

3. solve certain problems involving flow and heat transfer using FVM

software

LIST OF NUMERICAL PROBLEMS:

Any TEN numerical problems.

The following problems are solved using MATLAB, FEM and FVM

softwares.

1. Two dimensional steady state heat conduction in a slab.

2. One dimensional unsteady state heat conduction in a slab.

3. Heat transfer from a rectangular fin.

4. Heat transfer from a triangular fin.

5. Laminar flow through a rectangular duct.

6. Laminar natural convection from a vertical plate.

7. Parallel flow double pipe heat exchanger.

8. Counter flow heat exchanger.

9. Solution of a Tridiagonal matrix (TDM) using Thomas algorithm.

10. Solution of a second order ordinary differential equation by fourth-

order Runge-Kutta Method.

11. Solution of simultaneous first order ordinary differential equations

by fourth-order Runge-Kutta Method. 49

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