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INCO-CT-2006-026180 1 MUGIL Deliverable 2 - 2007

DELIVERABLE 2

MUGIL

Main Uses of the Grey mullet as Indicator of Littoral environmental changes

2006 - 2009

09 - 11 May 2007

Homepage: www.mugil.univ-montp2.fr Coordinator: J. Panfili (IRD)

Summary Workshop 1 represented the commencement of discussions around the MUGIL database construction and its link with FishBase (www.fishbase.org). A preliminary international database on the flathead mullet Mugil cephalus has been compiled.

European Commission

INCO-CT-2006-026180

MUGIL

MUGIL database

C. Aliaume, J. Panfili, C.W. Chang, J.D. Durand, D. Flores Hernández, P. Lalèyè, B. Morales-Nin, W.N. Tzeng, A.K. Whitfield 1,2,3

1 Addresses at the end of the document. 2 MUGIL Deliverable 2 follows the first MUGIL workshop held in Grahamstown (South Africa); 9-11 May 2007 (see Annexure 1). 3 Image on cover: www.fao.org


Contents

Page

1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2. OBJECTIVE 1: MUGIL CEPHALUS ON FISHBASE............................................................................ 3

2.1. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES ON MUGIL CEPHALUS ............................................................................. 3 2.2. KNOWLEDGE UPDATE ON MUGIL CEPHALUS IN FISHBASE.................................................................... 4 2.3. TASKS FOR THE NEXT DATABASE WS5 (CAMPECHE, MEXICO, APRIL 2008)......................................... 5

3. OBJECTIVE 2: CONSTRUCTION OF A MUGIL CEPHALUS DATABASE.................................... 5 4. CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 8 5. AUTHOR ADDRESSES ............................................................................................................................. 9 6. ANNEX 1 - WS1 AGENDA ...................................................................................................................... 10 7. ANNEX 2 - REFERENCE LIST.............................................................................................................. 15 8. ANNEX 3 - CORRECTED FISHBASE PAGES ON MUGIL CEPHALUS ......................................... 23


1. Introduction The first task of the MUGIL project was to construct a specific database on Mugil cephalus which

includes available scientific references along with relevant environmental and biological data from a wide range of geographic areas. To achieve this first task a workshop (WS1) was organised at the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity in Grahamstown (South Africa) from 9th to 11th May 2007 (Annexure 1). During this workshop two objectives were defined: 1) to give expert advice on the Mugil cephalus references to be included in FishBase and to provide all reference documents in pdf format, and 2) to select and insert the relevant variables into a template covering biological data on Mugil cephalus.

2. Objective 1: Mugil cephalus on FishBase The original objective has been to build a database with available bibliographic references from

several geographical zones. The information gathered has the potential to be included in the FishBase (FB) website, which is an accessible platform consulted by a large international audience. FishBase is also supported by the European Commission, the funders of MUGIL.

2.1. Bibliographic references on Mugil cephalus

One of the FishBase managers, Nicolas Bailly (Worldfish Center, Laguna, Philippines) was contacted and the possibility of collaboration with MUGIL was discussed with him in October 2006 at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. From a FB perspective it would be very useful to get updated information on Mugil cephalus biology and ecology that can be included in the FishBase web site. The possibility of adding new tables in FB containing specific information on otolith microchemistry, genetics, biomarkers, etc was also discussed.

During WS1, the MUGIL partners gathered Mugil cephalus references from various geographic regions (Mexico, West Africa, South Africa, southern Europe and Taiwan). A special effort was made to gather grey literature, including theses and reports that are not easily accessible. This search yielded a list of 217 references (Annexure 2), which included only 3 references that were already covered by FB. FishBase currently contains a total of 417 references for M. cephalus.

During the workshop, the participants reviewed the 217 pdf documents and checked the scientific fields covered by the papers. This information has been summarized following the FB thematic fields available on internet web pages (Table 1). As already discussed with the FB manager, this new information, together with the pdf references, will be supplied to FB in order to extract the relevant information and update the M. cephalus FB pages. As agreed with FB, the MUGIL project will cover the cost of a technician needed for updating FB (estimated to be 1 month).

The references have been included in a common databank (EndNote) and links to the pdf files have been created. The references will be displayed in the public domain of the MUGIL web page whereas the pdf files will be loaded in the private domain for use by MUGIL partners only.


Table 1: Number of publications gathered by MUGIL partners listed under thematic Fishbase fields.

Thematic field Number of publications

Countries 23Ecosystems 56Ecology 41Diet 16Food items 18Food consumption 11Ration 5Predators 4Common names 3Synonyms 1Reproduction 19Maturity 14Spawning 15Eggs 12Egg dev. 2Larvae 4Larval dynamics 3Growth 20L-W relationship 13L-L relationship 5Length frequencies 12Recruitment 11Max. age & size 2Metabolism 14Morphology 8Morphometrics 10Genetics 31Allele frequencies 17Heritability 1Aquaculture 13Aquaculture profile 4Diseases 10Ecotoxicology 24Total References 217

2.2. Knowledge update on Mugil cephalus in FishBase

During MUGIL WS1, the M. cephalus information available online in the FB main pages was reviewed and 2 pages ("species summary" and "ecology" pages) were edited and updated, together with inclusion of new references in the text (Annexure 3). The revised main pages, together with MUGIL consortium comments, have been sent to the FB manager for further revision.

Additional remarks were inserted within the FB thematic fields, including: • In the "species summary" page, the photo of M. cephalus is not appropriate since it

includes another species. The picture should therefore be changed. • The world maps (both Aqua Map and Point Map) provided for M. cephalus require

updated information, e.g. the distribution in parts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea were inaccurate or not well represented.

• Within the “Occurrence” field, some new information is available (e.g. from Spain, France, etc). This should be corrected by adding the new references provided by the MUGIL project.


• Within the “Spawning” field it was suggested that information relating to the northern and the southern hemispheres be separated.

• Within the “Larvae” field, text which is not related to larvae should be deleted. The picture displayed is not the picture of a M. cephalus larva. In addition, egg development information is available and should be completed.

• The meristic information, corrected in the “Species summary” page, should be updated in the “Morphology” field (i.e. anal fin spine and rays counts, lateral line scale count).

2.3. Tasks for the next database WS5 (Campeche, Mexico, April 2008)

The tasks to be achieved during the second database workshop (MUGIL WS5) planned in April 2008 were discussed. The list includes the following:

• Revise the M. cephalus FB page update. • Increase the list of M. cephalus references. • Increase information in some specific fields (e.g. ecotoxicology). • Construct a comprehensive list of scientists working on M. cephalus. This list will be

displayed in the public domain on the MUGIL web site and could be used to foster collaboration between M. cephalus researchers.. In the future, this list could serve the purpose of organising an international conference on Mugil cephalus.

3. Objective 2: Construction of a Mugil cephalus database The structure of a DB that includes specific biological and ecological data was developed during

MUGIL WS1. It has been built using Microsoft Access software and includes several tables (Figure 1).

Figure1. Structure of the MUGIL database for specific data on Mugil cephalus collected from all over the world.


The different tables depicted in Figure 1 are described below:

Table MAIN The table "MAIN" includes general information about the sample, including different variables:

"Species", date of sampling ("Year", "Month", "Day", "Hour"), locality ("Country", "FAO area", "Ecosystem_name", "Ecosystem_type", "Station_ID", "NS_co-ordinates", "WE_co-ordinates"), the sampling method ("Sampling_method") and the individual reference ("Indiv_code_origin", "Indiv_code_MUGIL").

Information for specific fields: • Ecosystem_name: the common appellation for the area (e.g. Saloum Estuary, Tapin Bay). • Ecosystem_type: estuary, lagoon, coastal waters, marine bay, delta, river, surf zone. • Station_ID: sampling station name (number or code). • NS_coordinates, WE_coordinates: in GPS units (degree, minute, second). • Sampling_method: seine, gillnet, trammel net, trap net, block net, castnet, trawl net, fyke net,

long lines, hook and line, spear fishing, market, others. • Indiv_code_origin: codification from former database. • Indiv_code_MUGIL: codification implemented by MUGIL consortium.

Table Habitat The table "Habitat" includes specific information describing the environment, such as: • Habitat: mangrove, seagrass beds, other macrophytes, brush park, artificial habitat (wreck),

harbour, aquaculture pond, beach (no vegetation), salt marsh, swamps, others. • Substratum: sand, mud, rocks. • Depth • Current_speed • Temperature_surf: surface temperature. • Temperature_bottom • Salinity_surf: surface salinity. • Salinity_bottom • pH • Oxygen_dissolved_mg/l: dissolved oxygen in mg. • Light_penetration_cm: measured with a Secchi disk. • Observations

Table Morphometry_Age The table "Morphometry_Age" includes specific information on individual length and life history

parameters, such as: • Ontogenetic_stage: larvae, juvenile, sub-adult (pre-mature individual), adult (individual capable

of breeding). • Length_TL_mm: total length in millimetres. • Length_FL_mm: fork length in millimetres. • Length_SL_mm: standard length in millimetres. • Weight_total_g: total mass in grams. • Weight_gonad_g: mass of gonads in grams. • Weight_liver_g: mass of liver in grams. • Weight_stomach_g: mass of stomach in grams. • Weight_eviscerate_g: eviscerated mass in grams. • Sex: immature, female, male. • Maturity_stage: maturity scale to be decided during MUGIL WS2. • Age • Age_method: estimated from otolith growth marks, or scales or length frequency analysis. • Analfin_color


• Analfin_rays_nb: number of anal fin soft rays. • LL_scale_nb: lateral line scale number. • Observation: different useful information.

Table Genetics

The table "Genetics" includes specific information on individual genetic data, such as: • Locus: the different locus used in the analysis coded as AL (allozyme), MS (microsatellite), EP

(EPIC), MD (mitochondrial DNA), RF (RFLP), ND (Nuclear DNA), or others. • Karyotype: The use of karyotype and its specification. • Heterozygosity: the degree of heterozygosity measured by the different markers (locus).

Table Otolith

The table "Otolith" includes specific information on information recorded from the otoliths, such as:

• Otolith_weight_mg: otolith weight in milligrams. • Left/Right: identification of the left or right otolith. • Otolith_max-length_mm: otolith maximum length in millimetres, generally on the antero-

posterior growth axis for the sagitta. • Otolith_radius_mm: otolith dimensions in millimetres (posterior, anterior, ventral, and dorsal). • Microchemistry: the use or not of the otolith in microchemical analysis, either along a transect

section or in bulk. This information is then linked with the tables on microchemistry.

Table Otolith transect microchem The table "Otolith transect microchem" includes specific information on the use of

microchemical analyses on otolith transects, such as: • Microchem_method: microchemical method used for the analysis (EDS, WDS, ICPMS,

LA_ICPMS, PIXE, AAS, AES, IRMS or others). • Point-number: range of the point analysed along the otolith transect. • Distance_from_core_µm: the actual distance from the otolith core in µm. • Element_concentration: the elemental concentration at the point of analysis. Each line in the

table should correspond to the concentration of one element.

Table Otolith bulk microchem

The table "Otolith bulk microchem" includes specific information on the use of microchemical analysis on the whole otolith (bulk), such as:

• Microchem_method: the microchemical method used for the analysis (EDS, WDS, ICPMS, LA_ICPMS, PIXE, AAS, AES, IRMS or others).

• Element_concentration: the elemental concentration for each element. Each line in the table should correspond to the concentration of one element.

Table Diet

The table "Diet" refers to the information on the feeding of the individuals such as: • Fullness: the fullness of the stomach content in % and the content weight. • Sediment: the absence or presence of sediment in the stomach. • FoodI: type of food as listed in FishBase (detritus, plants, zoobenthos, zooplankton). • FoodII: type of food as listed in FishBase (detritus, phytoplankton, other plants, worms,

molluscs, benthic crustaceans, other benthic invertebrates, planktonic invertebrates, other planktonic or fish early stages).

• FoodIII: type of food as listed in FishBase (see FishBase items). • Commoness: percentage composition of each food category.


• CommonessII: percentage class for each food category (rare = 1-5 %, common = 6-20 %, very common = 21-50 %, dominant > 50 %).

• Foodgroup and Foodname as referred in FishBase.

Table Ecotoxicology The table "Ecotoxicology " refers to the information from ecotoxicological analysis linked with

the ecosystem type and name, the station ID, the habitat and substratum, such as: • Contaminant_type: contaminant types such as heavy metal, and/or PCB and/or PAH. • Ecotox_method: analytical tool of analysis used in the study (AAS, HPLC, ICP or others). • Analytical_sample: type of sample analysed (sediment, muscle, gills, liver, gonads, blood or

others). • Pollutant_concentration: pollutant concentration in the analysed sample. • Ecotox_response: ecotoxycological response (EROD, GST, CYPIA or others).

Table Physiology The table "Physiology" includes diverse information on individual fish physiology, such as

oxygen consumption, Na-K-ATPase level, osmotic pressure, number of ionocytes (e.g. in the gills), hormonal concentration and expression, and enzyme activity:

The aim of the MUGIL project is to standardize data collected on Mugil cephalus for importation to the database and tables.

4. Conclusions The MUGIL Workshop 1 on database construction achieved results at two levels: the correction of

the information given on FishBase internet pages for the species Mugil cephalus together with an update of the references used, and the development of an Access database for future M. cephalus data inputs. MUGIL is now waiting for a response from the FishBase consortium.


5. Author addresses

C. Aliaume

Postal: UMR 5119, Laboratoire ECOLAG. Université Montpellier 2, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon. 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Email [email protected]

J. Panfili

Postal: IRD - UR 070, UMR 5119, Laboratoire ECOLAG, Université Montpellier 2, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Email [email protected]

C.W. Chang

Postal: National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, No. 2, Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, 94450 Taiwan, Republic of China Email [email protected]

J.D. Durand

Postal: IRD - UR 070, UMR 5554 ISEM, Station Méditerranéenne de l’Environnement Littoral, quai de la Daurade, 34200 Sète, France Email [email protected]

D. Flores Hernández

Postal: Centro EPOMEX, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Agustín Melgar y Juan de la Barrera, Campeche, Cam. CP. 24030, Mexico Email [email protected]

P. Lalèyè

Postal: Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin Email [email protected]

B. Morales-Nin

Postal: Instituto Mediterráneo Estudios Avanzados (CSIC/UIB), Miguel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Islas Baleares, Spain Email [email protected]

W.N. Tzeng

Postal: Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, Republic of China Email [email protected]

A.K. Whitfield

Postal: SAIAB, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Email [email protected]

INCO-CT-2006-026180 MUGIL Deliverable 2 - May 2007

6. Annexure 1 - WS1 Agenda

WORKSHOP 1

MUGIL Main Uses of the Grey mullet as Indicator of

Littoral environmental changes 2006 - 2009

Agenda 09 - 11 May 2007


WORKSHOP 1

MUGIL

Main Uses of the Grey mullet as Indicator of Littoral environmental changes

2006 - 2009

09 - 11 May 2007

Homepage: www.mugil.univ-montp2.fr Coordinator: J. Panfili (IRD)

Objectives This workshop meeting will be the starting point o discussions for the MUGIL database construction and its link with FishBase (www.fishbase.org).

European Commission

INCO-CT-2006-026180

MUGIL Contents

Page 1. OBJECTIVES OF MUGIL WS1....................................................................................................................2 2. AGENDA ..........................................................................................................................................................2 3. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS .............................................................................................................................4


1. Objectives of MUGIL WS1 Dear MUGIL colleagues, The first MUGIL Workshop (WS1), related to MUGIL database development, will be held at the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) in Grahamstown, South Africa, 9-11 May 2007 (host: Alan Whitfield). WS1 will focus on the MUGIL database construction, containing bibliographic references (international literature, grey literature…), environmental and biological data, genetic marker data, biomarkers, etc., in order to update the FishBase database (www.fishbase.org) on the species Mugil cephalus. The first objective will be to give our expert advice on the MUGIL references to be included in FishBase and to provide the documents in pdf format. The second objective will be to construct the template of a database Excel (or other format) after selecting relevant variables. Software support for the DB will be chosen, as well as the structure of the DB. Participants should bring information and data for this purpose. WS1 will also seed discussions about the identification of reference collections of biological material. Special attention needs to be given by the participants to provide useful and practical data for the DB. We are looking forward to seeing you soon in Grahamstown. Yours sincerely, Catherine Aliaume & Jacques Panfili 2. Agenda Wednesday 9 May 2007

9h - 10h30 - Overview of FishBase web-pages: knowledge, available data and structure 10h30 - 10h45 Coffey break

10h45 - 12h30 - Overview of FishBase web-pages and Access file for Mugil cephalus 12h30 - 14h00 LUNCH at SAIAB

14h00 - 16h00 - Expertise on MUGIL references compiled in each World area and link with

FishBase 16h00 - 16h15 Coffey break


FishBase DINNER free


Thursday 10 May 2007 9h - 10h30 - Expertise on MUGIL references compiled in each World area and link with

FishBase 10h30 - 10h45 Coffey break


FishBase 12h30 - 14h00 LUNCH at SAIAB

14h00 - 16h00 - Database construction and templates 16h00 - 16h15 Coffey break

16h15 - 18h00 - Database construction and templates

DINNER free

Friday 11 May 2007 9h - 10h30 - Database construction and templates 10h30 - 10h45 Coffey break

10h45 - 12h30 - Database construction and templates - WS1 report 12h30 - 14h00 LUNCH at SAIAB

14h00 - 16h00 - WS1 report 16h00 - 16h15 Coffey break

16h15 - 18h00 - WS1 report finalisation

MUGIL DINNER (with confirmation) - La Galleria Restaurant

Saturday 12 May 2007 10h - 16h00: Field trip on estuarine ecosystems - Great Fish River Estuary (morning): cast and seine netting to catch mugilids. - Kariega Estuary (afternoon): drive to the top (about 15 km) before returning to the

mouth of this beautiful ecosystem.


3. List of participants

Name Institute Country MUGIL N°

Date of Arrival

Date of Departure

Jacques PANFILI IRD France 1 08/05/2007 13/05/2007 Jean-Dominique DURAND IRD France 1 08/05/2007 13/05/2007 Catherine ALIAUME CNRS-UM2 France 4 08/05/2007 13/05/2007 Domingo FLORES HERNANDEZ

UAC-EPOMEX

Mexico 7 08/05/2007 12/05/2007

Philippe LALEYE FSA-UAC Benin 9 06/05/2007 12/05/2007 Beatriz MORALES NIN IMEDEA UIB Spain 10 08/05/2007 13/05/2007 Wan-Nian TZENG IFS-NTU Taiwan 12 08/05/2007 13/05/2007 Chih-Wei CHANG IFS-NTU Taiwan 12 08/05/2007 13/05/2007 Alan WHITFIELD SAIAB S. Africa 14 08/05/2007 13/05/2007

Meeting venue SAIAB Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Tel: +27 (0)46 6035829 Web: http://www.saiab.ru.ac.za Hotel venue 137 High Street (www.137highstreet.co.za) Historic Cottages (www.historiccottages.co.za)


7. Annexure 2 - Reference list

Reference list on Mugil cephalus built during WS1

to be included in FishBase


REFERENCES

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Anastasopoulou A (1988) Contribution in the study of Mugilidae. T.E.I. of Mesolonghi, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries of the School of Technology and Agronomics, Mesolonghi, Greece, p 235 pp

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Chao N-H, Chen H-P, Sherman JK, Liao I-C (1974) Experiment on cryogenic preservation of grey mullet sperm- II. Effect of dilution and cryoprotective agents on prefreeze motility and fertility of mullet spermatozoa. Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan 3:1-9

Charalambous J, Rogakou E (1988) Age determination and length growth study of Mugil cephalus in the Loutsas lagoon of Igoumenitsa, Greece. University of Athens,Department of Zoology of the School of Biology of the Faculty of Sciences, Athens, Greece, p 104 pp

Chauvet C, Mkaouar M (1977) Résultats d'une expérience de marquage sur les muges du lac de Tunis. Bulletin de l'Office National des Pêches de Tunisie 1:181-187

Chen C-C (1973) An economic study of the mullet fishery of Taiwan. China Fisheries Monthly 245:2-7 Chen H-P (1993) Artificial propagation of mullets and freshwater eel in China. China Fisheries Monthly 481:61-64 Chen W-Y (1982a) Catches of the mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and the climatic factors of the coastal waters of Taiwan.

Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan 9:48-54 Chen W-Y (1982b) Preliminary report on electrophoresis of muscle protein of Mugil cephalus L. Bulletin of Taiwan

Fisheries Research Institute 34:149-152 Cid BP, Boia C, Pombo L, Rebelo E (2001) Determination of trace metals in fish species of the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) by

electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chemistry 75:93-100 Clavero M, Prenda J, Delibes M (2004) Influence of spatial heterogeneity on coastal otter (Lutra lutra) prey consumption.

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Yilmaz AB (2003) Levels of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Zn) in tissue of Mugil cephalus and Trachurus mediterraneus from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Environmental Research 92:277-281

Zoulias TP, K (2000) Articulation of the fisheries production in the 'Papas' lagoon: Problems and proposals 6th Hellenic Symposioum on Oceanography and Fisheries. NCMR Association of Employees, [Athens (Greece)], Chios, Greece, p 135-139


8. Annexure 3 - Corrected FishBase pages on Mugil cephalus

Update of information related to Mugil cephalus

available in FishBase (www.fishbase.org)


SPECIES SUMMARY page with comments from MUGIL project experts (see highlighted text). All underlined references are included in the list given by the MUGIL consortium or are in footpage notes.

Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet

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Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 Change photo

Family: Mugilidae (Mullets) Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned

fishes) FishBase name:

Flathead mullet

Max. size: 120 cm SL (male/unsexed; Ref. 7399 check the source, seems too high); max. published weight: 12.0 kg (Ref. 56527 according to the area this weight seems too high); max. reported age: 16 years (reference ?) Aqua Map: “All suitable habitat” distribution does not seem realistic

picture (Mucep_u3.jpg) by Cook, D.C.

AquaMaps | Point map

Environment:

benthopelagic; sometimes catadromous (Ref. 51243, Chang et al 2004); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 – 120 m, normally shallow habitat (<10m)

Climate: Tropical, subtropical, temperate; 8 – 24°C; 47°n - 40°s, 143°w - 155°e

Importance: fisheries: highly commercial in some areas, artisanal; aquaculture: commercial; recreational; also used as bait. Widely cultivated in freshwater and brackish ponds (Ref. 2847, Jackson 1984, Liao 19814). Marketed fresh, dried, salted, and frozen; roe sold fresh or smoked (Ref. 9321); also used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).

Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.09-0.15; tm=2-3; tmax=16; Fec=1.6 million)(reference?)

Distribution: Gazetteer

Cosmopolitan in coastal waters of the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones of all major seas. Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Chile (Ref. 2850). Western Pacific: Japan to Australia (Ref. 9812). Western Indian Ocean: from India to South Africa (Smith & Smith,

4 Liao IC (1981) Cultivation methods. In: Oren OH (ed) Aquaculture of grey mullets. IBP 26. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, p 361-390


1986). Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada to Brazil (Ref. 7251); Cape Cod to southern Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 26938); absent in the Bahamas and most of West Indies and Caribbean (Ref. 7251, 9761). Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (Ref. 7399). Reported in Sea of Okhotsk (Ref. 50550).

Morphology:

Dorsal spines (total): 5 - 5; Dorsal soft rays (total): 7 - 9; Anal spines: 3 (adult), 2 (larvae); Anal soft rays: 8 (adult), 9 (larvae). Lateral line scale count: 37-42.Color olive-green dorsally, sides silvery shading to white ventrally, lateral stripes sometimes distinctive. Lips thin. Pectoral fins short (when folded forward does not reach eye). Well developed adipose eyelid.

Biology: Coastal species (Ref. 2850, 44894) that often enters estuaries and rivers (Ref. 2847, 3573, 11230, 44894). Usually in schools over sand or mud bottom (Ref. 2850). Mainly diurnal, feed on zooplankton as larvae, detritus, micro-algae and benthic organisms as juvenile and adult fish (Blaber 1976, Tung 1981, Cardona 2000). Reproduction takes place in the sea, at various times of the year depending on the location (Van der Horst & Erasmus 1981, Ameur et al 20035). Females spawn 0.8 to 2.6 million eggs (Whitfield & Blaber 1978, Chen & Su 1986). Sexually mature at 3 to 4 years (Tung 1981).

Red List Status:

Not in IUCN Red List (Ref. 57073)

Dangerous: harmless Coordinator:

Harrison, Ian

Main Ref: Tung 1981

5 Ameur B, Bayed A, Bennazou T (2003) Rôle de la communication de la lagune de Merja Zerga (Gharb, Maroc) avec l'Océan Atlantique dans la reproduction d'une population de Mugil cephalus L. (Poisson Mugilidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Sciences de la Vie 25:77-82


ECOLOGY page with comments from MUGIL project experts (see highlighted text). (all underlined references are included in the list given by the MUGIL consortium).

Ecology of Mugil cephalus

Main Ref.: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993

Habitats: Streams

X Estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas

Intertidal

X Marine subtropical

Lakes Soft Oceanic

x Soft bottom

Caves mangroves/marshes/swamps

Rocky Hard bottom

(exclusively)

Coral reefs Sea grass

beds Macrophyte

Ref.: Tung 1981

Feeding: Feeding Type:

mainly plants/detritus (troph. 2-2.19)

Ref.: Michaelis 1993

Feeding Habit:

Benthic detritivore

Ref.: Blaber 1976

Trophic level(s):: Original

sample Unfished population

Remarks:

Estimation method Troph s.e. Troph s.e.

From diet composition

2.13 0.18 2.14 0.18 Troph of adults.

Ref.: Wells, R., 1984

From indiv. food items

2.48 0.17 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.

Remark: Can survive in fresh water but does not breed in it (Ref. 4967). In some areas such as Shark Bay and the Houtman Abrolhos in Western Australia, adults live in marine waters throughout the year. This behaviour seems to occur only where estuarine and freshwater habitats are limited (Ref. 28722). A small proportion (probably about 5%) (Ref. 28722) of older juveniles may leave the estuaries and migrate along the beaches in early summer. Some migrations may be associated with flooding of rivers and is referred to as the 'hardgut' migration because the mullets' guts are empty (Ref. 28722). Migrating sea mullet do not feed during either the 'hardgut' migration or spawning migration (Ref. 6390). Feed on zooplankton, small benthic invertebrates, microalgae, and detritus (Ref. 11889). Undergoes ontogenic shift in diet (Ref. 41769). Small mullet (<2 cm SL) feed on zooplankton (Blaber & Whitfield 1976). Larger juveniles (2 to 4 cm SL) undergo dietary shift to feed increasingly on the substratum . Large mullet (> 4 cm SL) feed on benthic micro-algae and detritus together with


sediments (Ref. 41769). Individuals often jump high out of the water when being pursued by predators (Ref. 4393). Mullet in the marine environment have a strong tendency to school as juveniles and during the spawning season as adults. Feeding schools of juveniles commonly disperse over sand and mud flats of estuaries during high tide and reform on the ebb tide (Ref. 28722). In estuaries Mugil cephalus is often a dominant finfish in the middle and upper reaches (Loneragan et al. 1989). Also Ref. 12676,.

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