Upload
bianca-ryding
View
217
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Multicast and Unicast Real-Time Video Streaming Over Wireless LANs
Abhik Majumdar, Daniel Grobe Sachs, Igor V. Kozintsev, Kannan Ramchandran, and Minerva M. YeungIEEE Transactions on Circuit and Systems for Video Technology
Introduction
Addressing the problem of real-time video streaming over wireless LANs.
Unicast Forward error control (FEC) Automatic Repeat ReQuest (ARQ)
Multicast ARQ Optimization of a maximum regret cost function
Experimental results
Challenges for wireless streaming
Fluctuations in channel quality
High bit-error rates
Heterogeneity among receivers Each user will have different channel
conditions, power limitations, processing capabilities, etc.
Packet-erasure probability in 802.11b
Source coding
Fixed-rate (single resolution) coding Compressing the data to a target size. High compression ratio Ex: DPCM, JPEG, MPEG1
Progressive (scalable) coding Data is divided into coding units. The decoding of the data within a coding unit
can be partial. More data can be decoded implies the better
quality. Ex: MPEG4-FGS
Rate distortion characteristics
Dependencies between data units
Communication protocols
Asynchronous Reliable but have unbounded delay Need acknowledgment Such as ARQ
Synchronous Bounded delay No feedback Such as FEC
FEC coding
Can protect data against channel erasures by introducing parity packets.
Cannot guarantee that the receiver receives all the packets without error.
This paper employs Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. Described by two numbers (n, k)
n is the length of the codeword. k is the number of data symbols in the
codeword. The original data can be recovered if at least k
of the original n symbols are received.
MDFEC
MDFEC Converts a prioritized multi-resolution bitstream into a nonprioritized multiple description bitrstream.
An (n, i) RS code is applied to it to form the N packets.
The ith resolution layer can be decoded on the reception of at least i packets.
MDFEC conversionpacket
layer
Hybrid ARQ
Algorithm Split data into “packet groups” consisting of k packets
each. For each packet group, append n-k RS parity packets. Transmission
Transmitter initially sends only the first k data packets. Transmitter starts sending parity packets until:
An ACK is received The deadline of the transmission is reached
Once at least k packets are received, the receiver sends an ACK.
Coding schemes
Advantages of HARQ
Require less parity packets than FEC.
Require less acknowledgements than ARQ.
When acknowledges are lost, the transmitter simply assumes that more parity is needed.
Block diagram of experimental system
Throughput for FEC, ARQ, and HARQ
n=150
k=100
Discussion
The throughput is defined as (time to send k data packets / the average time actually need to send them). The probability of successfully sending a data packet.
HARQ method is better than that of the ARQ system because fewer ACKs are sent.
Both ARQ and HARQ outperform FEC in this setup.
FEC will become optimal as the block size (n) increases.
A multicast case
ARQ-based schemes are less appropriate for the multicast case.
Problem formulation for multicast Arriving at an overall quality criterion for the multi-user
case is difficult. This paper focuses on a maximal regret criterion.
R is the rate partition E[di]min is the minimum expected distortion for the ith cl
ient. E[di(R)] is the expected distortion for the used coding s
cheme.
minmax iii
dERdER
Minimax regret
Comparison of penalty in distortion
Distortion penalty