Multipurpose Planning

Module M1: Multi-purpose Plan Formulation – Policies and Constraints

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Student Learning ObjectivesThe Student will be able to: Distinguish between “multipurpose” and “multi-objective” Discuss the Corps history of multipurpose projects Distinguish high priority or “stand alone” purposes, from

“add on” or other purposes Identify the major distinguishing attributes of watershed

planning Distinguish between avoidance, mitigation and restoration Provide examples of realistic multipurpose plans

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Definitions

Planning is multi-objective A good planning study always has several planning

objectives Projects are multipurpose

Purposes may include navigation, flood damage reduction, ecosystem restoration, hurricane and storm damage prevention, water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and recreation

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Definitions

A “Stand alone” project purpose may only consist of one of the Corps’ high priority purposes: flood damage reduction, navigation or ecosystem restoration.

“Add-on” project purposes consist of one or more purposes (usually other than high priority) where opportunities exist.

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Multipurpose Formulation Approaches

Three General Approaches

Comprehensive - the preferred method, giving full consideration to all planning objectives and constraints (“pure” multipurpose)

Add-on - where opportunities are evident, but may not be a part of the initial formulation

Incidental – You hope for good things to happen or when good things happen to bad projects

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Continuum of Formulation Approaches

SinglePurpose Project

MultiplePurpose Project

Incidentalbenefits

Added onpurpose

Formulatedfor MP

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What’s Old is New Again

Multipurpose projects and planning grew slowly, starting in 1808 (Gallatin Report)

Multipurpose projects peaked in the 1960s, lead by Dams and Reservoirs

Environmental concerns led to a decrease in reservoirs and hence multipurpose efforts

Now environmental concerns are leading to an increase in NER and multipurpose efforts

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Multipurpose History Gallatin’s 1808 report to Congress

Multi-objective: political unity, national defense, economic development of West

Multipurpose: waterways,canals, roads

Swamp Acts Flood control linked to navigation

Conservation Movement Development and wise use Multipurpose: navigation, irrigation, hydroelectric

power, water power, flood control

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Multipurpose History308 Reports 1925 Corps and Federal Power Commission

Survey of all US streams with power development potential

Formulated general plans Navigation Power Flood control Irrigation

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Multipurpose History Flood Control Act of 1944

Municipal and Industrial Water Supply becomes a full project purpose for reservoirs, as does recreation

Senate Document 97 of 1962 River basins the preferred planning area Multipurpose planning to be used

Principles and Standards of 1973

NEPA integrated into multipurpose planning

Hierarchy of mitigation approaches is a planning consideration

P&G of 1983

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Overall Trends: Multipurpose in the 21st Century

Mid 20th century was “Golden Age” of multipurpose projects - Navigation, flood control, irrigation, M&I water, hydropower, water quality, recreation

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Overall Trends: Multipurpose in the 21st Century

Today multipurpose is likely a mix of ecosystem restoration and other high priority outputs

Navigation, flood damage reduction

With some recreation added on

Watershed Planning facilitates multipurpose planning- similar to the comprehensive river basin studies ( Section 308 studies, 1926)

Environmental Sustainability is an initiative to further multipurpose planning and projects

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Indian Bend Wash

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Current Policy

Wherever possible and subject to budgetary policy…projects shall combine purposes to formulate multiple purpose projects.

It is fundamental to the planning process to investigate the full range of solutions to problems, and to develop comprehensive solutions to problems.

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High Priority Purposes

Flood Damage Reduction

Navigation

Ecosystem Restoration

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Other Project Purposes

• Hurricane and Storm Damage Reduction

• Recreation

• Water Supply

• Hydroelectric Power

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Hurricane and Storm Damage Reduction

May use both structural and non-structural measures

Should be formulated as the primary purpose if part of a multi-purpose recreation project

Current policy does not support new beach nourishment projects (viewed as ongoing construction)

Projects supporting primarily recreation activities should be undertaken by non-Federal interests

Cost sharing is dependent on land ownership and use

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Hurricane and Storm Damage Reduction

Miami Beach, Florida

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Recreation May be included in multipurpose formulation

May be added to project formulated for other high priority purposes

May be incidental to other high priority purposes

Cost sharing is 50/50

Costs limited to 10% of flood damage reduction and/or ecosystem restoration costs

No single purpose projects allowed

Only additional lands for access may be purchased

Limitations on facilities

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Lake Shelbyville Recreation Area, IL

(St. Louis District)

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Water Supply

Surplus water available where no water rights assigned

Municipal and industrial water

Agricultural water

No single purpose water supply studies/projects

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Hydroelectric Power

Measures

Hydroelectric power facilities

Pumped storage

Implemented at 100% local sponsor cost

No single purpose projects

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Watershed Planning Watershed is the study area

Multiple planning objectives - may be broader than the Corps’ typical authorities and purposes

May include multiple agencies

Output more a program than a project

Multiple purpose solutions to watershed problems May include multiple purpose projects May be implemented by others May include Corps projects

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Spirit of Multipurpose ProjectsExercise 1

Dams store water

What planning objectives and constraints are being addressed?

Which project purposes could be included? Excluded?

How much storage for each purpose?

When and how would you decide?

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Pine Flat Dam, CA

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Pine Flat Dam

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Spirit of Multipurpose ProjectsExercise 2

You have identified two planning objectives: Increase the quantity and

quality of riverine terrestrial native habitats

Reduce flood damages to the residential community

The study has two purposes: ecosystem restoration and flood damage reduction

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NER/NED Multipurpose Plans

Many measures Combined with other high priority purposes

And often, recreation Examples, big and small

Everglades Napa Indian Bend Wash Poplar Island Houston Ship Channel DMMPs

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Napa River

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Napa River

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Napa River

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Flood Damage Reduction & Ecosystem Restoration

Nonstructural and ecosystem restoration Evacuation, relocation and habitat quantity Land use management and habitat quality

Structural and ecosystem restoration Set back levees Ponds Wetlands

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Middle Creek, CA

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Navigation & Ecosystem Restoration

Channel projects Harbor improvements Dredged material management

Continuing Economic Justification Alternatives Base Plan Beneficial Uses

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Houston Ship Channel

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Beneficial Uses

Each management plan study shall include an assessment of potential beneficial uses of dredged material for meeting non-navigation objectives, including fish and wildlife habitat restoration, hurricane and storm damage reduction, and recreation.

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Poplar Island MD

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Types of Beneficial Uses

Restoration and Protection of Environmental Resources

Placement of Material on Beaches

Other Beneficial Uses Land creation

Beach placement or restoration not meeting Corps participation criteria

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Sonoma Baylands, CA

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Take Away Points Comprehensive planning is the preferred method, giving

full consideration to all planning objectives and constraints

Watershed planning is comprehensive planning

Projects may have incidental outputs related to other purposes

Features to address additional purposes can be added to plans

The best multi-purpose projects are formulated by simultaneously addressing multiple planning objectives that reflect multiple project purposes.

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Where We are Going

Next, we’ll cover:

Cost allocation and cost sharing

The SCRB method of cost allocation

The way in which the SCRB method can be applied to a project with ecosystem restoration as a project purpose

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Challenge Question:

What do you do when the problems in a watershed would be best solved using a comprehensive approach, yet the cost-sharing study sponsor is limited to a single purpose?