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Mumbai
Mumbai (?????)
Cuffe Parade
Mumbai (?????)Location of Mumbai (?????)in Maharashtra and India
Country IndiaState MaharashtraDistrict(s) Mumbai City
Mumbai Suburban
Municipal commissioner Jairaj PhatakMayor Shubha Raul
Population• Density• Metro
13,922,125 (1st) (2008)• 21,880 /km2 (56,669 /sq mi)• 20,870,764 (1st) (2008)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area• Elevation
603.4 km² (233 sq mi)• 14 m (46 ft)
Codes
• Pincode • 400 xxx
• Telephone • +022
• UN/LOCODE • IN BOM
• Vehicle • MH 01—03
Website www.mcgm.gov.in
Seal of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
Coordinates: 18°58′N 72°49′E / 18.96°N 72.82°E / 18.96;72.82
Mumbai (Marathi: ?????, Mumbaī, IPA: [ˈmʊm.bəi] ),formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state ofMaharashtra. The city proper is the second most popu-lous city in the world with approximately 14 million in-habitants.[1] Along with the neighbouring suburbs ofNavi Mumbai and Thane, Mumbai forms the world’s 4thlargest urban agglomeration with around 19 millionpeople. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has adeep natural harbour. Mumbai’s port handles over halfof India’s maritime cargo.[2]
In the third century BCE, the Maurya Empire trans-formed the region into a centre of Hindu and Buddhistculture. Then, the islands came under the control of suc-cessive indigenous empires before being ceded to Por-tuguese settlers in 1534 and finally acquired by the Brit-ish East India Company in 1668. The islands weremerged and the city was named Bombay by the British.During the mid-18th century, it emerged as a significanttrading town. Economic and educational developmentcharacterised the city during the 19th century. It be-came a strong base for the Indian independence move-ment during the early 20th century and was the epi-centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Royal IndianNavy Mutiny.[3] When India became independent in1947, the city was incorporated into the Bombay State.In 1960, following protests during the Samyukta Maha-rashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was cre-ated with Bombay as the capital. It was renamed Mum-bai in 1996.
Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment centreof India, generating 5% of India’s GDP,[4] and accountingfor 25% of industrial output, 40% of maritime trade, and70% of capital transactions to India’s economy.[5] Mum-bai is home to important financial institutions such as
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the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange,the National Stock Exchange of India and the corporateheadquarters of many Indian companies and numerousmultinational corporations. The city also houses India’sHindi film and television industry, known as Bollywood.Mumbai’s business opportunities, as well as its potentialto offer a better standard of living, attract migrants fromall over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri ofmany communities and cultures.
ToponomyThe name Mumbai is an eponym, etymologically derivedfrom Mumba or Maha-Amba—the name of the Koli god-dess Mumbadevi—and Aai, "mother" in Marathi.[6] Theformer name Bombay had its origins in the 16th centurywhen the Portuguese arrived in the area and called it byvarious names like Mombai, Mombay, Mombayn, Mom-baym, and Bombai, which finally took the written formBombaim, still common in current Portuguese use.[7]
After the British gained possession in the 17th century,it was believed to be anglicised to Bombay from the Por-tuguese Bombaim,[8] although it was known as Mumbai orMambai to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as Bambaiin Hindi, Persian and Urdu. It is sometimes still referredto by its older names, like Kakamuchee andGalajunkja.[9][10] The name was officially changed to itsMarathi pronunciation of Mumbai in 1996.[11] This is inkeeping with the policy of renaming colonial institu-tions after historical local names.[12]
"Mumbai" written in Marathi at the Taj Mahal Palace &Tower.
A widespread explanation of the origin of the tradi-tional English name Bombay holds that it was derivedfrom a Portuguese name meaning "good bay". This isbased on the fact that bom (masc.) is Portuguese for"good" whereas the English word "bay" is similar to thePortuguese baía (fem., bahia in old spelling). The normalPortuguese rendering of "good bay" would have beenboa bahia rather than the grammatically incorrect bom
bahia. However, it is possible to find the form baim(masc.) for "little bay" in 16th-century Portuguese.[8]
Other sources have a different origin for the Por-tuguese toponym Bombaim. José Pedro Machado’s Di-cionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa ("Por-tuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") men-tions what is probably the first Portuguese reference tothe place, dated from 1516, as Benamajambu or Tena-Mai-ambu,[13] pointing out that "Maiambu" seems to refer toMumba-Devi, the Hindu goddess after which the place isnamed in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century, thespelling seems to have evolved to Mombayn (1525)[14]
and then Mombaim (1563).[15] The final form Bombaim ap-pears later in the 16th century, as recorded by GasparCorreia in his Lendas da Índia ("Legends of India").[16] J.P.Machado seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis,asserting that Portuguese records mentioning the pres-ence of a bay at the place led the English to assume thatthe noun (bahia, "bay") was an integral part of the Por-tuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay,adapted from Portuguese.[17]
HistorySee also: Timeline of Mumbai events
The Haji Ali Mosque was built in 1431, when Mumbai was un-der Islamic rule
In place of the present day city was an archipelago ofseven islands: Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim,Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman’s Island (also known asLittle Colaba).[8] Pleistocene sediments found near Kan-divali in northern Mumbai by British archaeologist Toddin 1939 suggest that these islands were inhabited sincethe Stone Age.[18] They were known as Heptanesia (An-cient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geo-grapher Ptolemy in 150 CE.[8] Their earliest known in-habitants were the Kolis, a fishing community. In thethird century BCE, the islands formed part of the MauryaEmpire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka ofMagadha.[19] Later, between second century BCE andninth century CE, the islands came under the control ofsuccessive dynasties: Satavahanas, Abhiras, Vakatakas,
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Kalachuris, Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, before beingruled by the Silhara dynasty from 810 to 1260.[20] RajaBhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late13th century and established his capital in Mahikawati(present day Mahim).[21] [22] He brought settlers of vari-ous communities from Saurashtra and Deccan to Mahi-kawati.[23] The Muslim rulers of Gujarat annexed the is-lands in 1348.[20] The islands were later governed by theGujarat Sultanate from 1391 to 1534.[24][25][26] From 1491to 1494, the islands suffered several sea piracies from Ba-hadur Khan Gilani, a nobleman of the Bahamani Sultan-ate.[27]
In 1534, the Portuguese appropriated the seven is-lands of Bombay from Bahadur Shah of the GujaratSultanate by the Treaty of Bassein. However, the sevenislands were surrendered later on 25 October 1535.[28]
They were ceded to Charles II of England in 1661, as partof the dowry of Catherine de Braganza.[29] These islands,were in turn leased to the British East India Company in1668 for a sum of £10 per annum by the Royal Charter of27 March 1668.[30] The population quickly rose from10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.[31] In 1687, the BritishEast India Company transferred its headquarters fromSurat to Bombay. The city eventually became theheadquarters of the Bombay Presidency.[32] Followingthe transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all theCompany’s establishments in India.[33] The islandssuffered incursions from the Mughals in the late 17thcentury.[34]
The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the arrival ofKing George V and Queen Mary in India in 1911
From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped withlarge-scale civil engineering projects aimed at mergingall the seven islands into a single amalgamated mass.This project, known as the Hornby Vellard, was com-pleted by 1784.[35] On 16 April 1853, India’s first passen-ger railway line was established, connecting Bombay tothe neighbouring town of Thane.[36] During the Americ-an Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world’schief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the
economy that subsequently enhanced the city’sstature.[37]
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformedBombay into one of the largest seaports on the ArabianSea.[38] In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonicplague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at1,900 people per week.[39] About 850,000 people fledBombay and the textile industry was adversely af-fected.[40] As the capital of the Bombay Presidency, itwitnessed the Indian independence movement, with theQuit India Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942and the The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny called by the In-dian sailors on in 1946 being its most notableevents.[41][42] After India’s independence in 1947, theterritory of the Bombay Presidency retained by Indiawas restructured into Bombay State. The area of BombayState increased, after several erstwhile princely statesthat joined the Indian union were integrated into Bom-bay State. Subsequently, the city became the capital ofBombay State.[43] In April 1950, Greater Bombay Districtcame into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbsand Bombay City.[44]
Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma Chowk ("Martyr’sSquare") as a memorial to the Samyukta Maharashtramovement
In the Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congressparty demanded that the city be constituted as anautonomous city-state.[45] In 1956, the States Reorgan-isation Committee recommended a bilingual state forMaharashtra-Gujarat with Bombay as its capital. BombayCitizens’ Committee, an advocacy group comprising ofleading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Bombay’s in-dependent status.[46] In the 1957 elections, the SamyuktaMaharashtra movement opposed these proposals, andinsisted that Bombay be declared the capital of Maha-rashtra.[47] Following protests by the movement inwhich 105 people were killed by police, Bombay Statewas reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[48]
Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were parti-tioned into the state of Gujarat.[49] Maharashtra Statewith Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger
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of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight dis-tricts from Central Provinces and Berar, five districtsfrom Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states en-closed between them.[50]
The city’s secular fabric was torn apart in the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93 in which more than 1,000 peoplewere killed.[51] On 12 March 1993, a series of 13 co-ordin-ated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic ex-tremists and the Bombay underworld resulted in 257deaths and over 700 injuries.[52] In 2006, 209 people werekilled and over 700 injured when seven bombs explodedon the city’s commuter trains.[53] A series of ten co-ordinated terrorist attacks by armed gunmen from 26November 2008 to 29 November 2008 resulted in 164deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several im-portant buildings.[54]
Geography
The metropolis consists of the Mumbai city, Mumbai suburbandistrict and also the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on thewestern coast of India, in the coastal region known asthe Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island, partially shared
with the Thane district.[8] Many parts of the city lie justabove sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m(33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft).[55] The city has an average eleva-tion of 14 m (46 ft),[56] whereas the southern tip ofColaba has an elevation of 11 m (36 ft).[57] NorthernMumbai is hilly, and the highest point in the city is450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette Island.[58] Greater Mumbaispans a total area of 603 km2 (233 sq mi).[59] SanjayGandhi National Park (Borivili National Park) is locatedpartly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in theThane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km2
(39.80 sq mi).[60]
Apart from the Bhatsa Dam, there are six major lakesthat supply water to the city, such as Vihar, Lower Vait-arna, Upper Vaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai.[61][62]
Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili NationalPark, within the city’s metropolitan limits.[63] The sup-ply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is usedonly for agricultural and industrial purposes.[64] Threesmall rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) andOhiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, whilethe polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake andgathers water overflowing from Vihar and PowaiLakes.[65] The coastline of the city is indented with nu-merous creeks and bays, stretching from Thane creek onthe eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.[66] Theeastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with largemangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the west-ern coast is mostly sandy and rocky.[67]
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandydue to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soilcover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rockof the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows,and their acidic and basic variants dating back to thelate Cretaceous and early Eocene eras.[65] Mumbai sitson a seismically active zone owing to the presence ofthree fault lines in the vicinity.[68] The area is classifiedas a Seismic Zone III region, which means an earthquakeof up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be ex-pected.[69][70]
ClimateLying in a tropical zone and the near the Arabian Sea,Mumbai observes mainly two seasons, such as the humidseason and the dry season. The humid season, betweenMarch and October, is characterized by high humidityand temperatures of over 30 °C (86 °F). Between Juneand September, the monsoon rains lash the city, supply-ing most of the city’s annual rainfall of 1,800 millimetres(70.9 in), with an average of600 millimetres (23.6 in) fall-ing in July alone.[71] The maximum annual rainfall everrecorded was 3,452 millimetres (135.9 in) in 1954.[65] Thehighest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 milli-metres (37.17 in) on 26 July 2005.[72] The dry season,between November and February, is characterized by
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Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai
moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather.Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chillduring January and February.[71] January is the coolestmonth of the year with mean daily minimum being16.4 °C (61.5 °F).[73]
Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 °C(100 °F) to a low of 12 °C (54 °F).[71] The record high is43.3 °C (109.9 °F) and the record low is 7.4 °C (45.3 °F).[74]
Economy
The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest in Asia
Mumbai is India’s largest city, and is called the financialcapital of the country.[75] It serves as an important eco-nomic hub of the India, contributing 10% of all factory
employment, 40% of all income tax collections, 60% of allcustoms duty collections, 20% of all central excise taxcollections, 40% of India’s foreign trade and Rs. 40 billion(US$ 800 million) in corporate taxes.[76] Mumbai’s per-capita income is Rs. 48,954 (US$ 980) which is almostthree times the national average.[77] Many of India’s nu-merous conglomerates (including State Bank of India,LIC, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and five of theFortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai.[78]
Many foreign banks and financial institutions also havebranches in this area, the World Trade Centre (Mumbai)being the most prominent one.[79] Until the 1980s, Mum-bai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and theseaport, but the local economy has since been diversi-fied to include engineering, diamond-polishing, health-care and information technology.[80]
State and central government employees make up alarge percentage of the city’s workforce. Mumbai alsohas a large unskilled and semi-skilled self employed pop-ulation, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers,taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar pro-fessions. The port and shipping industry is well estab-lished with Mumbai Port being one of the oldest and ma-jor ports[81] in India. In Dharavi, in central Mumbai,there is an increasingly large recycling industry, pro-cessing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; thedistrict has an estimated 15,000 single-room factor-ies.[82]
Most of India’s major television and satellite net-works, as well as its major publishing houses, areheadquartered here. The centre of the Hindi movie in-dustry, Bollywood is the largest film producer in Indiaand one of the largest in the world.[83][84][85]
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercialcapital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liber-alization of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-ninetiesand the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in2000s. Mumbai has been ranked 48th on the WorldwideCentres of Commerce Index 2008.[86] In April 2008, Mum-bai was ranked seventh in the list of "Top Ten Cities forBillionaires" by Forbes magazine,[87] but in terms of av-erage wealth among the billionaires, Mumbai had thehighest rank among these ten cities.[88]
Civic administrationMumbai consists of two distinct regions: the city and thesuburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maha-rashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to asthe Island City.[89] Mumbai, both island city and suburbsas a whole, is administered by the Brihanmumbai Muni-cipal Corporation (BMC) (formerly the Bombay Municip-al Corporation), with executive power vested in the Mu-nicipal Commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed bythe state government. The Corporation comprises 227directly elected Councillors representing the twenty
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The Bombay High Court exercises jurisdiction over Maha-rashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
four municipal wards, five nominated Councillors, and aMayor whose role is mostly ceremonial.[90] Mumbai isheaded by mayor Shubha Raul, Municipal CommissionerJairaj Phatak, and Sheriff Indu Shahani. The BMC is incharge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the met-ropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner overseeseach ward for administrative purposes. Almost all thestate political parties field candidates in the elections forCouncillors. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region consistsof 7 Municipal Corporations and 13 Municipal Councils.In addition to the BMC, it includes the Municipal Corpor-ations of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar, Bhiwandi-Nizampur and Ulhasnagar.[91]
Greater Mumbai forms two districts of Maharashtra,each under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. TheCollectors are in charge of property records and revenuecollection for the Central Government, and oversee thenational elections held in the city.[92]
The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commis-sioner, who is an IPS officer. The Mumbai Police comesunder the state Home Ministry. The city is divided intoseven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones,each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. TheTraffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under theMumbai Police.[93] The Mumbai Fire Brigade departmentis headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted byfour Deputy Chief Fire Officers and six DivisionalOfficers.
Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, whichexercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra andGoa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu andDadra and Nagar Haveli.[94] Mumbai also has two lowercourts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and theSessions Court for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a spe-cial TADA (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities) court forpeople accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terror-ism in the city.[95]
Transport
A Modern BEST bus (Starbus)
Public transport systems in Mumbai include the MumbaiSuburban Railway, BEST buses, taxis, auto rickshaws,ferries, and aeroplanes.[96] Black and yellow-metered,taxis traverse most of the metropolis. Auto rickshawsoperate in the suburban areas of Mumbai. Taxis andrickshaws which run on Compressed Natural Gas are themost common form of hired transport.[97]
Mumbai is the headquarters of two railway zones:the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at ChhatrapatiShivaji Terminus,[96] and the Western Railway (WR)headquartered near Churchgate.[98] The backbone of thecity’s transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, consistsof three separate networks running the length of thecity, in a north-south direction.[99]
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly known as VictoriaTerminus, headquarters of the Central Railway, is a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site
The Mumbai Metro is an underground and elevatedrapid transit system currently under construction. TheMumbai Monorail will run from Jacob Circle to Wadalawhen it is completed. Mumbai is well connected to mostparts of India by the Indian Railways. Trains originatefrom Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya
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Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra terminus andAndheri. Mumbai’s suburban rail systems carry a total of6.3 million passengers every day.[100]
Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts ofthe metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai andThane. Buses are used for commuting short to mediumdistances, while train fares are more economical for longdistance commutes. The BEST runs a total of 3,408buses,[101] ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily over 340routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker,vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditionedand the Euro III compliant Compressed Natural Gaspowered buses. MSRTC buses provide intercity transportand connect Mumbai with other major cities of Maha-rashtra and India. The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist busservice which explores numerous tourist attractions inMumbai. BRTS lanes have been planned throughoutMumbai, with buses running on seven routes as ofMarch 2009.[102]
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is South Asia’sbusiest airport.[103]
Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airportis the main aviation hub in the city and the busiest air-port in South Asia.[103] The Juhu aerodrome was India’sfirst airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heli-port.[104] The proposed Navi Mumbai International Air-port which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, hasbeen sanctioned by the Government and would help re-lieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing air-port.[105]
With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of thebest natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of thecountry’s passenger traffic, and much of India’s cargo.[2]
It is also an important base for the Indian Navy, and theheadquarters of the Western Naval Command is locatedhere.[106] Ferries from Ferry Wharf allow access to is-lands and beaches in the area.[107]
Utility servicesSee also: Mumbai’s water sources
BMC headquarters.
The BMC supplies potable water to the city, most ofwhich comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as afew lakes further north. The water is filtered at Bhan-dup, which is Asia’s largest water filtration plant. EvenIndia’s first underground water tunnel is being built inMumbai.[108] The BMC is also responsible for the roadmaintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almostall of Mumbai’s daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes istransported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northw-est, Mulund in the northeast, and Deonar in the east.Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra,and disposed off by two independent marine outfalls of3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worlirespectively.[109]
Electricity is distributed by Bombay Electricity Sup-ply Transport (BEST) in the island city, a consumption of3,216 GWh.[110] and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, andMahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity DistributionCo. Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the city’s electricity ishydroelectric and nuclear based. Consumption of elec-tricity is growing faster than production capacity. Thelargest telephone service provider is the state-ownedMTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellu-lar services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as wellas mobile WLL services.[111] Cell phone coverage is ex-tensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone
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Essar, Airtel, MTNL, BPL group, Reliance Communica-tions, Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom. Both GSM andCDMA services are available in the city. MTNL and Airtelalso provide broadband internet service.[112][113]
DemographicsSee also: Growth of Mumbai and Mumbai statisticsAccording to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbaiwas 11,914,398,[114] According to extrapolations carriedout by the World Gazetteer in 2008, Mumbai has a popula-tion of 13,662,885[115] and the Mumbai MetropolitanArea has a population of 20,870,764.[116] The populationdensity is estimated to be about 22,000 persons persquare kilometre. Per 2001 census, Greater Mumbai, thearea under the administration of BMC, has literacy rateof 77.45%,[114] higher than the national average of64.8%.[117] The sex ratio was 774 (females per 1,000males) in the island city, 826 in the suburbs, and 811 as awhole in the Greater Mumbai,[114] all numbers lowerthan the national average of 933 females per 1,000males.[118]
Since the 1970s, Mumbai has witnessed a construction boomand a significant influx of migrants, making it India’s largestcity.
The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus(67.39%), Muslims (18.56%), Buddhists (5.22%), Jains(3.99%) and Christians (3.72%), with Sikhs and Parsismaking up the rest of the population.[119] The linguistic/ethnic demographics are: Maharashtrians (53%), Gu-jaratis (22%), North Indians (17%), Tamils (3%), Sindhis(3%), Tuluvas/Kannadigas (2%) and others.[120] Thisunique mix of cultures is due to the migration of peoplefrom all over India since the 1600s.[121] Christians form asizable section of Mumbai’s society and include Marathi-speaking East Indian Catholics who were converted bythe Portuguese during their regime.[122]
Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any oth-er metropolitan city of India. Marathi, the official lan-guage of Maharashtra state, is widely spoken. Other lan-guages spoken are Hindi, Gujarati, and English.[123] A
colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya—a blend ofMarathi, Hindi, Indian English and some inventedwords—is spoken on the streets. English is extensivelyspoken and is the principal language of the city’s whitecollar workforce.[124]
Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisationproblems seen in many fast growing cities in developingcountries: widespread poverty and unemployment, poorpublic health and poor civic and educational standardsfor a large section of the population. With availablespace at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside incramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far fromworkplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes oncrowded mass transit, or clogged roadways.[125] Accord-ing to the 2001 census, 54.1% of Mumbai’s populationlives in slums.[126] Dharavi, Asia’s second largestslum[127] is located in central Mumbai and houses800,000 people.[128] Slums are also a growing tourist at-traction in Mumbai.[129][130][131] The number of mi-grants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mum-bai.[132] In 2007, the crime rate (crimes booked under In-dian Penal Code) in Mumbai was 186.2 per 1,00,000 popu-lation, which was slightly higher than the national aver-age of 175.1, but much lower than the average crime rateof 312.3 in cities with more than one million populationin the country.[133] The city’s main jail is the ArthurRoad Jail.[134]
People and culture
Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city
Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mum-baiite or Bombayite. Many residents live in close proxim-ity to either of the Mumbai’s transport systems: train orbus, although Mumbai’s suburban residents spend signi-ficant time travelling to the main commercial districtlocated in the south.[80] Some of the unique delicacieshere include Dhansak, Khichri, Bombli Batata Bhaji, KamagKakri, Solachi Kadhi, Min Vela Curry and Curried Bombay
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Duck. Local fast food available at roadside eateries in-cludes Vada pav, Panipuri, Pav Bhaji, and Bhelpuri. Thecity is dotted with several small restaurants that serveSouth Indian, Punjabi and Chinese dishes.[135]
Girgaum Chowpatty is one of the most famous beaches ofMumbai and a prime spot for Mumbai’s roadside cuisine
Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema—Dadasa-heb Phalke laid the foundations with silent movies fol-lowed by Marathi talkies—and the oldest film broadcasthere in the early 20th century. Mumbai also has a largenumber of movie theaters, including the world’s largestIMAX dome theater,[136] which feature Bollywood,Marathi and Hollywood movies. The Mumbai Interna-tional Film Festival and the award ceremony of the Film-fare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards givenfor Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai. Des-pite most of the professional theater groups that formedduring the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s,Mumbai has developed a thriving "theater movement"tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English and other regionallanguages.[137][138]
Contemporary art is well-represented in bothgovernment-funded art spaces and private commercialgalleries. The government-funded art galleries includeThe Jehangir Art Gallery and The National Gallery ofModern Art.[139] Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society ofBombay is the oldest public library in the city. The Ch-hatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerlyThe Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum inthe heart of South Mumbai near the Gateway of Indiawhich houses rare and ancient exhibits of Indian his-tory.[140] Mumbai has a zoo named Jijamata Udyaan,which also harbours a garden.[141]
Mumbai has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, theChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the ElephantaCaves.[142] Popular places in the city are Nariman Point,Girgaum Chowpatti, Juhu Beach, and MarineDrive.[143][144] Essel World is an theme park and amuse-ment centre situated close to Gorai Beach.[145] Asia’slargest theme water park, Water Kingdom, is also loc-ated in Mumbai.[146]
Ganesh Chaturthi, a popular festival in Mumbai
Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and Indianfestivals. Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Navratri, Good Fri-day, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Pujaand Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals inthe city.[147] The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibi-tion of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artistsin the fields of music, dance, theater, and films.[148] Aweek long fair known as Bandra Fair is celebrated bypeople of all faiths.[149] The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of Janu-ary, which is organised by the Maharashtra TourismDevelopment Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Ban-ganga Tank in Mumbai.[150] The Elephanta Festivalwhich is celebrated every February on the Elephanta Is-lands, is dedicated to classical Indian dance and musicwith artists from across the country arriving on the is-land.[151]
Mumbai has sister city agreements with the follow-ing cities:[152]
• Yokohama, Japan.[153]
• Los Angeles, United States.[154]
• London, United Kingdom.• Berlin, Germany.• Stuttgart, Germany.[155]
• Saint Petersburg, Russia.
MediaSee also: List of Mumbai radio stationsMumbai has numerous newspaper publications and tele-vision and radio stations. Popular English languagenewspapers published and sold in Mumbai include theTimes of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA, and IndianExpress. Marathi newspapers include Loksatta, Lokmat andMaharashtra Times. Newspapers are also printed in otherIndian languages.[156] Mumbai is home to Asia’s oldest
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mumbai
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Bollywood is based in Mumbai
newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been publishedin Gujarati since 1822.[157] Bombay Durpan—the firstMarathi newspaper—was started by Balshastri Jamb-hekar in Mumbai in 1832.[158]
Numerous Indian and international television chan-nels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the PayTv companies or the local cable tv provider. The metro-polis is also the hub of many international media corpor-ations, with many news channels and print publicationshaving a major presence. The national television broad-caster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial chan-nels, while three main cable networks serve most house-holds. ESPN, Star Sports, Zee Marathi, ETV Marathi, DDSahyadri, Mee Marathi, Zee Talkies, Zee TV, STAR Plusand news channels like Star Majha are popular. Popularnews channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai and Maha-rashtra include Marathi news channels Star Majha, Zee 24Taas, and Sahara Samay Mumbai. Satellite television (DTH)has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installationcosts. Popular DTH entertainment services in Mumbaiinclude Dish TV and Tata Sky. There are twelve radiostations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FMband, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting onthe AM band.[159] Mumbai also has access to popularCommercial radio providers like WorldSpace, Sirius andXM. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by theUnion Government in 2006 met a poor response in Mum-bai due to the arduous competition from its sister tech-nology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.[160]
Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai,produces around 150–200 films every year.[161] Thename Bollywood is a portmanteau of Bombay and Holly-wood. The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood’s popularityoverseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms ofquality, cinematography and innovative story lines aswell as technical advances such as special effects, anima-tion etc.[162] Film studios in Goregaon, including FilmCity, are the location for most movie sets. The MarathiFilm Industry is also based in Mumbai.[163]
EducationSee also: List of colleges in Mumbai
Rajabai Clock Tower at the University of Mumbai
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (runby the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or indi-viduals), which in some cases receive financial aid fromthe government. The schools are affiliated either withthe Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE), the all-IndiaCouncil for the Indian School Certificate Examinations(CISCE) or the Central Board for Secondary Education(CBSE) boards. Marathi or English is the usual languageof instruction. The government run public schools lackmany facilities, but are the only option for poorer resid-ents who cannot afford the more expensive privateschools.[164]
Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete tenyears of schooling, and then enroll for two years in Juni-or College, where they select one of three streams: arts,commerce, or science. This is followed by either a gener-al degree course in a chosen field of study, or a profes-sional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicineetc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with theUniversity of Mumbai, one of the largest universities inthe world in terms of the number of graduates. The Indi-an Institute of Technology, Bombay, Veermata JijabaiTechnological Institute and University Institute of
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mumbai
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Chemical Technology which are India’s premier engin-eering and technology schools, and SNDT Women’sUniversity are the other universities in Mumbai. Mum-bai is also home to Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Manage-ment Studies (JBIMS), K. J. Somaiya Institute of Manage-ment Studies and Research (SIMSR), S P Jain Institute ofManagement and Research and several other manage-ment schools. Government Law College, the oldest lawcollege in India,[165] and Sydenham College, the oldestcommerce college in India,[166] are based in Mumbai.The Sir J. J. School of Art is Mumbai’s oldest art institu-tion.[167]
Mumbai is home to two prominent research institu-tions: the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR),and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). TheBARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactorat their facility in Trombay.[168]
Sports
Brabourne Stadium, one of the oldest cricket stadia in the city.
Cricket is the most popular sport in the city (and thecountry).[169] Due to shortage of cricket grounds, modi-fied versions of cricket (generically referred to as gallicricket) with varying rules are played everywhere.Mumbai is home to the Board of Control for Cricket inIndia (BCCI).[170] The Mumbai cricket team representsMumbai city in the Ranji Trophy, India’s domestic crick-eting circuit, and is one of the most successful teams.The city is also represented by the Mumbai Indians inthe Indian Premier League, and by the Mumbai Champsin the Indian Cricket League. The city has two interna-tional cricket stadiums, the Wankhede Stadium and theBrabourne Stadium. The Wankhede stadium is set tohost the final of 2011 Cricket World Cup and is currentlyundergoing expansion and renovation and preparationfor the aforementioned event. Eminent cricketers fromMumbai include Sachin Tendulkar and Sunil Gavas-kar.[171]
Football (Soccer) is one of the other popular sportsin the city, with the FIFA World Cup being one of the
widely watched television events in Mumbai. In the I-League, Mumbai is represented by 3 teams, the MumbaiFC, Mahindra United and Air-India. Popularity of fieldhockey has gone into decline, losing out to cricket.[172]
Mumbai is home to the Maratha Warriors, one of the fewteams competing for the Premier Hockey League (PHL)from Maharashtra. Every February, Mumbai holds theDerby races in the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. Interest inFormula 1 racing has been on the rise in recentyears,[173] and in 2008, the Force India F1 team car wasunveiled in Mumbai.[174] In March 2004, the MumbaiGrand Prix was held as part of the F1 powerboat worldchampionship.[175] In 2004, the annual Mumbai Mara-thon was established in a bid to bring the sport to the In-dian public. Since 2006, Mumbai has also played host tothe Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an InternationalSeries tournament of the ATP Tour. Mcdowell’s Derby isheld in February at the Turf club in Mumbai.[176]
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[154] "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". Official Website of the Cityof Los Angeles. http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/.Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
[155] "“Stuttgart Meets Mumbai”: 40th AnniversaryCelebrations of the Sister City Relationship". TheEmbassy of India, Berlin. http://www.indianembassy.de/template.php?mnid=104&inclpage=stuttgartmeeting.htm.Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
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[168] "CIRUS reactor". Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
[169] De Bruyn et al. 2008, p. 97[170] "About BCCI". Board of Control for Cricket in India
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[171] Murali, Kanta (August-September 2002). "Gavaskar:India’s Greatest Crickter". Frontline (The Hindu) 19 (18).http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1918/19180820.htm.Retrieved on 2009-04-25.
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[175] Jore, Dharmendra (2004-11-14). "Formula 1 powerboatingswooshes into Mumbai, tourism hope for city". MumbaiNewsline (The Indian Express).http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=68125. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
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[176] "Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby". The Times ofIndia. 2007-01-17. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1233374.cms. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
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ISBN 9780965290043. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Tmn91va2e4UC&printsec=frontcover. Retrievedon 2009-05-02.
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• Dwivedi, Sharada; Mehrotra, Rahul (2001). Bombay: TheCities Within. Eminence Designs.
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• Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). Students’Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9780852297605.http://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved on2009-04-30.
• Bapat, Jyotsna (2005). Development projects and criticaltheory of environment. SAGE. ISBN 9780761933571.http://books.google.com/books?id=b7LWRMsoY58C&printsec=frontcover. Retrievedon 2008-04-28.
• Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of IndianArchaeology. Brill. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover. Retrievedon 2008-08-19.
• Prinsep, James; Thomas, Edward; Prinsep, Henry Thoby(1858). "Kings of Gujarat, Capital Pattan". Essays on IndianAntiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palæographic, ofthe Late James Prinsep. 2. J. Murray.http://books.google.com/books?id=2VlCAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA315&dq=&lr=#PRA1-PA315,M1.Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
• Firishtah, Astarā-bādī; Firishtah, Muhammad; Briggs, John(1829). "Colonial Epitome of the wars of the Portuguese inIndia, as Connected with the History of the Deccan".History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India. 3.Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.http://books.google.com/books?id=BXD--FeSzj4C&pg=PA515&dq=&lr=#PPA515,M1. Retrieved on2009-04-26.
• Carsten, F. L. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History(Volume V: The ascendancy of France 1648-88). V.
Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 9780521045445.http://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover. Retrievedon 2009-01-07.
• Hughes, William (1863). The geography of British history.Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green.http://books.google.com/books?id=NW0DAAAAQAAJ&printsec=toc. Retrieved on2009-01-15.
• Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2006). Expunging Variola: TheControl and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947-1977.Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125030188.http://books.google.com/books?id=rxcJ1ACY_74C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved on2009-01-08.
• Guha, Ramachandra. India after Gandhi. HarperCollins.• Krishnamoorthy, Bala. Environmental Management: Text
And Cases. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. ISBN 9788120333291.http://books.google.com/books?id=YLQmi0VxbN4C&printsec=frontcover. Retrievedon 2008-03-25.
• Green, Jen; Fairclough, Chris (2007). Mumbai (GlobalCities). Evans Brothers. ISBN 9780237531256.http://books.google.com/books?id=vLypEs3u8rEC.Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
• Patil, R.P. (1957). The mangroves in Salsette Island nearBombay. Calcutta: Proceedings of the Symposium onMangrove Forest.
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• Sheppard, Samuel T (1917). Bombay Place-Names andStreet-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the historyof Bombay City. Bombay, India: The Times Press. ASINB0006FF5YU.
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• De Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Venkatraman, Niloufer; Joshi,Shonar (2008). "Mumbai: City of Dreamers". Frommer’sIndia. 3. Frommer’s. ISBN 9780470169087.http://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&printsec=frontcover. Retrievedon 2009-04-28.
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• O’Brien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books.ISBN 9780143029472.
Further reading• Agarwal, Jagdish; Bombay — Mumbai: A Picture Book
(1998) — Wilco Publishing House, ISBN81-87288-35-3.
• Chaudhari, K.K; History of Bombay (1987) — ModernPeriod Gazetteers Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra.
• Contractor, Behram; From Bombay to Mumbai (1998) —Oriana Books.
• Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; Bombay, TheCities Within (1995) — India Book House Pvt. Ltd. ISBN81-85028-80-X.
• Fox, Edmund A; Short History of Bombay Presidency(1887) — Thacker & Co — No ISBN.
• Imperial Gazetteer of India: vol. vii, Behrampore toBombay. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1908. 421pages.
• Katiyar, Arun & Bhojani, Namas; Bombay, AContemporary Account (1996) — Harper Collins ISBN81-7223-216-0.
• MacLean, James Mackenzie; A Guide to Bombay (1875& 1902) — Various editions; No ISBN.
• Mappls — Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai(1999) — CE Info Systems Ltd. ISBN 81-901108-0-2.
• Our Greater Bombay (1990) — Maharashtra StateBureau of Textbook Production and CurriculumResearch.
• Mehta, Suketu ; Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found(2004) — Knopf ISBN 0-375-40372-8.
• Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; Bombay, Metaphor forModern India (1995) — Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-563688-0.
• The Oxford School Atlas; 28th Revised Edition (1991) —Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4.
• Tindall, Gillian; City of Gold (1992) — Penguin, ISBN0-14-009500-4,
• Virani, Pinki; Once was Bombay (1999) — Viking, ISBN0-670-88869-9.
• Sharada Dwivedi,Goddess Island Indian Express, June6, 2005.
External linksThis article contains Indic text. Withoutproper rendering support, you may seequestion marks or boxes, misplaced vowelsor missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
• Official site of the Municipal Corporation of GreaterMumbai
• Official City Report• Mumbai travel guide from Wikitravel
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"
Categories: Metropolitan cities in India, Mumbai, Former Portuguese colonies, Coastal settlements, Proposed statesand union territories in India
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