Munna Smart Material Report

8/4/2019 Munna Smart Material Report

1/21

1

ACKOWNELEGEMENT

I am very thankful to everyone who all supported me,for i havecompleted my

SEMINAR effectively and moreover on time.

I am equally grateful to my HOD SIR.he gave me moral support andguided me

in different matters regarding the topic.she had been very kind and patientwhile

suggesting me the outlines of this seminar and correcting my doubts.Ithank him for

his overall supports.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents and my friends

who helped me

a lot in gathering different information, collecting data and guiding mefrom time to

time in making this seminar .Despite of my parent's busy schedules ,theygave me

different ideas in making this project unique.I and my friend put a team

effort to

complete and make it a great project

Thanking you

CERTIFICATE


2/21

2

This is to certify that RAVI SHANKAR of MECHANICAL IIIrd year

has successfully completed the seminar on topic

SMART MATERIAL under my supervison.He hasworked hard on

this seminar very sincerely

and honestly this report has been examined andapproved by me.

Mr.DK VERMA

H.O.D

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BACKGROUND


3/21

3

3 WHAT IS SMART MATERIAL

4 TYPES OF SMART MATERIAL

5 CHARACTERISTICS ANDAPPLICATION OF SMART MATERIAL

6 ECONOMICAL OUTLOOK

7 CONCLUSION

8 REFRENCES

INTRODUCTION

NATURE IS FULL OF MAGICAL MATERIALS WHICH ARE TO BEDISCOVERED IN FORMS SUITABLE TO OUR NEEDS. SUCHMAGICALMATERIALS KNOWN AS INTELLIGENT OR SMARTMATERIALS.


4/21

4

THESE MATERIALS CAN SENSE PROCESS STIMULATE ANDACTUATE A RESPONSE Senses a stimulus (eyes).

Takes an intelligent decision (brain).

Through electronic feedback it takes corrective/preventivemeasures to avoid catastrophic situations (arm).

THEIR FUNCTIONING IS ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN BRAIN, SLOWAND FAST MUSCLES ACTION. THESE MATERIALS ARE THEWONDER MATERIALS THAT CAN FEEL AN ACTION ANDSUITABLY RESPOND TO IT JUST LIKE ANY LIVING ORGANISMANALOGUS TO HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM THE INTELLIGENTMATERIAL COMPRISES THREE BASIC COMPONENT WHICH AREGIVEN AS FOLLOWS

SENSORS SUCH AS PIEZOELECTRIC POLYMERS,OPTICALFIBRE

PROCESSORS SUCH AS CONDUCTIVE ELECTROACTIVEPOLYMERS,MICROCHIPS

ACTUATORS SUCH AS SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS(NI TI ieNITINOL) CHEMICALLY RESPONDING POLYMERS

THESE COMPONENTS IN THE FORM OF OPTICAL FIBRES ORELECTRO- RHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS ARE EMBEDDED ORDISTRIBUTED IN MATERIALS .THEY POSSESS ABILITY TOCHANGE WITH ENVIRONMENTALRADIATION/STRESS/TEMP,PRESSURE/VOLTAGE ETC

BACKGROUND

Smart Materials are materials that respond to environmental stimuli, such astemperature, moisture, pH, or electric and magnetic fields. For example,


5/21

5

photochromic materials that change colour in response to light; shape memory

alloys and polymers which change/recover their shape in response to heat and

electro- and magnetorheological fluids that change viscosity in response to

electric or magnetic stimuli. Smart Materials can be used directly to make smart

systems or structures or embedded in structures whose inherent properties can

be changed to meet high value-added performance needs. Smart Materials

technology is relatively new to the economy and has a strong innovative content.

According to work by the Materials Foresight Panel, the use of smart materials

could make a significant impact in many market sectors. In the food industry,

smart labels and tags could be used in the implementation of traceability

protocols to improve food quality and safety e.g. using thermo chromic ink to

monitor temperature history. In construction, smart materials and systems could

be used in 'smart' buildings, for environmental control, security and structural

health monitoring e.g. strain measurement in bridges using embedded fibre optic

sensors that can feel pain with fiber optic nerve systems.

Magneto-rheological fluids have been used to damp cable-stayed bridges and

reduce the effects of earthquakes. In aerospace, smart materials could find

applications in 'smart wings', health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS), and


6/21

6

active vibration control in helicopter blades. In marine and rail transport,

possibilities include strain monitoring using embedded fibre optic sensors. Smart

textiles are also finding applications in sportswear that could be developed for

everyday wear and for health and safety purposes [8]-[12].

A. Structural Health Monitoring

Virtual human robots can be equipped with sensors, memory, perception, and

behavioral motor. This eventually makes these virtual human robots to act or

react to events.

* Also called Damage Detection

* Using response signals to determine if there has been a change in the system's

parameters.

* Mathematically very much like parameter identification in many respects

* Numerous methods have been proposed.

* Impact is high for SMH systems that work without taking the base

system out of operation.

B. Smart Structures

Key areas of focus for the development of smart structures to include:

Miniaturisation and integration of components, e.g. application of sensors

or smart materials in components Robustness of the smart system,

e.g.interfacial issues relating to external connections to smart structures

Device fabrication and manufacturability, e.g. Electrorheological fluids inactive suspension systems, applications in telematics and traffic

management Structural health monitoring, control and lifetime extension

(including self-repair) of structures operating in hostile environments, e.g.

vibration control in Aerospace and Construction applications. Thermal

management of high temperature turbines for power generation.

Selfmonitoring, self-repairing, low maintenance structures, e.g. bridges

and rail track Smart structures that can self-monitor internal stresses,strains, creep, corrosion and wear would deliver significant benefits.


7/21

7

Projects can be based on any material format (e.g. speciality polymers,

fibres and textiles, coatings, adhesives, composites, metals, and inorganic

materials), which incorporate sensors or active functional materials such as:

piezoelectrics, photochromics, thermochromics, electro and magneto rheological

fluids, shape memory alloys, aeroelastictailored and other auxetic materials. For

the modelling of actor behaviors, the ultimate objective is to build intelligent

autonomous virtual humans with

adaptation, perception and memory. These virtual humans should be able to act

freely and emotionally. They should be conscious and unpredictable. But can we

expect in the near future to represent in the computer the concepts of behavior,

intelligence, autonomy, adaptation, perception, memory, freedom, emotion,

consciousness, and unpredictability [9]-[10].

C. Key Points

* This is the first successful trial in the worldto remotely control a man

emulating robot soas to drive an industrial vehicle (backhoe) outdoors in

lieu of a human operator.

* Furthermore, the robot's operation was controlled while having it wear

protective clothing to protect it against the rain and dust outside. This too

marks a world-first success demonstrating the robot's capability of

performing outdoor work even in the rain.

* This has been achieved with an HRP- IS robot whose Honda R&D made

hardware was provided with control software developed by the AIST.

* The robot has a promising application potential for restoration work in

environments struck by catastrophes and in civil engineering and

construction project sites where it can "work" safely and smoothly.

D. Outline

This robot was remotely controlled to perform outdoor work (Fig.5) tasks

normally carried out by human operators involving the operation (driving and

excavation) of a vibrating industrial vehicle (backhoe) in the seated position.

Furthermore, operation was


8/21

8

achieved with the robot wearing protective clothing to protect against rain and

dust. This also marks a world first success indicating the robot's ability to carry

out outdoor work tasks even in the rain. These results were achieved thanks to

the development of the following three technologies:

* The "remote control technology" for instructing the humanoid robot to perform

total body movements under remote control and the "remote control system" for

executing the remote control tasks (KHI).

* The "protection technology" for protecting the humanoid robot against shock

and vibrations of its operating seat and against the influences of the natural

environment such as rain and dust (Tokyo Construction).

* The "full-body operation control technology" for controlling the humanoid

robot's total body work movements with autonomous control capability to

prevent the robot from falling. There have been many attempts until the present

to robotize the industrial vehicles (including backhoes) themselves for work on

sites requiring their operation

in dangerous work areas or in adverse environments. In contrast, the use of a

humanoid robot to operate the industrial vehicle instead of a human operator

has two distinct advantages:

* This means that robot does not only drive the vehicle but is also capable of

executing the attendant work tasks (alighting from the vehicle to check the work

site, carrying out simple repairs, etc.) and

* It permits the robotizing of all industrial vehicles without needing to modify

them. Once humanoid robots (Fig. 5) now engaged in other types of work can be

used, when necessary, for operational duties normally performed by human

operators there will be a definite chance for a greater expansion of the humanoid

robot market which in

turn holds promise of further reductions in their production and operating costs. The major insight gained from this success that has demonstrated the humanoidrobot's ability to replace the human operator in operating (driving andexcavation duties) commercially used industrial vehicles (backhoe) under remotecontrol is the realization that humanoid robots are capable of moving in thesame manner as humans. The humanoid robot's ability to carry out outdoor worktasks even in the rain by "wearing" protective clothing has widened the scope of the environmental conditions in which it is capable of executing work. From


9/21

9

these two aspects there is every reason to expect that these results will make asubstantial contribution toward the realization of practical work-performinghumanoid robots. The development tasks ahead will include work to createwireless remote control and achieve a robot capable of boarding the industrialvehicle independently

TYPES OF SMART MATERIAL1 PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

2 VISCOELASTIC

3 ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUID

4 SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

5 OPTICAL FIBRE

6 SMART GEL PH- SENSTIVE POLIMERRS

PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS


10/21

10

Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals and certain ceramics,including bone) to generate an electric field or electric potential in response to appliedmechanical stress. The effect is closely related to a change of polarization density within thematerial's volume. These materials expand or contract when subjected to a potentialdifference. Example of piezoelectric ceramics are quartz ,pb ,zr titanate

Application of piezoelectric ceramics are :-

Sonic and ultrasonic microphones, transducersSonic and ultrasonic speakers (sounders, buzzers, beepers)Depth soundersFish FindersVibration sensorsActuatorsShock sensorsGas IgnitersRemote controlsNebulizersUltrasonic cleaners

Piezo MotorsHome securityTilt sensor

VISCOELASTICMATERIAL


11/21

11

Viscous materials, like honey, resist shear flow and strain linearly withtime when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain instantaneouslywhen stretched and just as quickly return to their original state once thestress is both viscous and elastic characteristics whenundergoing deformation removed. Viscoelastic materials have elementsof both of these properties and, as such, exhibit time dependent strain.Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching alongcrystallographic planes Viscoelasticity is the property of materials thatexhibit in an ordered solid, viscosity is the result of the diffusion of atomsor molecules inside an amorphous material

APPLICATION OF VISCOELASTICMATERIAL

1 Damping treatment3.

1. Free-layer damping (FLD)

2. Constrained-layer damping (CLD)

3. Tuned viscoelastic damper (TVD)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec3.2http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec3.3http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec3.3http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec3.2


12/21

12

2 . Automotive applications

1. Powertrain and body structures

2. Laminated glass for windows

3 . Commercial aircraft applications

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec4http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec4.1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec4.2http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec5http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec4http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec4.1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec4.2http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM3-487MYKG-3&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_origin=search&_cdi=6923&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1473031043&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a937d867417607b8bb3b4d842d335452&searchtype=a#sec5


13/21

13

Demonstration of the shape-memory effect in a Ti(Ni,Pt) alloy. The super-imposed images are of Ti-30Ni-20Pt rolled sheet, bent 38 at room temperature, and recovered to 8 by heating to 350 C, resulting in adisplacement of the sheet end of almost 10 mm

A shape memory alloy (SMA , smart metal , memory metal , memoryalloy , muscle wire , smart alloy ) is an alloy that "remembers" its original, cold-forged shape: returning the pre-deformed shape by heating. This material is alightweight, solid-state alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic,pneumatic, and motor-based systems. Shape memory alloys have applications inindustries including medical and aerospace . The three main types of shape memoryalloys are the copper-zinc-aluminium-nickel copper-aluminium-nickel, and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys but SMA's can also be created by alloying zinc, copper,gold,and iron. NiTi alloys are generally more expensive and changefrom austenite to martensite upon cooling; M f is the temperature at which thetransition to Martensite is finished during cooling. Accordingly, duringheating A s and A f are the temperatures at which the transformation from Martensiteto Austenite starts and finishes. Repeated use of the shape memory effect may lead

to a shift of the characteristic transformation temperatures (this effect is known asfunctional fatigue, as it is closely related with a change of microstructural andfunctional properties of the material).


14/21

14

The transition from the martensite phase to the austenite phase is only dependent on temperature and stress, not time, as most phase changesare, as there is no diffusion involved. Similarly, the austenite structuregets its name from steel alloys of a similar structure. It is the reversiblediffusionless transition between these two phases that allow the special

properties to arise. While martensite can be formed from austenite by rapidly cooling carbon- steel , this process is not reversible, so steel doesnot have shape memory properties .

One-way vs. two-way shape memory

Shape memory alloys have different shape memory effects. Two common effects areone-way and two-way shape memory. A schematic of the effects is shown below.

In the figure above, the procedures are very similar: starting from martensite (a),adding a reversible deformation for the one-way effect or severe deformation with anirreversible amount for the two-way (b), heating the sample (c) and cooling it again(d).One-way memory effect

When a shape memory alloy is in its cold state (below A s), the metal can be bent or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature.Upon heating, the shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again it willremain in the hot shape, until deformed again.

With the one-way effect, cooling from high temperatures does not cause amacroscopic shape change. A deformation is necessary to create the low-temperature shape. On heating, transformation starts at A s and is completed

at A f (typically 2 to 20C or hotter, depending on the alloy or the loading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMAtwoway.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMAoneway.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius


15/21

15

conditions). A s is determined by the alloy type and composition. It can be variedbetween150 C and 200 C.Two way memory effect

The two-way shape memory effect is the effect that the material remembers twodifferent shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high temperature shape. Amaterial that shows a shape memory effect during both heating and cooling is calledtwo-way shape memory. This can also be obtained without the application of anexternal force (intrinsic two-way effect). The reason the material behaves sodifferently in these situations lies in training. Training implies that a shape memorycan "learn" to behave in a certain way. Under normal circumstances, a shapememory alloy "remembers" its high-temperature shape, but upon heating to recover the high-temperature shape, immediately "forgets" the low-temperature shape.However, it can be "trained" to "remember" to leave some reminders of the deformedlow-temperature condition in the high-temperature phases. There are several waysof doing this[4]. A shaped, trained object heated beyond a certain point will lose thetwo way memory effect, this is known as "amnesia".

Pseudo-elasticity One of the commercial uses of shape memory alloy involves using the pseudo-elastic properties of the metal during the high temperature (austenitic) phase. Theframes of reading glasses have been made of shape memory alloy as they canundergo large deformations in their high temperature state and then instantly revertback to their original shape when the stress is removed. This is the resultof pseudoelasticity ; the martensitic phase is generated by stressing the metal inthe austenitic state and this martensite phase is capable of large strains. With theremoval of the load, the martensite transforms back into the austenite phase andresumes its original shape.

This allows the metal to be bent, twisted and pulled, before reforming its shape whenreleased. This means the frames of shape memory alloy glasses are claimed to be"nearly indestructible" because it appears no amount of bending results inpermanent plastic deformation.

Transition temperatureThe martensite start temperature of shape memory alloys at which they function isdependent on a number of factors including alloy chemistry. Shape memory alloyswith transformation temperatures in the range of 60-1450 K have been made.Zarinejad and co-workers have recently shown that the martensite start temperature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_alloy#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoelasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austenitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_alloy#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoelasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austenitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)


16/21

16

increases with the decrease of the valence electron density (concentration) of thesealloys.

HistoryThe first reported steps towards the discovery of the shape memory effect weretaken in the 1930s. According to Otsuka and Wayman (1998), A. lander discoveredthe pseudoelastic behavior of the Au-Cd alloy in 1932. Greninger & Mooradian(1938) observed the formation and disappearance of a martensitic phase bydecreasing and increasing the temperature of a Cu-Zn alloy. The basic phenomenonof the memory effect governed by the thermoelastic behavior of the martensitephase was widely reported a decade later by Kurdjumov & Khandros (1949) and alsoby Chang & Read (1951).

The nickel-titanium alloys were first developed in 19621963 by the US NavalOrdnance Laboratory and commercialized under the trade name Nitinol(an acronymfor Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratories). Their remarkable properties werediscovered by accident. A sample that was bent out of shape many times waspresented at a laboratory management meeting. One of the associate technicaldirectors, Dr. David S. Muzzey, decided to see what would happen if the sample wassubjected to heat and held his pipe lighter underneath it. To everyone's amazementthe sample stretched back to its original shape. [5][6]

There is another type of S.M.A., called a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FSMA),that changes shape under strong magnetic fields. These materials are of particular interest as the magnetic response tends to be faster and more efficient thantemperature-induced responses.

Metal alloys are not the only thermally-responsive materials; shape memorypolymers have also been developed, and became commercially available in the late1990s.

Crystal structuresMany metals have several different crystal structures at the same composition, butmost metals do not show this shape memory effect. The special property that allowsshape memory alloys to revert to their original shape after heating is that their crystaltransformation is fully reversible. In most crystal transformations, the atoms in thestructure will travel through the metal by diffusion, changing the composition locally,even though the metal as a whole is made of the same atoms. A reversibletransformation does not involve this diffusion of atoms, instead all the atoms shift atthe same time to form a new structure, much in the way a parallelogram can be
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Ordnance_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Ordnance_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_alloy#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_alloy#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_shape_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Ordnance_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Ordnance_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_alloy#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_alloy#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_shape_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_polymer


17/21

17

made out of a square by pushing on two opposing sides. At different temperatures,different structures are preferred and when the structure is cooled through thetransition temperature, the martensitic structure forms from the austenitic phase.

ManufactureShape memory alloys are typically made by casting, using vacuum arc melting or induction melting. These are specialist techniques used to keep impurities in thealloy to a minimum and ensure the metals are well mixed. The ingot is then hotrolled into longer sections and then drawn to turn it into wire.

The way in which the alloys are "trained" depends on the properties wanted. The"training" dictates the shape that the alloy will remember when it is heated. Thisoccurs by heating the alloy so that the dislocations re-order into stable positions, butnot so hot that the material recrystallizes. They are heated tobetween 400 C and 500 C for 30 minutes. Typical variables for some alloys are500 C and for more than 5 minutes.

They are then shaped while hot and are cooled rapidly by quenching in water or bycooling with air.

[ edit ]Properties

The copper-based and Ni Ti (nickel and titanium)-based shape memory alloys are

considered to be engineering materials. These compositions can be manufactured toalmost any shape and size.

The yield strength of shape memory alloys is lower than that of conventional steel,but some compositions have a higher yield strength than plastic or aluminum. Theyield stress for Ni Ti can reach500 MPa. The high cost of the metal itself and theprocessing requirements make it difficult and expensive to implement SMAs into adesign. As a result, these materials are used in applications where the super elasticproperties or the shape memory effect can be exploited. The most commonapplication is in actuation.

One of the advantages to using shape memory alloys is the high level of recoverableplastic strain that can be induced. The maximum recoverable strain these materialscan hold without permanent damage is up to 8% for some alloys. This compares witha maximum strain 0.5% for conventional steels.

Applications

Industrial

AircraftSee also: Aircraft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_rolledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_rolledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_drawinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_drawinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_memory_alloy&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_rolledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_rolledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_drawinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_memory_alloy&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft


18/21

18

Boeing, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich Corporation, NASA, and AllNippon Airwaysdeveloped the Variable Geometry Chevron using shape memoryalloy that reduces aircraft's engine noise.[edit ]PipingSee also: Piping

The first consumer commercial application for the material was as a shape memorycoupling for piping, e.g. oil line pipes for industrial applications, water pipes andsimilar types of piping for consumer/commercial applications. The late 1980s saw thecommercial introduction of Nitinol as an enabling technology in a number of minimally invasive endovascular medical applications. While more costly thanstainless steel, the self expanding properties of Nitinol alloys manufactured to BTR

(Body Temperature Response), have provided an attractive alternative to balloonexpandable devices. On average, 50% of all peripheral vascular stents currentlyavailable on the worldwide market are manufactured with Nitinol.[edit ]RoboticsSee also: Robotics

There have also been limited studies on using these materials in robotics (such as"Roboterfrau Lara"[7]), as they make it possible to create very light robots. Weakpoints of the technology are energy inefficiency, slow response times, and

large hysteresis .Nitinol wire is also used in robotics (e.g. the hobbyist robot Stiquito) and in afew magic tricks, particularly those involving heat and shapeshifting

MedicineShape memory alloys are applied in medicine, for example, as fixation devicesfor osteotomies in orthopaedic surgery , in dental braces to exert constant tooth-moving forces on the teeth and in stent grafts where it gives the ability to adapt to the

shape of certain blood vessels when exposed to body temperature.Optometry

Eyeglass frames made from titanium-containing SMAs are marketed under thetrademarks Flexon and TITANflex. These frames are usually made out of shapememory alloys that have their transition temperature set below the expected roomtemperature. This allows the frames to undergo large deformation under stress, yetregain their intended shape once the metal is unloaded again. The very largeapparently elastic strains are due to the stress-induced martensitic effect, where thecrystal structure can transform under loading, allowing the shape to change
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Aircraft_Engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodrich_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nippon_Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nippon_Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_Geometry_Chevron&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_memory_alloy&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_memory_alloy&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_alloy#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshiftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopaedic_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopaedic_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_braceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stent_grafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TITANflexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Aircraft_Engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodrich_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nippon_Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nippon_Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_Geometry_Chevron&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_memory_alloy&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_memory_alloy&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_memory_alloy#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshiftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopaedic_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_braceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stent_grafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TITANflex


19/21

19

temporarily under load. This means that eyeglasses made of shape memory alloysiuare more robust against being accidentally damaged.

ELECTRO AND MAGNETO-RHEOSTATIC MATERIAL

PH SENSITIVE POLIMERS


20/21

20

polymeric micelle showed pH sensitive change in diameter.

ECONOMICAL OUTLOOK

1 Billion dollar market

75% - Electro-ceramics

10% -Shape MemoryMaterials

10% - Magnetostrictivematerials

5% - Active Fluids

CONCLUSIONSensors are playing a vital role in all sorts of sciences. Hence, instead of

placing various sensors at variable places in various application areas, it

may be better to embed these sensors in humanoids and it could be

effectively used in detecting, monitoring, message

conveying, repairing etc., Thus the mobility of humanoids may be used

effectively. A smart intelligent structure includes distributed actuators,

sensors and microprocessors that analyze the response from the sensors

and use distributed parameter control theory to command actuators, to

apply localized strains. A smart structure has the capacity to respond to a

changing external environment such as loads, temperatures and shapechange, as well as to varying internal environment i.e., failure of a


21/21

21

structure. This technology has numerous applications much as vibration

and buckling control, ape control, damage assessment and active noise

control. Smart structure techniques are being increasingly applied to civil

engineering structures for health monitoring of buildings with strain andcorrosion sensors.A Smart material are just starting to emerge from the

laboratory, but soon you can expect to find in everything from laptop

computers to concrete bridges

REFRENCEShttp://members.tripod.com/~EnergyExpress/nanotech.html

http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r7/st_maurice/html/20020314.htm

http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ti4914_smart_materials.html

http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.html
http://members.tripod.com/~EnergyExpress/nanotech.htmlhttp://members.tripod.com/~EnergyExpress/nanotech.htmlhttp://members.tripod.com/~EnergyExpress/nanotech.htmlhttp://www.ewh.ieee.org/r7/st_maurice/html/20020314.htmhttp://www.ewh.ieee.org/r7/st_maurice/html/20020314.htmhttp://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ti4914_smart_materials.htmlhttp://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ti4914_smart_materials.htmlhttp://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ti4914_smart_materials.htmlhttp://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ti4914_smart_materials.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.htmlhttp://members.tripod.com/~EnergyExpress/nanotech.htmlhttp://members.tripod.com/~EnergyExpress/nanotech.htmlhttp://www.ewh.ieee.org/r7/st_maurice/html/20020314.htmhttp://www.ewh.ieee.org/r7/st_maurice/html/20020314.htmhttp://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ti4914_smart_materials.htmlhttp://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ti4914_smart_materials.htmlhttp://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ti4914_smart_materials.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.html

Documents

Munna Smart Material Report