Murray (Alan v.)_The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-1099. Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade (Rev. Belge de Philologie Et d'Histoire 70:2, 1992, 301-329)

8/20/2019 Murray (Alan v.)_The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-1099. Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the Firs…

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Alan V. Murray

The army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-1099 : Structure anddynamics of a contingent on the First CrusadeIn: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. Tome 70 fasc. 2, 1992. Histoire médiévale, moderne et contemporaine —Middeleeuwse, moderne en hedendaagse geschiedenis. pp. 301-329.

Citer ce document / Cite this document :

Murray Alan V. The army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-1099 : Structure and dynamics of a contingent on the First Crusade. In:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. Tome 70 fasc. 2, 1992. Histoire médiévale, moderne et contemporaine —Middeleeuwse, moderne en hedendaagse geschiedenis. pp. 301-329.

doi : 10.3406/rbph.1992.3824

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A RT I C L E S E T M É L A N G E SA RT I K E L E N E N M E N G E L I N G E N

The army of Godfrey of Bouillon 1096-1099 :Structure and dynamics of a contingent

on the First Crusade

Alan V. Murray

Thearmy led in the First Crusadeby Godfreyof Bouillon,duke of LowerLotharingia,set off on its journeyto the Holy Land about the middleofAugust1096.It marched upthe Rhine,down the Danube and through theBalkans,arriving at Constantinopleon 23 December(}). Only at this pointdid the army encounterother groupswhichhad travelled throughIllyria orover the Adriatic from Italy, as well asthose crusaders traditionally, ifsomewhatinaccuratelyreferred to as the 'People's Crusade',who had arrivedthe previoussummer and remainedin Asia Minorsince their defeat at thehands of the Turks at Nicaea on 21 October.From this point these diversegroups constituted a united Frankish army, but neverthelesseach of theoriginalcontingents,usuallydescribedas exercitusby the writers who wroteaboutthe crusade,clearlyretainedits separateidentity within it, andcontinuedto function as the basicmilitary unit in battle and on the march at leastuntil the captureof Jerusalemin the summerof 1099.

Historianshave traditionallystressedthe compositionof these contingentsas an important factor in determiningthe characterof the nobilitiesof the

(1) Albertof Aachen,HistoriaHierosolymitana, RecueildesHistoriensdes Croisades, Historiensoccidentaux,IV (Paris,1879)[henceforthcited as AA],299, 305-306; HeinrichHagenmeyer,'Chronologiedela premièrecroisade(1094-1100)',Revuede l'Orient latin,6 (1898),214-293,490-549,7 (1899),275-339,430-503,8 (1890-1),318-382[itemsnumberedconsecutivelythroughout],nos.67, 107.


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four crusaderstates subsequentlyestablishedin Syriaand Palestine. Howeverthe compositionof only two contingentshas beendiscussedin any detail,those of the Normansof Normandy,led by their duke, Robert, and theNormansof SouthernItaly, led by Bohemundand his nephewTancred(2).The army led by Godfrey has by contrast been surprisingly neglectedconsideringhow it is generallyassumedto have contributedto the nobilityof the Latin kingdomof Jerusalem(3). Leaving asidethe vexedquestionofnumbers, the aim of this essay is to examinethe compositionof this army,in the first instanceby identifying as many of its participantsas possible,and discussingtheir relationshipto Godfrey and to one another. It alsoexaminesthose politicalfactors whichmay have influencedparticipationinthe crusade,and conversely,non-participation,and goes on to discusshowthe compositionand structure of this army developedin the courseof itsmarchfrom WesternEuropeto Palestine.

Godfreywasaccompaniedby his younger brotherBaldwin andBaldwin'swife Godechilde(or Godevere),daughter of the Norman lord Ralph ofTosny(4).Besidesthis immediatefamilygroup,a centralelementin Godfrey'sexercituscomprisedknightswho had been in his serviceprior to the summerof 1096.Theseincludedthe householdofficers Ruthardthe butler (5),Baldric

(2) C.W.David,RobertCurthose,DukeofNormandy,HarvardHistoricalStudies,

25 (Cambridge,Mass.,1920),AppendixD, 'Robert'sCompanionson the Crusade',pp. 221-229; Ε. Μ. Jamison, 'SomeNoteson the AnonymiGesta Francorum,withSpecialReferenceto the NormanContingentfrom SouthItaly and Sicilyin the FirstCrusade',in Studies in French Languageand MedievalLiterature Presented toProfessorMildredK. Pope, Publicationsof the Universityof Manchester,268(Manchester,1939),pp. 195-204.

(3) JoshuaPrawer, La noblesseet le régimeféodaldu royaumelatindeJérusalem',Le MoyenÂge,65 (1959),p. 42, cites two studies in support of hisclaim that theearlyJerusalemnobilitywaspredominantlyLotharingianin character.Thefirst, JohnC. Andressohn,The LifeandAncestryof Godfreyof Bouillon,IndianaUniversityPublications,SocialSciencesSeries,5 (Bloomington,Illinois, 1947),doesgivea detailedaccountof the march, but primarily from a biographicalperspective.Andressohn'sdiscussionof the participantsother than Godfreyand Baldwinis limitedto the namingof twelvecrusaders,most of whomare identified eitherwrongly,as I hopeto show,or not at all.Thesecond,CharlesMoei.ler,'LesFlamandsdu Ternoisau royaumelatin de Jérusalem',in MélangesPaulFredericq(Bruxelles,1903),pp. 189-202,is nota study of Godfrey'sarmy, butan analysisof the Versusde virisillustriousdioecesisTarvanensisqui in sacrafuere expeditione,a shortbut valuablesourcedealingonlywith crusadersfrom the Flemishdioceseof Thérouanne.Seealsothe discussionofresearchonGodfreyand hiscrusadingarmyin GeorgesDesi'y,'Godefroidde Bouillon,mytheset réalités',AcadémieRoyalede Belgique,Bulletinde la Classedes Lettreset desSciencesMoraleset Politiques,5esérie,71 (1985).249-275.

(4) AAp. 358.(5) AAp.481.


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THEARMYOFGODFREY OFBOUILLON 303

the seneschal(6) and Stabelo the chamberlain(7).Otherscan be identified bytheir surnames as Bullonienses,that is, vassalsholding fiefs in Godfrey's

allodialterritory of Bouillonin the Ardennes.The most prominentof thesewere Heribrand, castellanof Bouillon,and a relative of his, Walter ofBouillon(8).Wealso knowof a Folbertusde castello Bullonand a Philippusde Buloneither on crusadeor from so early a time in Palestinethat theymust have been on crusade(9). Howeverwe cannot simply assumethatGodfrey'shousehold accompaniedhim in toto to the East.We willdiscoverthat numerousknights enteredhis servicein the courseof the crusade,andtherefore cannot becertain whether the chamberlainsAdelolfand Godfreyand the seneschalMatthewhadpreviouslybeenvassalsof Godfreyor whethertheyhad cometo him from other contingents(10).

Thearmy also includedvariouslordsfrom thoseparts of LowerLotharingiawhichsurroundedGodfrey'slands.Warner, count of Grez, later becamethemost prominent of Godfrey'svassalsin Jerusalem.He was a kinsmanofGodfrey and Baldwinand is mentioned immediatelyafter them in the listof departingcrusadersgivenby the chroniclerAlbert of Aachen (n). In 1095he sold the allodof Vaux(Belgium, Liège,arr. Huy)quod in divisionepatri-monii cum fratre suo Henricoin partent suscepitto the church of Fossesin order to raise funds to go to Jerusalemwith duke Godfrey(l2). He andhis brother Henry,also describedas count of Grez, were presentwith othercrusadersat the sale of the allodsof Baisyand Genappe by Godfrey(I3).Warner's name appears immediatelyafter that of Rainer, the advocate ofLiège,amongthe laid nobileswho witnessedthe purchaseof the castleofCouvinby bishopOtbert of Liègeon 14.June 1096,suggestingthat he wasa vassalof the ecclesiasticalprincipality.The smallcounty of Grez lay sand-

Co)A App. 300,412,481.(7) AA pp.300,481-482, 593.His nameseemsto be the basisof the non-existent

and erroneous'Baldwinof Stavelot'mentionedby Andressohn(p.53) andStevenRunciman,Historyof the Crusades (Cambridge,1951-5),I, 147.

(8) AA pp.317,440; La chronique deSaint-Hubertdite Cantatorium,ed. KarlHanquet (Bruxelles,1906)[henceforth citedas Cantatorium],pp. 38, 53,64-65; AlanV. Murray, 'The Originsof the Frankish Nobilityof the Kingdomof Jerusalem,1100-1118',MediterraneanHistoricalReview,4 (1989),285.

(9) AApp.435-436,593.(10)Adelolf AAp. 481.Geoffrey: AAp. 526. Matthew: AAp. 522.(11)AAp.299.(12) 'Documentsextraitsdu caitulairedu chapitrede Fosses', Analectespourservir

à l'histoireecclésiastique dela Belgique,4 (1867),no. 1 pp.369-398.There is thusno justificationfor Runciman'sidentification, 'theBurgundiancount, Warnerof Gray'(Historyof the Crusades,I, 313).

(13)HeinriciIV. Diplomata. DieUrkundenHeinrichsIV,ed. DietrichvonGladissand Alfred Gawlik,MGHDiplomataRegumet ImperatorumGermaniae(Berlin,Weimar,Hannover,1941-78)[henceforthcitedas MGHDD HeinrichIV],no. 459.


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304 Λ. V. MURRAY

wiched betweenthe county of Leuvenand the territory of Liègeproper andprobablyrecognisedthe suzeraintyof the prince-bishop; possiblyWarner's

share of the inheritancelay within Liègeterritory, as was undoubtedlythecasewith Vaux,his hereditatisportioin the episcopalcountyof Huy(I4).The crusaderHenricusde Ascha,who was accompaniedon crusadeby

his brother Godfrey, is describedasfilius Fredelonis,unus de collateralibusduds Godefridi(15).Their father can be identifiedwith a certain Frithelo,describedby monkishchroniclersat the end of the eleventhcentury as bothadvocate anddespoilerof the abbeysof Malmedyand Echternach. Henryand Godfreybelongedto the family which held the castleof Esch-sur-Sûrein the Ardennes,and were probablyvassalsof the count of Luxembourg,althoughAlbertof Aachenindicatesthat Henryand possiblyalso his brother

had previouslybeen in the serviceof Godfrey of Bouillon(l6). With themon crusadewere kinsmenof theirs from further north, the brothers Francoand Sigemarof Maasmechelen(I7). Asin the caseof Warner of Grez it isimpossibleto determine the exact degree of kinship betweenthese fourcrusadersanddukeGodfrey.

Cuno (or Cono), count of Montaigu,who was accompaniedon crusadeby his sons Gozelo and Lambert, was the eldest son of Gozelo,count ofBehogne(18).Montaigu,the Mons Acutuswhich was the focal point of hisdomains,was a castleon the left bank of the River Ourthenear Marcourtin the Ardennes.Cuno wasone of the most importantvassalsof the church

of Liège.As well as being advocate of Dinant he was episcopalcount ofHuy, the fortress which layat the centre of the prince-bishop's dominionsand whichwashis placeof refuge in timesof danger. Hisbrother, the Archdeacon Henry of Montaigu, wasdean of the church of St. Lambert, whileone of his sons, another Henry, wasalso an archdeaconand provostof thechurch of Fosses(I9).The claim of the historian OrdericVitalis that Cuno

(14) St. BormansandE. Schoolmeesters, Cartulairede l'églisede Saint-Lambertà Liège,(Bruxelles, 1893-1933),I, n° 29.

(15) AApp. 299, 300,305-307,328,366, 423,427, 435.(16) TriumphusS. Remacli,MGHSS,XI, 447-448; Thiofridof Echternach,VitaS. Willibrordi,MGH SS,XXIII,26 ; J. Vannérus,'Lesanciensdynastesd'Esch-

sur-la-Sûre',OnsHémecht,11 (1905),308-390,432-442, 485-493,532-540; 12 (1906),18-23,51-56; A App.427, 300.

(17)AApp.413, 519.(18)AApp. 306, 310, 317, 359, 366,422,464,495,504; Albericof Troisfontaines,

Chronicon,MGHSS XXIII,804,815; LaChansond'Antioche,éd. SuzanneDuparc-Quioc (Paris,1976),lines 1397,2511-2544.

(19) C.G. Roland, 'Lesseigneurset comtesde Rochefort',Annales dela Sociétéarchéologiquede Namur,20 (1893),63-141; AndréJoris, La villede Huyau MoyenÂge,Bibliothèque dela Facultéde Philosophieet Lettresde l'Universitéde Liège,152(Paris,1959); Jean-LouisKüpper,Liègeet l'Égliseimperiale,xie-xiiesiècles,Biblio-


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THEARMYOFGODFREYOFBOUILLON 305

wasmarried to a sister of Godfreyof Bouillonhas nobasisin fact. Godfrey'sparents, EustaceII of Boulogneand Ida of Bouillon,are not knownto havehad any daughters, whilethe chronicleof the abbeyof Saint-Hubertstatesthat Cuno's onlyknownwife,Ida,wasa daughterof Lambertthe Old,a nobleman f the territory of Liègewhowasburiedthere (20).Neverthelessthe nameGozelo,a variant form of Godfrey, borne by Cuno's father as well as hiseldestson,clearlypoints to somekindof blood relationshipwith the Ardenne-Verdundynastywhichusedboth Godfreyand Gozelo as Leitnamen(2I).

The youngerGozelo died on crusadeand so Cuno was succeededby hisyoungerson Lambert,who also becamecount of Clermont,a fortress onthe right bank of the Meuse betweenHuy and Liège.The manner in whichthe family acquiredthe county throws light on the identificationof anothercrusaderwhohas escapedthe attention of historians.Thepreviouscount ofClermontwas calledGiselbert; a documentof 1083relates how the churchof St. Paul at Liègepossesseda domainat Nandrinnearthe castleof Clermont.The count Giselbertand his accompliceFredelocontinuallycommitteddepred tions on this land, so that its inhabitantsdid not dare to gather woodor till the soil. The prince-bishop Henryof Verdun gave the advocacy ofthis domainto count Cuno, in whosecounty the land was situated, andforced Giselbertand Fredeloto restore what they had usurped(22). Thisinformationprovidesa revealingpersonalconstellation.Cuno was of coursethe count of Montaigu; Fredelowas in all probabilitythe sameperson asthe despoilerof Malmedyand Echternachand father of the crusadersHenryand Godfreyof Esch. Giselbertof Clermontappears againwith his wifeLongardeand brother Hermanin 1091whenthey gavethe church of Saint-Symphoriento the abbeyof Cluny(23).By 1095the castleof Clermont hadbecomesucha menaceto shippingon the Meuse that Otbert, the newprince-bishop,organisedan expeditionto besiegeit as part of the campaignto enforcethe Peace of God in his diocese.Thesiege lastedfrom 29 June to 9 August1095and endedunsuccessfully,partly becauseGodfreyof Bouillonand other

thèquede la Facultéde Philosophieet Lettres de l'Universitéde Liège, 228(Paris,1981),396-W3,146-54.

(20) Orderic Vitalis,TheEcclesiasticalHistory,ed.MarjorieChibnall (Oxford,1969-80),V, 166; Cantatorium,p. 181; NicolasHuyghebaert,'La mère deGodefroidde Bouillon: La comtesseIde de Boulogne', Publications dela Sectionhistoriquede l'InstitutGrand-Ducalde Luxembourg, 95(1981),43-63.

(21)MichelParisse,'Généalogiede la Maisond'Ardenne',Publications delaSectionhistoriquede l'Institut Grand-Ducalde Luxembourg,95 (1981), 9-42.

(22)JosephDaris, Noticeshistoriquessur leséglises dudiocèsede Liège,12(Liège,1885),n° 41,pp. 131-133.

(23)A. Miraeus,Operadiplomaticaet historica,ed. J. F. Foppens(Bruxelles,1723-48),II, 812.


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306 Λ.V. MURRAY

noblesin the besiegingarmy refusedto attackthe castle owingto an unresolveddisputeconcerningthe deposedabbotof Saint-Hubert(24).

In his study of the counts ofBehogneand Rochefortthe historianRolandwas unableto explainhow Lambertof Montaigu acquiredClermont-sur-Meuse.He assumedthat after the death ofGiselberthis castlewasoccupiedby brigands,leadingto the siegeof 1095,and that his daughterlater marriedLambert.Howevera different interpretation of the known facts providesamore consistentand plausibleexplanation. Theactivitiesof the anonymousoccupantsof Clermont in 1095are entirely consistentwith those of countGiselbertand his accompliceFredeloin 1083; what a monkishchroniclerregardedas brigandagewas no doubt perceivedby the noblemen asthelegitimatelevyingof tolls on river traffic.Neverthelessthis nobleway of lifewas becomingincreasinglyredundant in the face of an energetic bishopdeterminedto pacify his diocese.A terse entry in the chronicleof GilesofOrval for the year 1095revealsthat what Otbertfailed to achieveby forcewasnow accomplishedby purchase(25).Theacquisitionof Clermontand itssubsequentenfeoffmentto the episcopalvassalLambertof Montaigu canbeseen as part of a consistentpolicy of purchasewhich also brought to theprince-bishopthe important fortresses of Mirwart, Couvinand eventually,Bouillonitself(26).For count Giselbertthe obviousavenueof opportunityand escape was the crusade.Far from having diedin 1095he seemsto havein fact departedwith Godfrey, appearing as amemberof the householdofBaldwinin Ciliciain the winter of 1097,describedas Giselbertusde ClaroMonte. His participationin the crusadewouldalso explainthat of MilodeClaroMonte,a knight of Godfrey'shouseholdin 1099,who mayhavebeena relativeor followerof Giselbert(27).

The crusadersdiscussed sofar cameeither from the lands of GodfreyofBouillonor from the surrounding areasof the Ardennes.Accordingto acharter recordingthe sale of Baisyand Genappe by Godfreyin 1095,whosetext was later incorporatedinto a diplomaof Henry IV for the abbey ofNivelles, nofewer than eight crusaders werepresent at the transaction:Godfrey himself, Baldwin,Cuno of Montaigu,Warner of Grez, Henry andGodfrey of Esch, and Heribrandand Walterof Bouillon(28).It is possible

(24)Cantatorium,pp. 194-197.(25)Giles of Orval, GestaepiscoporumLeodiensium,MGH SS,XXV,84: Item

Clarimontiscastellumbeato Lambertomultoprecioacquisivit.(26)RenéDeprez,La politiquecastraledans la principautéepiscopatede Liège

du xeau XIVesiècle',LeMoyenÂge,65 (1959),501-538.(27)AApp. 350, 520,526; Williamof Tyre, WillelmiTyrensisarchiepiscopichro-

nicon,éd. R. B. C. Huygens,CorpusChristianorum,ContinuatioMedievalis, 63-63A (Turnhout,1986)[henceforthcitedas WT],pp. 219,229.

(28)MGHDD HeinrichIV,n° 459.


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that the sale and others like it presentedan opportunityto formulate anddiscussplansfor the journeyto Jerusalem.

Geographicallyremovedfrom this close-knitgroupwasBaldwinII of Mons,countof Hainaut(29).His preferencefor the companyof Godfreyrather thanthat of his neighbourRobert II of Flanderscan probablybe explainedinterms of dynastic politics.He was the secondson of Richildaof Hainautand BaldwinVI of Flanderswho had jointly ruled both counties.Howeveron his father's deathhis uncleRobertI usurpedFlandersin a revolt in whichhisbrother ArnulfIII waskilled.Baldwinand Richildawereleftwith Hainaut,guaranteedto them by the EmperorHenry IV at the diet of Liègein 1071,by which they becamevassalsof Godfrey III of LowerLotharingia (uncleof Godfreyof Bouillon), andrear-vassalsof Liège.On the deathof Godfreyin 1076Baldwinbecamea direct vassalof the prince-bishop(30).As ruler ofa large county hewas presumablyaccompanied by vassalsof his own, ofwhomwe can identify at least two : Gerard of Avesnes(France,Nord, arr.Avesnes-sur-Helpe)and Giselbertof Couvin(Belgium, Namur,arr. Philippe-ville)(31).

A third elementin the exercitusof Godfreyconsistedof lords and knightsfrom the neighbouring duchyof Upper Lotharingiaand adjacentareas ofthe French kingdom.The decisionof these crusadersto join the army ledby Godfreywasprobablyinfluencedby the fact that their ownduke,TheodericI, count of Barand Montbéliard,had beenreleasedfrom his crusading vowsbecauseof illness and did not make the pilgrimage(32).He was, however,representedby his eldest son Louis,count of Mousson (France,Meurthe-et-Moselle,arr. Nancy),and anotherknight, Ralph of Mousson (33).

The Dudo de Consmentionedtwice as a memberof Godfrey'sarmy hasbeen repeatedlyidentified in crusading scholarship asoriginatingfrom Konzat the confluenceof the Mosel and the Saar above Trier (34).He was in fact

(29)AA pp. 305, 315,434-435; Alberic of Troisfontaines,p. 805; Giselbertof Mons,ChroniconHanoniense,éd. LéonVanderkindere(Bruxelles,1904),45 ;Chansond'Antioche,lines 163,8986.

(30)MGHDD HeinrichIV, n° 242; A. Hansay, 'L'inféodationdu comté de

Hainautà l'Église deLiègeen 1071 ,Bulletinde la Sociétéd'art et d'histoiredu diocèsede Liège,13(1902),45-58.(31)Gerardof AvesnesAApp.499,507,516,593.Giselbertof Couvin: A Ap. 655.(32)JacquesChoux,Recherchessur le diocèsede Toulau temps de la réforme

grégorienne: l'épiscopat dePibon (1069-1107)(Nancy,1952),pp. 102-105.(33)AApp. 317,526,531; Albericof Troisfontaines,p. 804; Chanson d'Ant

ioche, line 8975.(34)AApp. 299,574; Runciman,I, 147; Peter Knoch,Studienzu Adalbertvon

Aachen,Stuttgarter Beiträgezur Geschichteund Politik, (Stuttgart, 1966),pp. 114,157.ReinholdRöhricht, DieDeutschenim heiligenLande(Innsbruck,1894),p. 17,Andressohn,p. 52, and Duparc-Quioc {Chansond'Antioche,p. 73)all mistakenlygiveSaarbrückenas a placeoforigin.


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308 Α.V. MURRAY

lord of Cons-la-Grandville(France,Meurthe-et-Moselle, air.Briey)on theRiver Chiersin the Ardennes, and wasa benefactorof the abbeyof Saint-Hubertto whichhe donatedthe priory of St. Michaelat Cons(35).HisfatherwasAdelo of Dun, Dun being a castleon the Meuse whichhad been givento the churchof Verdunby HenryIV. On Adelo's deathhis landsweredividedbetweenhis sons Walter who receivedDun, and Dudo who receivedCons.Dudo wasaccompaniedon crusadeby his wife Hadwida,daughterof ArnulfIIof Chiny(36).

Similar problemsof identificationhave arisenin the caseof the crusaderPetrus de Stadeneis,whomhistorianshave almostunanimouslyreferred toas 'Peterof Stenay'(37).This issue is an important one ; the identificationwith Stenay (France, Meuse,arr. Verdun) suggests Peterwas a vassalofGodfreyof Bouillonwho was lord of this domainon the Meuse midwaybetweenBouillonand Verdun.HoweverPeter wasin fact countof the pagusStadunensisor Astenois,a district on the plainsof Champagnein the extremeeast of the Frenchkingdom.He was also known as Petrus de Dunperrunafter his principalstrongholdof Dampierre-le-Château(France,Marne, air.Sainte-Menehould)(38).With him on crusade washis elder brother RainaldIII, episcopalcount of Toul in UpperLotharingia(39).They were sons ofFrederickI, count of Astenois, andGertrude,daughterof count RainaldIIof Toul, and were kinsmen of Godfreyof Bouillon.Severalauthors alludeto a blood relationship between Frederick'sbrother Henry of Verdun andGodfrey'suncleGodfreyIII, at whoseinstigationHenrywasinstalledas bishop

(35)Cantatorium,pp. 150,164; GodefroidKurth, Chartesde l'abbayede St.-Huberten Ardenne,I (Bruxelles,1903),n° 63 ; RaymondPagny, 'Lesseigneursetla seigneuriede Cons-la-Grandville',Bulletinde l'Association'LesAmisdu VieuxLongwy',5 (1962),3-9,74-78.

(36)MGHDD HeinrichIV,n° 162; Kurth,ibid. : commemoratio Hawidis filiaecomitisArnulphi deChisnei,quaecum virosuo DudoneCunensiab Hierosolymisreversa.

(37)ReinholdRöhricht, Geschichte deserstenKreuzzuges(Innsbruck,1901),62 ;RenéGrousset,Histoire des croisades(Paris, 1934),I, 12 ; Runciman,I, 147;FerdinandChalandon, Histoirede la premièrecroisade(Paris, 1925),112; H.Hardenberg,De Nederlandenen de kruistochten(Amsterdam,1944)57-58; MarcelLobet, Godefroidde Bouillon.Essaide biographieantilégendaire(Bruxelles,1943),71 ; Knoch,pp. 167-169; KennethM.Settonet al.,A Historyofthe Crusades(Philadelphia, Madison,1955-89),I, 296.

(38)AApp.299, 310, 317,365-66,422,424; Laurence of Liège,GestaepisoporumVirdunensiumet abbatums. Vitoni,MGHSS, X [henceforthcitedas LL],p.494;Chansond'Antioche,lines 2260, 8188,8205; Anatolede Barthélémy,'Lecomtéd'Astenoiset les comtesde Dampierre-le-Château',Revuede Champagneet de Brie,16(1888),410-416.

(39)AApp.299, 301, 317, 343, 365,366,398,422; LLp. 494; Baldric of Dol,HistoriaJerosolimitana,Recueildes Historiensdes Croisades,Historiensoccidentaux,IV(1879), 77.


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of Liègein 1075.It is likely that Baldwin,father of Henryand Frederick,had married a daughter of the Ardenne- Verdundynasty ΐ40).Accordingtothe chroniclerLaurenceof Liège Frederickwas a carus et fidelis of bothTheoderic,bishopof Verdun,andof Godfreyof Bouillon, whoheld the countyof Verdun from the bishopuntil his departure onthe crusadein 1096.Itis likely that Frederickand his son held lands in the neighbouring countyof Verdun andwere thus vassalsof both count and bishop; certainly it isa significant reflectionof the relative strengthsof the two institutionsthatPeter had served as one of the commandersof the episcopalforces duringTheoderic'scampaignsagainstGodfrey(41).Amongthose whowent to Jerusalem in the companyof PeterandRainald wereonecleric,Louis, archdeaconof Toul, andsix lordsfrom the diocese: Rambert, sonof Fraimerof Lironville(France,Meurthe-et-Moselle,arr. Toul), Bencelin,Aldo of Fontenoy-sur-Moselle(air. Toul), and the familygroupof Lanfroi,his son Olri and brotherHughH .

The last known memberof this category was the crusader known tocontemporarysources asBalduinusde Burgo,later countof Edessa and secondking of Jerusalem(43).Althoughoften referred to by modern historiansas'Baldwinof Le Bourg', his surname in fact derivesfrom Bourcq(France,Ardennes,arr. Vouziers)in the valleyof the Aisne(u). He wasa son of countHughI of Retheland Melisendeof Montlhéry,andwasa kinsmanof Godfrey.The county of Rethel, whichhad as its nucleusthe territory of Omont, afief of the church of Reims, wassituated both in regno and in imperio andthe countswereconsequentlyinvolvedin the politicsof Lotharingia.Baldwin'sgrandfatherhad been anally of Godfreyof Bouillonduringthe disputesoverthe latter's inheritance,and had invadedthe bishopricof Verdun althoughhis own castle of Sainte-Menehould wascaptured by episcopalforces(45).

It is likely that most of the crusadersfrom the other duchiesof the empirehad alreadygone with the variousexpeditionswhich had left prior to theofficialdeparturedate underthe leadershipof Peter the Hermit,WalterSans-Avoir,Emicho,Gottschalk andVolkmar.Howevera diploma of Henry IV

(40)CharlesAimond,'Le nécrologede la cathédralede Verdun', JahrbuchderGesellschaftfür lothringische Geschichteund Altertumskunde,21 (1909),185;LLp. 495; Giles of Orval, p. 88 ; Lambertof Hersfeld, Annales,ed. O. Holder-Egger, NIGHScriptores rerum Germanicarumin usum scholarum(Hannover,Leipzig,1956),p. 225; GestaTreverorum,MGHSS,VIII,126.

(41)LLpp.494-497.(42)AApp. 375-376; Choux,pp. 102-105.(43)AAp.299.(44)His surname wasfirst identifiedby Jean Richard, Le Royaumelatin de

Jérusalem(Paris,1953),p. 19.(45)AAp. 527; WTp.547; LLp.494; MichelBur, La formationdu comté de

Champagne950-1150(Nancy,1977),pp. 133-134,412ff.


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310 A.V.MURRAY

dated26 July 1097revealshow a noblewomancalledCunihildhad soldherestate of Obermeiser (Germany,Hessen,Kr. Kassel-Land) to the abbey ofHelmarshausen,for which her son Reinholdhad received'36 marks to goto Jerusalemwith Duke Godfrey'.Sincehe came from a fairly distant partof Germanyit wasunlikelythat Reinholdwasa unique case(46).

The other crusadingcontingents, notably the Provençalarmy led byRaymondof Saint-Gilles, includedlargenumbersof clerics,both secularandregular,someof whomheld fairly seniorpositionsin the church. It was thesemenwho tendedto obtainthe newecclesiasticalofficescreatedby the crusadersin Syria. Thus the ProvençalPeter of Narbonne becamebishopof Albarawhilehis compatriotBernardof Valencebecamebishopof Artah and su bsequently Latinpatriarchof Antioch. TheNormanRobertof Rouenobtainedthe see of Lydda while the FlemingsArnulf of Chocques and AchardofArrouaise becamepatriarchof Jerusalemand prior of the TemplumDominirespectively(47). Howeversenior clerics of this calibre were conspicuouslyabsentfrom Godfrey'sarmy, a phenomenonwhichcan be explainedby theeffects of the InvestitureContest.No Lotharingianor other Germanbishopswere present atthe Councilof Clermont; only Richerof Verdunsent legatesand presents(48).Indeedthe first news of the crusadeto reach the westernparts of the empire mayhave been brought by Peter the Hermit and hisfollowers,which would explainwhy he rather than Urban II was depictedas the initiator of the crusadeby many Germanchroniclers(49).It is alsoprobablethat the Lotharingianbishopsand abbotsweretoo heavilyinvolvedin the strugglebetween empireand papacyto considerleavingtheir chargesat this criticaltime.

It is therefore not surprisingthat the only namedclericsknown to havetravelledin Godfrey'scompanywere the aforementionedLouis of Toul andAdalbero of Luxembourg,archdeaconof Metz, who was a son of ConradI of Luxembourgand aproximus of HenryIV (50).On the other hand William

(46) MGHDD HeinrichIV,n° 457.(47)BernardHamilton,TheLatinChurchin the Crusader States(London,1980),

11, 17,23 ; Moeller, 189-202.(48) LL p.497; AnnalesS. Vitoni Virdunenses,MGH SS,X, 526.(49)Knoch,109-111.(50)AApp. 370-371; Heinz Renn,DasersteLuxemburgerGrafenhaus, Rheinisches

Archiv,39 (Berlin,1941),p. 9. The name Adalbero,relativelyrare amonglaymen,wasconsideredauspiciousfor bishopsafter the timeof Adalbero,bishopof Augsburg(d.909)and seemsto have beenespeciallypopularin the Ardenne-Verdun,BarandLuxembourgfamiliesfor youngersonsdestinedfor the church.AdalberoIII, bishopof Metz from 1047to 1072,wasan uncle of the archdeacon.Thesefacts, and thedetailsof the anecdotalvignette relatingto hisdeath at Antiochtold by Albert ofAachen,suggestthat he wasa fairlyworldlycareer churchmanfor whomthecrusadepresenteda welcomediversionduring the wait to secureone of the sees on whichhisfamilyhad traditionalclaims.


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THEARMYOFGODFREYOFBOUILLON 31 1

of Tyre relatesthat Godfreytook with him a group of monkswhocelebratedthe divineoffices for him during the crusade.After the captureof Jerusalem

he settled them at their own requestin the abbeyof St. Maryin the valleyof Josaphat(51).Wheredid thesemonkscomefrom ? Thechronicleof Saint-Hubert agreesthat Godfrey took regularclergy with him, and it is possiblethat they were at least in part originallymembersof that community(52).Onthe deathof Henryof Verdunin 1091,HenryIV installedthe royalchaplainOtbert as bishopof Liège.Soon the passionateimperialist OtbertdeposedBerengar,the reformist abbot of St. Laurenceat Liège.Berengarfled withhis supporters to Saint-Hubert,whoseown abbot Theoderic wasin turndeposedfor offering hisprotectionto the reformers.Eventuallythe two abbotsand many loyal monksfled to propertiesin the dioceseof Reimswherethey

enjoyedthe supportof Godfreyof BouillonandDudo

of Cons(53).

Thedisputewas not finally resolveduntil the autumn of 1096,and therefore it wouldseem that in Augustof that year there werenumbersof displacedmonks,supportersof Berengarand Theoderic,who maywell have beenattractedby the prospectsof a pilgrimageto the HolyLand in the companyof Godfrey,whowasadvocateof Saint-Hubert.

So far the examinationof the compositionof Godfrey'sexercitus has yieldedthe namesof thirty-nine individualswho were probablywith him from thebeginningof the expedition.Twoof these were clericsand two were women.Undoubtedlythe army includedmany more unnamed knights and theirfamiliesas wellas clerics,peasantsand townspeople.Within the known groupof thirty-nineindividualswecan discerncertainrelationshipsand bondswhichoperatedin the courseof the expedition,and which give insights into thestructure and hierarchyof the Lotharingianarmy.

Next in importance to Godfrey himself was his brother BaldwinofBoulogne.He was left in chargeof the army at Brückan der Leithaduringnegotiationswith King Colomanof Hungaryand later acted ashostagetohim.At Constantinoplehe commandeda detachmentof 500men, and guardedthe hostageJohn Comnenus(54).The initial embassyto Coloman was entruste to Godfreyof Esch, probablybecausehe had been to Hungarysomeyears before ; on the secondapproachhe was accompanied by Warner ofGrez,Rainaldof Toul and Peter of Dampierre(55).Godfreyof Esch,Cuno

(51)WTpp.431.(52) Cantatorium,p.208: Neemulto post dux Hierosolymam vadens... multos

secumnobileset religiososabduxit.(53) Ralph of Sint-Truiden,GestaabbatwnTrudonensium,MGH SS,X, 236ff ;

Cantatorium,pp.153ff. It was on accountof Otbert's refusal to restoreTheodericthatGodfreyabandonedthe siegeof Clermont-sur-Meusein 1095.

(54) ΛΛpp.301-302,307-308.(55) ΛΛpp. 300-301.


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312 A.V.MURRAY

of Montaiguand Baldwinof Bourcqactedas envoysto the Emperor Alexius;the latter two subsequentlyreceivedthe imperialrepresentativeJohn Com-nenus(56).Duke Godfreywasthen accompaniedto his meetingwith Alexiusby Warner of Grez and Peter of Dampierre(57).We later find Warner inchargeof a force sentto securethe port of St. Simeonon the coastof northernSyria, and Rainald of Toul as commanderof a reservedivisionat the GreatBattleof Antiochin 1098(58).

It is significant that these importantmilitary and diplomatictasks werenot entrusted to any of Godfrey'shouseholdofficers, suggestingthat his ownvassalsdid not possesssufficientstatus. On the other hand the fact that suchmissionswere repeatedlycarried out by the same men suggeststhat theyformeda close-knitinnergroupwithinthe Lotharingianarmywhichprobablyfunctionedas a council.It is improbablethat the bondswhich linked themwereof a feudalnatureas, apartfrom the possiblecasesof Henryand Godfreyof Esch, there is no evidenceto suggest that they were his vassals.LowerLotharingia wasnot a territorial principality,and its counts and lords werenot vassalsof the duke(59).On the other hand as military commandwasthe most pronounced andthe least disputedfunctionof the duke it is probablethat the lords from LowerLotharingiawere preparedto acceptGodfreyasleaderof the crusadingarmy. In fact twoof the LowerLotharingians,Baldwinof Hainaut andHenry of Esch, went so far as to break military disciplineby leavingthe army in Thracein order to hurry ahead to Constantinoplein an attempt to share in the rumoured munificenceof the Byzantineemperor(ω). Baldwinof Bourcq,Peter of Dampierreand Rainaldof Toulall camefrom Franceand UpperLotharingia,areas whereGodfrey had noducal authority. The most significantties within the core groupseemin factto havederivedfrom kinship; each memberof it was related in somewayto Godfreyof Bouillonand his brother Baldwin,a fact repeatedlyreflectedin the descriptionsof them givenby Albert of Aachen.The most importantof Godfrey'skinsmen (apart from his brother) was Warner of Grez, whoassumedthe leadershipof the domusGodefridi on Godfrey's deathin July1100.In Albert'sinitiallist of departingcrusadersWarneris the onlyindividualexplicitlydescribed asa kinsmanof Godfrey and Baldwin, althoughmanyof the others are subsequentlymarkedas such elsewherein his history. Inthe correspondingpassagein the history ofWilliamof Tyre, who usedAlbert's

(56)A App.306-307,310.(57) AAp. 310.(58)AApp. 383,424; Baldric of Dol, p. 77 ; Orderic Vitalis,V, 108-1 10.(59)MatthiasWerner, 'DerHerzogvon Lothringenin salischerZeit',in DieSalier

und das Reich, : Salier,Adelund Reichsverfassung, ed.Stefan Weinf-urter andHelmutKluger (Sigmaringen,1991),367-473.

(60)AAp. 305.


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THEARMYOFGODFREY OFBOUILLON 313

history or a sourcecommonto both, only Baldwinof Bourcqis similarlydistinguished.This would appearto be a retrospectiveeditorial decision

influencedby Baldwin'ssubsequent importanceas kingof Jerusalem(6I).This,and the analysisof their respectivemilitary and diplomaticresponsibilities,suggeststhat at least originallyWarner was near the top of the hierarchyof the coregroupand Baldwinsomewherenear the bottom.

Anothersignificantfactor mayhavebeenthe bondsof allianceforgedduringthe wars fought by Godfrey to defendhis inheritancein the periodbeforethe crusade.In 1076he had succeededas designatedheir to the Lotharingianlandsof his uncle, GodfreyIII (the Hunchback),but claimswere also raisedby his uncle'sestrangedwife, Mathildaof Tuscany,AlbertIII, countof Namur,and Theoderic Flamens,countof Veluweon the lower Rhine. Thiscoalition

wasjoined by another Theoderic,the bishopof Verdun,and two localdynastskeento share in the spoils, Waleran,countof Arlonand Limburg,and ArnulfII, count of Chiny. By contrast Godfrey'sprincipal supportcame from hisrelativeHenry of Verdun,prince-bishopof Liège(62).Turning tothe crusade,we have alreadyseen that Cuno,Gozelo and Lambertof Montaiguas wellas Warnerof Grezand Baldwinof Hainaut were allvassalsof the ecclesiasticalprincipality.Baldwinof Bourcq'sfamilyhad fought on Godfrey'ssideagainstTheodericof Verdun.AdmittedlyPeter of Dampierreand Rainald of Toulhadfought on the episcopal sidein this conflict; however asfar as the crusadewas concernedthis appearsto have been outweighedby their particularly

strong kinship ties (via a bishop of Liège)with Godfrey and Baldwin.Conversely,the continued importanceof kinshipand alliancewouldexplainthe lack of prominenceaccordedto Dudo of Cons, a son-in-lawof Arnulfof Chiny,and to Louis of Mousson,cousinof the countessMathilda.

Consideringthe peripheralpositionof LowerLotharingiawithin the empire,as wellas its accessibilityto Franceand the preachingof the crusade,Godfrey'sarmy includedrelativelyfew of the majornoblesof the duchy, especially thoseof comital rank. As we have seen, the noblesof LowerLotharingiawerenot vassalsof the duke and were consequentlyunderno obligationto followhim. In manycasesthe phenomenonof non-participationwasalso influenced

by the political constellationsobtaining onthe eve of the crusade.Notable

(61)AApp.299,520-524; WTp. 161.(62)Walter Mohr, Geschichtedes HerzogtumsLothringen,II. Niederlothringen

bis zu seinemAufgehenim HerzogtumBrabant(11.-13.Jahrhundert)(Saarbrücken,1976),63-69; P. C. Boeren,'Overzicht derdynastievan Wassenburg-Gelreen verwantegeslachtengedurendede elfde eeuw',Bijdragenen Mededelingenvan de VereenigingGelre,41 (1938),1-23; P. C. Boeren,De oorsprongvan Limburgen Gelreen enkelenaburigeheerschappijen(Maastricht,1938),71-86; H. Vanderlinden,'Le tribunalde paixde Henri de Verdun (1082)',in MélangesHenri Pirenne (Bruxelles,1926),II,589-596.


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314 A.V.MURRAY

absenteeswere Albert of Namur, Arnulf of Chiny, Henry of Arlon andLimburg,as wellas the three heirs of TheodericFlamens: Gerardof Geldern,Henry ofKriekenbeekand Gosuinof Heinsberg.Thesewere all members(or their successors)of the coalitionwhich had wagedwar on Godfrey andhis principalally the church of Liège.A similarcasewas that of the countof Leuven, traditionally a rival of the Ardenne-Verdundynasty and anadversaryof the principalityof Liègeon which his lands bordered(63). In1095-96,far from taking the cross, Henryof Leuvenembarkedon a newconflictwith Liègeoverthe countyof Brugeron(M).Other importantabsenteeswere the count of Holland and the count of Luxembourg,whilewe knowof no noblesat all from LowerLotharingianorth of Antwerp.It has beenarguedthat the high degreeof non-participationin Lotharingiawasbecause

most of the vassalsof HenryIV

were reluctantto becomeinvolvedin

whatwasessentiallya papal enterprise(65).In fact it wouldappearthat if anything,exactlythe conversewas the case.Under the bishopsHenry of Verdun andOtbert the dioceseof Liègewasone of the areas whichconsistentlyofferedthe greatest support to the monarchy during the Investiture Contesti66).Notablenon-participantsincluded traditional enemiesof the ecclesiasticalprincipality; key membersof the crusadingarmy werefidèlessanctiLamberti.Pope Urban hadproclaimedthat the property of crusadersshouldbe placedunderchurchprotectionuntil their return. For vassalsof the powerfulchurchof Liègethis undoubtedlyrepresentedeffectiveprotection.On the other handit is probablethat many other lords were unwillingto leavehomeat a timewhenLotharingia wasbeingravagedby the InvestitureContestandthe variousdynasticfeudswhichaccompanied it (67).

From its departure in August1096until its arrival atConstantinopleinDecember the army was therefore essentiallyLotharingianin character,lthough it wasby no meansrepresentativeof the wholeof Lotharingia.Aftercrossingover to Asia Minorin the spring of 1097the crusadersencountered

(63) VitaBaldericiepiscopiLeodiensis,MGHSS,IV,727-729; Gesta episcoporumCameracensium,MGH SS,VII,467-469; Annales Laubienses,MGH SS,IV, 18.

(64)Gilesof Orval, pp. 91-92.(65) C.D. J. Brandt,Kruisvaardersnaar Jeruzalem.Geschiedenisvan de eerstekruistocht (Utrecht,1950),103.

(66)Kupper, Liègeet l'Égliseimpériale,pp.387-394.For recent numismaticevidenceof Otbert's imperialiststance,seeJörgen SteenJensen, 'Λ MaastrichtCoinRepresentingthe Investitureof BishopOtbertof Liègeby the EmperorHenry IVin 109Γ, SpinkNumismaticCircular,98(1990),310-311.

(67)A casein point is that ofHenry-HezelinII, countof Grandpré, who had beenGodfrey's principal partisanin the county of Verdun.Evenafter Godfreyreacheda settlement with BishopRicherhe continuedto wagewar on the bishopricuntilhe took the crosssometimeafter 1099,althoughhe died before he couldleave(LLp. 497).


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the defeatedremnantsof the 'People's Expeditions',whichseemto havebeenincorporatedinto the variousnewly arrivedcontingentsin the courseof the

next stageof the march.Thusat Nicaea Godfreyand his army are described:Godefridusdux Lotharingiae... cum universo comitatu Lotharingiorumconstitutus est (68). However,by the time of their arrival at Antioch thedescriptionshave becomefuller : Godefridusdux ... cum innumerismilibusLotharngiis, Saxonibus,Alemannis,Bawariisand Godefridus,cum Theuto-nicis,Alemannis,Bawariis,Saxonibus,Lotharingiis andagaincum Alemannis awariis,Saxonibus,Lotharingiis,Theutoniciset Romanis (69).As Knochpoints out, these lists of tribes constitutea rhetorical device employedbyAlbertof Aachento give greaterweightto the Germanelementsin the crusade.Nevertheless,the fact that these Germansare not associatedwith Godfrey

until after the crossingtoAsia

Minorsuggeststhat they were newadditionsto the army(70).A sectionof the chronicleof Zimmerndealingwith the First Crusade has

long been regardedas the principalsourcefor these new additions(71).Thechroniclewas the work of Froben Christoph, count of Zimmern (nowHerrenzimmernnear Rottweil,Baden-Württemberg)and lord of Meßkirchand Wildenstein.It wascompletedaround 1566and survivesin two originalmanuscriptswritten in the Swabian dialectof EarlyNewHigh German(72).Thefirst historianof the crusadesto drawattentionto this sourcewasHagen-meyer, who originallyintendedto use it to clarify the role playedby Peterthe Hermit in the First Crusade(73).On accountof its unique and detailedinformationit was acceptedby Hagenmeyer,Röhricht, Runciman andlaterby Riley-Smithas a genuineprosopographicalsourcefor Germanparticipationin the crusade(74).Thechronicle claimsas its ownmainsourcefor the crusade

(68)A Ap. 315.(69)AApp.366, 422,425.SeealsoOrderic Vitalis,V, 108-1 10.(70)Knoch,pp. 116-119.(71)First published asthe Zimmerische Chronik,ed. Karl August Barack,

Bibliothekdes litterarischenVereins in Stuttgart,91-94(Stuttgart, 1869),2nd ednFreiburgim Breisgau,Tübingen,1881-82. Referencesare henceforthgivento the best

modernedition, DieChronikder Grafenvon Zimmern.Handschriften580und 581derFürstlichFürstenbergischenBibliothekDonaueschingen,ed. HansmartinDecker-Hauff(Konstanz,Stuttgart,Sigmaringen,1964-).

(72)Hans Baumgart,'Studienzur ZimmerschenChronik des GrafenFrobenChristophundzur MainzerBistumschronik desGrafenWilhelmWernervonZimmern'(unpublisheddoctoraldissertation, Univ.of Freiburg,1923),9-30; BeatRudolfJenny,GrafFrobenChristophvon Zimmern.Geschichtsschreiber,Erzähler,Landesherr. EinBeitragzur Geschichte desHumanismusin Schwaben(Lindau,Konstanz,1959),34-50.

(73)HeinrichHagenmeyer,'Étudesur la Chroniquede Zimmern: renseignementsqu'ellefournit surla premièrecroisade',Archivesde l'Orientlatin,2 (1884),17-88.

(74)Röhricht, DieDeutschen,9-21; Runciman,I, 121-122,131-132;JonathanRiley-Smith,'The Motivesof the EarliestCrusadersand the Settlementof Latin


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316 A.V.MURRAY

a codex described as ainalt geschribenbuochin the BlackForestmonasteryof Alpirsbachwhich was foundedduring the First Crusadeby membersof

the Zimmernfamily among others, as well asa tapestry also supposedlybelongingto Alpirsbach.The self-proclaimedintentionof this section ofthechronicleis to highlight the role of the High Germansin contrast to thatof the Low Germansand Frenchwho, it wasargued, hadbeenamplytreatedby other writers, notablyWilliamof Tyre, Robertthe Monk and the otherwise unknownGuido Remensis(75).After describingPope Urban'sappealat Clermont,the chroniclegoes on to give a detailedlist of those Germanswho departedfor Jerusalem: 'Als nu die fürsten aus Gallia und aus andernnationendas eerlich,christenlich fürnemenvernamen,die auchzuvor durchdenbapstUrbanumzu Clermantin Auergne darzubewegt,erweitensie herzog

Gotfridenainhelligclichzu irem obristen über denganzenhäufen. Sollichsmöchtso baldtin deutschenlandennit kont werden,es namenetlich bischofdas creuzan sich, als nemlichbischofConradtvon Chur und bischofOthovon Straßburg, herzog Friderrichs vonSchwaben brüeder. Zu disen undandern bischofenmerverfliegtesichbischofThiemovon Salzburg,dessgleichenherzogEgkhartvon Bayern,ain sun grave Ottonsvon Scheyrn,und herzogWalthervon Tegk.Dessgleichenso zogentmit dise nachvolgendegraven undfreiherren : grave Hainrich vonSchwarzenburg,pfalzgrafeHugo von Tübingen, rave Rudolf und grave Huldreich vonSarwerden,grave HartmanvonDillingenund Kiburg, graveThiemovon Eschenloch,grave HainrichvonHelfenstain, graveAdelprechtvon Kirchberg, graveHainrichvon Hailigenberg,ain grave von Fanen, herr Arnolt freiherr von Busnang,ain freiherr vonFridow,herr Ruodolffreiherr von Brandis,ain freiherr von Westerburg,graveBerchtoldtvon Neifen, herr Albrechtfreiherr von Stoffeln ; item ain gravevon Salm,ain grave von Viernenberg,ain herr von Bolanden ; item graveEmmichvon Lyningen,aingravevonRöttelen undaingravevonZwaibrucken,darzuainmerklicheanzalvonder ritterschaft, dieallezu errettung deschristen-lichenglaubensmit denenungleübigenzu streitenbegerten'(76).

This list comprisestwenty-sevennamed individuals,the majorityof themfrom the duchy of Swabia ; to these can be addedain edelmanvon Embsund ainer vonFridingen aswellas the brothersConrad,Albertand Frederickof Zimmernwho are all mentionedlater (77).Thus this single sourcegivesa total of thirty-two names,an amazinglyhigh prosopographicalyield fora relatively shortaccountin a work written over four and a half centuriesafter the events it describes.The number is even more remarkableif we

Palestine,1095-1100',EnglishHistoricalReview,98 (1983),725; Riley-Smith,TheFirst Crusadeand the Ideaof Crusading(London,1986),50-51.

(75) Chronikder Grafenvon Zimmern,I, 73-75.(76) Chronikder Grafenvon Zimmern,I, 75.(77) Chronikder Grafenvon Zimmern,I, 79.


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compareit with the thirty-ninenamesfor the originalLothanngiancontingentarrived at by examinationof all other sources combined,includingthe full-

lengthaccountof Albertof Aachen.Yet it is difficult to acceptunquestioninglythe evidenceof the Zimmernlist. Ten namesaregiven onlywith the formula'a lord of X',with no forename,and are thus valuelessin prosopographicalterms sincenone of these ten canbe confirmed from any other source.Of the remainingtwenty-twonames,three are bishops,those of Chur, Strasbourgand Salzburg.At the time ofthe councilof Clermont the bishopof Chur was Ulrich II of Tarasp.Hedied on30 July 1096and was succeededby Guy who reigned until 1122.The first bishopof Chur to bear the name Conrad was not electeduntil1123(78).Otto, brother of duke Frederickof Swabia, wasinstalledas bishop

of Strasbourgby

HenryIV

before 1084. His participationin the crusadeis

problematic.As he was still in Strasbourgon 12 July 1097he couldnothave left with Peter the Hermit and Walter Sans-Avoir 79).Althoughhe isattestedas havingmadea pilgrimagehe wasbackin Germanyby 9 November1099, which hardly lends much support to the testimony of the chronicleof Zimmern(80).Similar confusionseemedto have led to the inclusioninthe list of Thiemo, archbishopof Salzburg,whodid not depart for Palestineuntil 1101(8I).Thusnoneof thesethree couldhavetaken part in the 'People'sExpedition'whoseGermancomponentis describedin the chronicle.

The nameherzog Egkhartvon Bayern,ain sun grave Ottonsvon Scheyrnraisesfurther problems.Theduchyof Bavaria washeld personallyby HenryIV from 1077until the summer of 1096; it was then returned to Welf IVwho was succeededby his son Welf V in 1098(82).Bavariadid not pass tothe Scheyernfamilyuntil Otto of Wittelsbachwascreateddukeby FrederickBarbarossain 1180.CountOttoI of Scheyern,who diedbefore 1078,is knownto have had a son calledEkkehard; howeversince Ekkeharddied before1091he couldnot havebeenon crusade.The Wittelsbachs(as the Scheyernline becameknown)werelater involvedin crusadingand werekeen patronsof crusadingliterature. Oneof the mainsourcesof their family tradition werethe tablets known as the Tabula Perantiqua,preserved in the abbey ofScheyern.One of these tells how EkkehardforcedKingHenryII of Germany

(78)A. Bruckner,Helvetiasacra1/ (Bern,1972),474475.(79)P. Wentzcke,Regestender Bischöfevon Straßburgbis zum Jahre 1202

(Innsbruck,1908), 290,295; E. Schfrer, DieStraßburgerBischöfeim Investiturstreit(Bonn,1923), 111-120.

(80) Saxo Annalista, MGHSS,VI,730; Bernold of St. Blasien,Chronicon,MGH SS,V, 466; Wentzcke,pp.295-298.

(81) GestaarchiepiscoporumSalisburgensium,MGHSS,XI,58.(82)MaxSpindler,Handbuchder bayerischenGeschichte,2nd edn (München,

1981),I, 328-331.


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318 A.V.MURRAY

to makehim duke of Bavaria,whereuponboth ledan army to the east whichcapturedJerusalem.The historicalcoreof this fantastic legendwasprobably

an actualpilgrimagemadeby Ekkehard,possiblythe great Germanpilgrimageof 1064-65,whichwas later conflatedwith accountsof the First Crusade andother crusadingactivitiesof the Wittelsbachfamily by FrobenChristophofZimmern,or more likely, oneof his sources(83).

Realisingthe difficultiesposedby the inclusionof the three bishops andEgkhart, Hagenmeyerargued that these namescouldnot have beenderivedfrom the claimedultimate source,the alt geschribenbuoch, althoughthereare no textualgroundsfor this withinthe chronicleof Zimmern(84).Yet manyof the other names acceptedas genuineby Hagenmeyeralso raisenumerousdifficulties.Thefirst knowndukeof TeckwasAdalbert,son of Conrad,duke

of Zähringen,appearingwith thetitle

in 1187(85).

The duchy of Teck (nearKirchheimin Württemberg)was probablycreated as a result of a divisionof the ZähringeninheritancebetweenBertholdV of Zähringenand his unclesAdalbertof Teckand Hughof Ulmburg(Uilenburg)after the death of theirelder brotherBertholdIV in 1186.The divisionalso explainsthe adoptionof the ducaltitle by all three heirs (86).Howeverthe inclusionin this accountof the First Crusade of a Teckwith the ducaltitle, and with the nameWaltherwhichwasotherwiseunknownin the family, is quiteanachronistic.

Thecountsof Tubingenare knownto haveused the ChristiannameHughin the eleventhand twelfth centuries.Howeverthis line did not receivethetitle comes palatinusuntil the time of Hugh III, on the extinction of thecounts of Dillingenin 1146(87).The claim that the Count PalatineHughacted asobrist or commanderof the Germansalongwith Walterof Teck and

(83)Albert Siegmundand FranzGenzinger,'ZurScheyererTabulaPerantiqua'in WittelsbachundBayern.Beiträgezur bayerischenGeschichteundKunst, ed.HubertGlaser (München,Zürich, 1980),I/l, 154-163;Röhricht, DieDeutschen,7. Onthe Witteisbachs as patronsof crusadingliterature,see Alan V. Murray, 'Reinbotvon Durne's DerheiligeGeorgas CrusadingLiterature',Forum forModemLanguageStudies,22(1986),172-183.

(84)Hagenmeyer,'Étude',39^45.(85) Irene Gründer,Studienzur Geschichteder HerrschaftTeck,SchriftenzursüdwestdeutschenLandeskunde,(Stuttgart, 1963),3.(86)E. Heyck,Geschichte derHerzögevonZähringen(Freiburgim Breisgau,1891),

418; Hartmut Heinemann,'Das Erbe der Zähringer',in DieZähringer.SchweizerVorträgeundneueForschungen,ed. KarlSchmid,Vorträge zurZähringer-Ausstellung,3 (Sigmaringen,1990).

(87)J. Förderer, 'DieErbbegräbnisseund Stammgüterder TübingerPfalzgrafen',TübingerBlätter, 36(1948-49),12-18; Förderer/Wic dieTübingenGrafenzur Pfalzgrafenwürde gekommensind', TübingerBlätter,49 (1962),4-12; HeinzBühler,'Wiegelangten dieGrafenvonTübingenzumschwäbischenPfalzgrafenamt?ZurGeschichteder Grafen und Pfalzgrafenvon Tübingenund verwandterGeschlechter',Zeitschriftfür württembergischeLandesgeschichte,40(1981),188-220.


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died in battle at Nicaea cannotbe confirmedfrom any other source.In viewof the anachronistictitle it is possiblethat the inclusionof Hughas a crusader

derivedfrom crusadingactivityof this family in the years 1190-1215(88).Thetwo brothers listed as counts of Saarwerdenare also dubious ; the firstdocumentedcountis knownonlyfrom 1111,andthe namesRudolf andUlrichare unheardof in this family (89).Neither can the grave von Zwaibruckenbe acceptedas a crusader.The founder of the comitalfamily namedafterZweibrückenwas Henry I, secondson of Simon I, count of Saarbrücken(died 1182).The names Rudolfand Ulrich are equallyunknown in thisdescendance,so that we may excludeany confusionbetweenSaarbrückenand Saarwerdenon the part of the chronicleof Zimmern.Thesethreecrusadersmust therefore be regardedas pure fiction i90).

The first documentedlord of Bussnangin the ThurgauwasAlbert I whoappears between 1150 and 1180.The name Arnoldis unknown in thisfamily(9I).The first lord of Brandis,whosecore landswere situated in theEmmental,does not appearuntil 1239,with the name Conrad,makingtheclaimedhen Ruodolf freiherr von Brandisevenmore anachronisticthan theduke of Teck. Indeed,the name Rudolfdoes not occurin the main line ofthis family until the fifteenth century(92). A Henry of Heiligenberg,in theLinzgaunorth of Konstanz,is knownin the periodaround1 100as the brotherof Arnold, imperialistbishopof Konstanz,and as advocate and despoilerof the monastery ofSt. Georgeof Petershausen.Howevernothing is known

of any crusadingactivity prior to this ; althoughthe chronicleof Zimmerncallshim a count, a county namedafter the Mons Sanctusdid not appearuntil 1135(93).The first lord of Neuffen near Esslingen amNeckarwasMangold,son of Berthold I of Sulmetingen-Sperberseck,who appearsbetween 1087 and1122,and built the castle of Neuffen after 1100. He was

(88) Chronik derGrafenvon Zimmern,I, 79 ; J. Förderer, 'DieTübingerGrafenund Pfalzgrafenals Reichsfürsten',TübingerBlätter,40 (1953),16-20.

(89) Hans-WalterHerrmann,Geschichte derGrafschaftSaarwerdenbiszumJahre1527,Veröffentlichungender Kommissionfür SaarländischeLandesgeschichteundVolksforschung, (Saarbrücken,1957),I, 73.

(90) C.Pöhlmann,Regestender Grafenvon Zweibrücken,VeröffentlichungenderPfälzischen Gesellschaftzur Förderungder Wissenschaften,42 (Speyer,1962),p.42 ;MichelParisse,La noblesselorrainexie-xiiie siècle(Lille,Paris, 1975),II, 858-859.

(91) F. Stucki,'DieFreiherrenvon Bussnangund vonGriesenberg',GenealogischesHandbuchzurSchweizerGeschichte,IV (Zürich,1980),51-96.

(92) PlacidButler, 'DieFreiherren von Brandis',Jahrbuch für schweizerischeGeschichte,36(1911),1-151.

(93) CasusmonasteriiPetrishusensis,MGHSS, XX,656; IlseJuliane Miscoll-Reckert, Kloster Petershausenals bischöflich-konstanzischesEigenkloster.Studienüberdas Verhältniszu Bischof,Adelund Reform vom10. bis 12.Jahrhundert, Forschungen zur OberrheinischenLandesgeschichte,24 (Freiburgim Breisgau,München,1973),114-117.


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320 Λ.V. MURRAY

succeededby his son Eginoin 1122/25.Mangold had a brother, BertholdII, lordof Sperberseck,documentedfrom 1087,whodieda monkat Zwiefaltenafter 1145.Apart from the chronicleof Zimmernthere is no evidenceforparticipationin the First Crusade by any of these membersof the family.Howeverit is possiblethat the basisof the inclusionof a grave Berchtholdtvon Neifenin the chroniclemay beena tradition of a pilgrimageto Jerusalemknownto havebeenmadeby BertholdU's son BertholdIII sometimebetween1130 and1139H.

At first sight the namegraveEmmich vonLyningenappearsto hold morepromise.Contemporary sourcesrelate that a crusadercalled Emichoraisedan army which persecutedthe Jews of Speyer, Worms,Mainz and Colognebefore departingfor the East(95).On the evidenceof the chronicleof immern he has beenidentified byhistoriansas countof Leiningen(%).Howeverthe first definite mention of an Emichoof Leiningendates from 1128(97).The accountsof Albert of Aachen,Frutolf of Michelsbergand Ekkehardof Aura do not actuallyidentify the crusaderwith Leiningen; they merelystate that Emichowasa countor vir militariswith landsin the areaof Mainz,and that he returned home after his army wasdefeatedby KingColomanof Hungaryin 1096.Furthermorea recentexaminationof the Hebrewsourcesrevealsthat the surnameof the would-becrusaderwas written by them inthe form VLNHJM, which wouldtend to excludeany place-namewith theending-ingen.A moreprobableidentificationwouldbe Flonheim(Germany,Rheinland-Pfalz,Kr. Alzey-Worms)on the middle Rhine.A witness list ofthe year 1096gives the name comes Emichode Vlanheim(98).This wouldagree with Albert's informationthat Emichoreturned home in the summerof 1096.The lack of prominenceaccordedto Emmich vonLyningenin theZimmernaccountis another point against this source.Accordingto Albertand Ekkehard Emichowas the leader of an important contingent; in the

(94)Hans-MartinMaurer, 'DiehochadligenHerrenvon Neuffenund von Sperberseck im 12.Jahrhundert.EinepersonengeschichtlicheUntersuchung',ZeitschriftfürwürttembergischeLandesgeschichte,25(1966),59-130.

(95)ΛΑpp.292-295; FrutolfsundEkkehards ChronikenunddieanonymeKaiserchronik, ed. Franz-JosephSchmale and IreneSchmale-Ott,Ausgewählte Quellenzur deutschenGeschichtedes Mittelalters. FreiherrvomStein-Gedächtnisausgabe,15(Darmstadt,1972),108, 126,146; 'Chronicleof SolomonBar Simson',in ShlomoEidelberg,The Jews and the Crusaders.The HebrewChroniclesof the FirstandSecondCrusades(Madison,1977),28, 44,70-71; 'Narrativeof the OldPersecutions',in Eidelberg,107-115.

(96) AdolfWaas, Geschichteder Kreuzzüge(Freiburgim Breisgau,1956),I, 120;Runciman,I, 137; Setton,I, 263.

(97)Peter Acht,MainzerUrkundenbuch(Darmstadt,1968-71),1 n° 554.(98) Ingo Toussaint, Die Grafen von Leiningen: Studien zurleiningischen

Genealogieund Territorialgeschichtebis zurTeilungvon 1317/18 (Sigmaringen,1982),25-28; Acht,I, n° 395.


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chronicle ofZimmernthis role is given to the fictitious Walter of Teckandthe doubtful Hughof Tübingen,while Emichois only mentionedtowardsthe endof the list.

Even the participationof the three Zimmernbrothers, Frederick,Albertand Conrad,is open to considerable doubt.The chronicleclaimsthat theirbrother Godfrey married Elisabeth,daughter of Frederickof Teck( ). Weknowthat CountWilliamWerner of Zimmernlater recordedthe followinginformation,probably drawnfrom a lost necrologyof the monasteryofAlpirsbach: Obiit Godefridusde Zimbarnliber dominus,sepultusin monas-terio Alpirsbachunacum uxoreElisabeteducissede Deck (10°).

We havealready seen that the first knownduke of Teck is not attesteduntil 1187.Assumingthat this marriageconnectiondid exist (and the onlyevidencefor it derivesfrom the twoZimmernsources)then it andthe supposedcrusadinggenerationmustbe placedat leasta century after the First Crusade,and most probablyin the thirteenth century when wefirst find a memberof the Tecklinewith the nameFrederick.Howeverthe persistencewith whichthe chronicleglorifies the Teck family could well be explainedby such amarriageconnection(101).

In fact the sole name in the Zimmernlist whichcan be confirmedfromother sourcesis that of grave Hartmannvon Dillingenund Kiburg. Hartmann wasthe son of Hupold III, count of Dillingen (Germany,Bayern, Kr.Dillingen)in Swabia. He marriedAdelheid,daughterof Adalbertof Winter-thur-Kyburg,and succeededto her vast estatesin the Thurgau(l02).In 1095he foundedthe monastery ofNeresheimon his allodial possessionsnear Nörd-lingen. SinceErnest, the first abbot, is knownto havebeen on the crusadeit is likely that his benefactorwas identicalwith the HartmannuscomesAlemanniaementioned onthree occasionsby Albertof Aachen.He is recordedas having diedin 1121(103).It is quite possiblethat in this case FrobenChristophdiscoveredhis name in the history of Williamof Tyre, whichheevidentlyknew and where he is one of relatively few crusadersexplicitly

(99)Chronik derGrafenvon Zimmern,I, 71.

(100)F. J. Mone,Quellensammlungder badischenGeschichte,II (Karlsruhe,1854),134.(101)Gründer, 21-23.The Chronikder Grafen von Zimmern(ibid.)alsogives

a fabulousstoryof a duke of Teck who was supposedlyelectedking in oppositionto Conradof Swabiaon thedeathof the emperorLotharII.

(102)On this familysee Nikolausvon Salis-Soglio, 'Das DillingerGrafenhausund seineStiftungNeresheim', BenediktinischeMonatsschrift,3 (1921),197-214, 269-289,althoughthe authordoesnot addressthe questionof Hartmann'sparticipationin thecrusade.

(103) AnnalesNeresheimenses,MGH SS,X, 20-21; ΛΑ pp. 290, 322,427 {A lemannia isprobablyusedby Albertin thesenseof 'Swabia*); NecrologiiNeresheimensis,ed. F. L. Baumann,MGHNecrologiiGermaniae,I (Berlin,1888),95-98.


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322 Λ.V. MURRAY

identifiedas a German, and that Williamin turn derived his informationfrom Albert or a sourcecommonto both (104).With this single exception,the jumbleof anachronisticor non-existent names,as wellas thoseof whomnothing is known, and above all the lack of external corroboration makeit extremelydoubtful whetherthe chronicleof Zimmern,composedover fourand a half centuriesafter the First Crusade, canbe consideredas a reliableprosopographicalsourcefor the Germanswho joined Godfrey'sarmy afterConstantinople.

A similarcaseis that of the sixteenth-centurychronicleof Occo Scarlensiswhichgives an accountof numerous Frisianswith Peter the Hermit, andwhichwasheld to be accurateby DirksandRöhricht(105).Amongthe Frisiansaccordingto Occo werethe noblesTjepkeForteman,Jarig Ludingaman,FeikeBotnia, EelkeLyauckama,SikkeLyauckama,Epe Hartman,IgeGalama andObboke Hermanna,most of whomlater joined the mainexpedition.Howevera recent study has cast doubt on the reliabilityof this account,questioningin particular whether Frisians aroundthe year 1100 could have had thesurnames andforenamesgiven by Occo.EelkeLyauckama was supposedlyinstalledas commanderof Nicaea after its capture.As the city was returnedto the Byzantineemperor by the crusadersthen Eelke, if he existed,wasprobablya Varangianin imperialservice ratherthan a crusader.Thathe wasthe leaderof 9000knights in the Frankisharmy is evenmore incredible.ThuswhileFrisianswereundoubtedlypresent in Godfrey'sarmy we cannotacceptOcco's namesas trustworthy (l06).

Howevercontemporarysourcesdo yield the names of some individualGermansand others who seem to have joinedGodfrey or BaldwinafterConstantinople. Apartfrom Hartmannof Dillingen,discussedabove,theyincludedGunter(107),Reinhardof Hammersbach(l08),and WicheriusAle-mannus,a ministerialisof Fulda (l09).Otherscan be identifiedwith the help

(104)WTpp.203-204,338.(105)Occo Scarixnsis, Chronykevan Vriesland(Leeuwarden,1597),24 ff. ; J.

Dirks, 'Noord-Nederlanden de kruistochten',De VrijeFries, 2 (1842),135-152;Röhricht,DieDeutschen,10,13-14.

(106) H.Brassât, Die Teilnahmeder Friesen anden Kreuzzügenultra marevornehmlichim 12.Jahrhundert (Berlin,1970),17-32.

(107)AAp. 526; John of Würzburg,'Descriptioterrae sanctae',in T. Tobler,DescriptionesTerraeSanctaeex saeculoVIII, IX, XII,AT Leipzig,1874), 154-155.

(108)AApp.422,424,435.(109)AApp. 507, 522, 526,531; Baldric of Dol, pp.47, 50; Robertthe Monk,

HistoriaIherosolymitana,RecueildesHistoriensdesCroisades,Historiensoccidentaux,III,867; Alberic ofTroisfontaines,p.811.John of Würzburg,'DescriptioTerraeSanctae',154-55; DieKaiserchronikeinesRegensburgerGeistlichen,ed. E.Schröder,MGHDeutscheChroniken,I (Hannover,1892),382; Metellus von Tegernsee,ExpeditioHierosolymitana,ed. Peter C. Jacobsen,QuellenundUntersuchungenzurGeschichte desMittelalters,4 (Stuttgart, 1982),125-126.


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of easternsources.Geoffreythe Monk,later lordof Marashin northern Syriaand regent of Edessa in the 1120s,is calledGufraAlmuinin the AnonymousSyriacChronicle; his surnamewouldseemto be a corruptionof Alemannusor Aleman(no). A similar case is that of William, later lord of Diiliik;Matthewof Edessa gives himthe surnameSancawel,which seemsto be anArmenianrenderingof a Frenchname.He may therefore havebeenidenticalwith William,brother of the leaderof oneof the 'People's Expeditions'knownvariouslyas Walter de Pexeio,Walter Sine Habereor Walter Senzavohir.It is likely that this family camefrom Boissy-Sans-Avoir(France,Yvelines,arr. Rambouillet),aboutforty kilometres westof Paris( ')· AnotherFrenchm a n hojoinedGodfreywasDrogoof Nesle(France,Somme,arr. Péronne),whohadbeen releasedfrom Byzantinecaptivityat the duke'sintervention(112).

Such lords, it must be stressed, were in straitenedcircumstances.Theywere leaderless,and hadlost baggage,arms, mounts and followersin thedebacleat Nicaea. Their adhesionto the newly-arrived contingentsis thushardly surprising.Yet lords andknightsfrom the other armieswerealso joiningGodfreyabout this time. Godfrey's brotherEustaceIII of Boulognehad leftEuropein the companyof his lord, Robert II of Flanders,and Robert ofNormandy,arrivingwith them at Constantinoplesometime after Godfrey(113).Yet thereafter Eustaceseemsto havebeenassociatedmore with his brothersthan with the two Roberts; he andhis menwereincludedin Godfrey'sdivisionof the united crusadingarmy at the Great Battle of Antioch and again atthe siege of Jerusalemwhere he fought in the same siege-toweras hisbrother (I14).

Thesamedevelopmentis foundwith their youngerbrother, Baldwin. Fromthe beginningof the crusadehe and his wife Godeverewere accompaniedby theirfamiliaor household(115).Duringthe marchhe attemptedto establishhimself as an independentprince, first in Cilicia,then at Edessa which hebroughtunder his control by March1098(116).With the help of his brothershe now created a more substantial followingof fighting men, describedby

(110)'AnonymousSyriac Chronicle',ed. A.S.Tritton and H. A. R. Gibb,Journal

of the RoyalAsiaticSociety,92 (1933), 91-92; Matthewof Edessa, Chronicle,ed.Ara E. Dostourian (Ann Arbor, 1972),419; Walter the ChancelijOR,GalteriiCancelariiBellaAntiochena,ed. HeinrichHagenmeyer(Innsbruck,1896),87.

(111)Matthewof Edessa, 335; Orderic Vitalis, V, 28; AA pp.274,286,Baldric of Dol, 20.

(112)AApp. 299,304-305.(113) AAp.314; Andressohn,p. 53.(114) Orderic Vitalis,V, 108-110,168,176; Baldric of Dol, p. 102; AApp.472,

477, 495; WT p. 330; Guibert of Nogent, GestaDeiper Francos, RecueildesHistoriens desCroisades,Historiensoccidentaux,IV,234.

(115)AA p.302.(116) Hagenmeyer,'Chronologie',nos.247-249.


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324 Α. V. MURRAY

Albertof Aachenas the comitatusBaldewini.At the beginningof 1098thiscomprisedseventy knights, but after his move to Edessa had grown to atleast two hundredin additionto many othersleft as garrisonsin the townshe had already captured(U7).Baldwinclearly drew troops from both hisbrothers. From Godfrey'scontingentcameGiselbertof Clermont,Baldwinof Bourcq, andDrogo of Nesle, and aswe have seen, WilliamSans-Avoirand Geoffrey the Monk(118).From Eustace'scameUdelrard andPisellusofWissant(France,Pas-de-Calais, arr. Boulogne-sur-Mer)(119).Otherssuch asPeterof DampierreandRainald of Toul oined him on a temporarybasis(12°).It is also about this time that we first hear of Baldwin'ssecretary Gerardwhoseemsto havehad a certainresponsibilityfor financialaffairs (l21).Fromthe contingentof Stephenof Blois, whodesertedfrom the army at Antioch,cameFulcherof Chartres, later lord of Saruj,as well as his namesakethehistorian(122).Thenumberof men from Flandersand Artoiswhofirst appearin Jerusalemafter Baldwin'saccessionas king in 1 100alsosuggeststhat manyof the followersof Robert of Flandersjoined him at Edessa (123).It wouldbe understandablefor some of the more enterprisingof Robert'sfollowersto be attracted to the serviceof Baldwinwho was the first leaderto successfully arve out a principalityof his own. The resourceshe obtainedwereconsiderable,includingthe accumulatedtreasure of the previousruler ofEdessa,the ArmenianThoros,part of the dowry receivedon his marriageto the daughterof anotherArmenianprince, Taphnuz,as wellas largesumsconfiscatedor extorted from someof the leadingcitizenswho later conspiredagainsthim (l24).An illuminatingpassagein the history of Albert of Aachenrevealshow the resources of manyknights had beeneaten upin the courseof the longmarch and the siegeof Antioch, anddirectly links this with theappeal of Baldwinand the resourceshe had accessto as count of Edessa :

(117)AA pp.350,358, 366; Radulphof Caen,Gesta Tancrediin expeditioneHierosolymitana, RecueildesHistoriensdesCroisades,Historiensoccidentaux,III,632.

(118)A App. 350, 366,442.(119)AApp. 358,446.(120)A Ap. 366.

(121)AApp. 395,446.(122)Fulcher(knight): AA pp.357, 442,446; Fulcher (historian): Fulcher ofChartres, HistoriaHierosolymitana,ed. HeinrichHagenmeyer(Heidelberg,1913),pp. 163-164,206-208.Neitherof these two shouldbe confusedwith a third Fulcherwhowaskilledin AsiaMinor(AA p.288).

(123)Murray, 'TheOrigins',pp.286-269.Onefactorin thisdevelopmentmayhavebeenthe lethargyof Robertcomparedwith theenergyof Baldwin.M. M. Knappen,'Robert II of Flandersin the First Crusade',in The Crusadesand Other HistoricalEssaysPresentedto DanaC. Munroby His FormerStudents,ed. LouisJ. Paetow(NewYork, 1928),79-100,concludedthat thecount only ever showedinitiativeononeoccasion(in Italy)and allowedhimselfto be overshadowedby theother leaders.

(124)AApp. 354-355,360-361,442-443.


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THEARMYOFGODFREY OF BOUILLON 325

Erant enim summanecessitategravati, et longaexpeditionerebus exhaustinecessariis.Affluebantet accrescebantsingulisdiebusin numero et virtute,dum fere tola civitasa Gallis obsessa,et eorum hospitalitateoccupata est.Baldewinussingulis,dedie in diem,in bisantiisauri, in talentiset vasisargenteisdonaplurima conferebat(125).

Thus while the main army remainedbogged downat Antioch Baldwinwasclearlyin a positionto providepatronageand opportunitiesfor advancem e n t or those whojoined him, who were now becomingfeudaldependentsreceivingsalaries orbenefitsin kind from him.

From aroundthis time, the winter of 1097-98,we can discern a parallelgrowth of ties of dependencywithin Godfrey's exercitus.Duringthe marchacross Anatolia numeroushorses and draught animalsdied of thirst. Theloss of horseswasespeciallytelling for the knights in the army as it reducedtheir military effectiveness,and consequently,their status (126).Theselosseswere compoundedby the privationsuffered during the nine-monthsiegeofAntioch.Henryof Eschhad left Godfrey'sarmy in Thracein order to sharein the presumedmunificenceof AlexiusComnenus,but was now reducedto acceptingthe duke'scharity. Hartmannof Dillingenhad been obligedtosell off his horse and armour in order to buy food and couldscarcely liveby begging.He was reducedto riding an ass and fighting with a capturedTurkish sword and shield. Godfrey took pity on Hartmann,allotting hima dailyrationof breadanda pieceof meator fish.Thesecircumstances contrastsharply withAlbert of Aachen'sdescriptionof him as diveset nobilissimuset unusde praepotentibusin terra Alemanniae(127).The casesof Henry andHartmannare particularlytelling,sincethey had evidentlybeenableto financethe constructionof a siegemachinefrom their ownresourcesat Nicaea (128).

It is thus evidentthat from the time of the siegeof Antiochever-increasingnumbersof knights were pennilessand hadnothing to bargainwith excepttheir own service. Despitethe scarcity of food and the inflationarypricescommandedby what meagre supplies became availableDuke Godfreyapparentlypossessedthe means to providefor such men who offered himtheir service.As we have seen, Baldwinhad the resourcesof the county ofEdessa at his disposal; whatresourceswereavailableto Godfrey?

We must first go back to the duke'sfinancialpreparationsfor the crusadein the winterof 1095-96, which seemto havebeenrather unsystematic,evolvinggraduallyas particularneedswere perceived.One of his first actionswas todissolvethe priory of St. Peter at Bouillon,a housebelongingto the abbeyof Saint-Hubert, andto confiscateits possessions.He was only persuaded

(125)A App.441-442.(126)A App. 339-341.(127)AAp.427.(128)AAp. 322.


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326 Λ. V. MURRAY

to make restitution at the urging of his mother Ida who travelled fromBoulogneto intercedewith her son (129).Howeverit seemedthat the sumsGodfreywishedto raise wouldcall for wider action. He sold the allodsofBaisyand Genappe to the abbeyof St. Gertrudeat Nivelles(13°),whilevarioussmallerestates clusteredaround the town of Maastrichtwere either soldorgiven to the church as pious donations(131).Further south,his rights in thecounty of Verdun,as well as the allodsof Stenay and Mouzay, were soldto the bishop of Verdun for an unspecifiedsum(l32).Howevereven afterthese transactionsGodfreywas obligedto proceedto the mortgageof hisallodialterritory of Bouillon,alongwith an adjacentfief, lying to the south,which was held from the church of Reims(I33).The sourcesagree that thesum realisedamountedto at least 1300silver marks (l34).Thecashwas raisedby BishopOtbert of Liègewho ransackedthe churchesand abbeysof thediocesefor jewels,plate, and preciousmetals(135).It is questionablewhetherthe total amount realisedby the lessersales was greater than that broughtby the mortgageof the strategicallyimportant fortress of Bouillonand itssurroundingterritory (l36).What is clear, however, is that Godfrey had aconsiderablesum at his disposalon the eve of his departure,and probably

(129)Cantatorium, 203-206.(130)MGHDD HeinrichIV,no. 459.(131)S. P. Ernst, Histoiredu Limbourg(Liège,1837-52), VI, 113-115; Miraeus,

1,77.

(132)LLp.498.(133)BormansandSchoolmeesters, I, n° 35 ; Cantatorium,244-245; C.Zoller-Devroey,'Féodalitéet économiedans les Ardennes médiévales: le fief de Bouillonen Sedanais',in Centenairedu Séminaired'histoiremédiévalede l'Universitélibrede Bruxelles,éd. GeorgesDespv(Bruxelles,1977),21-57.

(134)Renierof St. Laurence(TriumphaleBulonicum,MGH SS,XX, 584)andGilesof Orval (p.91) both give the sum of 1300marks of silverand three marksof gold whichwouldequatewith the sum of 1300marks of silver and one poundof goldgivenby Laurenceof Liège(LL p. 498).Thechronicleof Saint-Hubert(Cantatorium,p. 206)gives 1500poundsof silver,while Albericof Troisfontaines(p.804)gives 1500marksof silver.The TriumphusS. LambertiLeodiensisde castro Bulliono(MGH SS, XX, 499)and the Gestaabbatum Trudonensiumcontinuatoristertii

auctorum(MGH SS,X, 387)bothgivethesmallerfigureof 1300silvermarks.(135)Giles of Orval, 91; Cantatorium,pp. 207-208,249-250;GestaabbatumLobbiensium,MGHSS,XXI,318.

(136)Jean-LouisKüpper,Otbert de Liège: les manipulationsmonétairesd'unévêqued'Empireà l'aubedu xnesiècle',Le MoyenÂge,86 (1980),353-385.On thecastleof Bouillonand its importance,see LéonSaur, 'Entre Bar, Namuret Liège:Bouillon,placestratégique',Publicationsde la SectionHistoriquede l'InstitutGrand-Ducalde Luxembourg,95 (1981),258-281,and André Matthys, 'Lesfortificationsdu xiesiècleentreLesseet Semois',in Burgender Salierzeit,Teil1 : In dennördlichenLandschaftendes Reiches,ed. Horst WolfgangBöhme, Römisch-GermanischesZentralmuseum,Forschungsinstitutfür Vor- und Frühgeschichte,Monographien25(Sigmaringen,1991),225-280.


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THE ARMYOFGODFREY OFBOUILLON 327

took a large part of it with him in the form of coin. Two of his deniers,similarin form to coinageof Liègestruckduringthe episcopateof Otbert, haveturned up in hoards in Russia.They bear an inscription whichshouldberead asGODEFRIDUS IEROSOLIMITANUS in the senseof peregrinus,and must have therefore have beencoined betweenNovember1095 andAugust1096,probablyin oneof the Liègemints (137).

These initial resources were greatly augmentedin the course of theexpedition.During his progress up the Rhine Godfreyexploitedthe anti-Semiticfrenzy engenderedby popularpreachersto extort protection moneyfrom the Jewish communitiesof the middle Rhine.The Hebrewchroniclesrelate that Godfrey,'may his bones be groundto dust', received500zekukimof silver from the Jews of Cologneand another 500 from Mainz, despitethe fact that as duke of LowerLotharingiahe had beenordered by HenryIV to preventpersecution.Thevalueof the zakukis placedvariouslyat eithereight or twelveouncesof silver; the total profits of this short campaignofextortionmusthavethereforebeen something between8000and 12,000ouncesof silver, thatis between1000 and1500 marks(138).

By the time of his arrivalat Constantinopleat the latest Godfrey's financialresourceshad begun to tighten the bondsof dependencein his army. Likeother leadershe receivedgifts and money from the emperor, and continuedto receive animperialsubsidy aslong as he was encampedon Byzantineterritory. The dukedistributedthis moneyamonghis army accordingto theneedsof eachindividual; most of it seemsto have been immediatelyspenton food suppliesby the recipients(I39).Godfrey thus playeda key role asthe channelthrough whichfunds passed; it is likely that a similar system

(137)N. Bauer,'DerFundvonSpankobei St. Petersburg',Zeitschriftfür Numismatik, 36(1926),75-94,identifiesthefirst coin asa denierof GodfreyII ('the Bearded1).Howeverit bears a strongresemblance,especiallyin the inscription,to the second,describedby VictorTourneur, Un denierde Godefroidde Bouillonfrappé en1096',Revuebelgede numismatique,83 (1931),27-30.RecentlyJohn Porteous, 'CrusaderCoinagewithGreekor Latin Inscriptions',in A Historyof the Crusades,ed. Settonet al. (Philadelphia,Madison,1955-89),VI, 354-420,has madethe surprisingclaim

that 'Thedukesof LowerLorraineas suchdid notissue coins,nor did Godfreystrikeany for his territoryof Bouillon.In France,however,their fatherEustaceII strucka scanty coinageas count of Boulogne,and possiblytheir brother EustaceIII didlso'(p. 356). Howeverit is clear that theArdenne-Verdundynasty had issuedcoinssincethe early partof the eleventhcentury. SeeGünterAlbrecht,Das Münzwesenim niederlothringischenundfriesischenRaumvon 10.bis zumbeginnenden12.Jahrhundert, NumismatischeStudien,6 (Hamburg,1959),especially66-67 and 79-84.

(138)'Chronicleof Solomonbar Simson', pp.24-25; Eidelberg, p. 147; E.Täubler, SpurenvonUrkundenin denhebräischenKreuzzugsberichten',MitteilungendesGesamtarchivsder deutschenJuden,5 (1914),143-146.

(139)AA pp. 310-311; WT pp. 175-176;AnnaComnena,Alexiade,ed. B.Leib(Paris,1937-45),II,220-226.


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328 Λ. V. MURRAY

operatedin the distribution of booty and forage, as the fighting divisionsof the crusadingarmy correspondedto the original individualcontingents.Another vital source of supply was Baldwin; once his position in Edessawassecurehe wasableto aid the crusadersat Antioch,sendingplurimatalentiauri et argentito the other leadersfor distribution.Howeverhe clearlyfavouredhis own brothers, with a sum put at 50,000bezants, in addition to largequantitiesof corn, barley, wineand oil (I40).Thismassivesupport from theiryoungerbrother must have given Godfrey and Eustace a certain edge overthe other leaders.AgainGodfreyseemsto distributedmost of his resourcesto the needy, includingmany knights. Howeverin August1098 whilediseasewas rife in Antiochhe was able to withdrawwith his army to Baldwin'sterritories of Turbesseland Ravendelfor forageand recuperation(I41).

Thus by the time of the siegeof Antioch,a time when many in his ownexercitusand indeedin other contingentswerein seriousfinancialdifficulties,Godfrey had accessto new sourcesof incomeand suppliesin additiontowhateverreserveshadremainedfrom earlier.Thegrowthof ties of dependencemay also have been expeditedby the disappearance of intermediatelevelsin the commandstructure of the army. It is surelyno coincidencethat Gerardof Avesnes andGiselbert ofCouvin,both later found in the serviceof Godfreyand Baldwinin Jerusalem,wereoriginallyvassalsof Baldwinof Hainautwhodisappearedin Asia Minorwhilehe was on an embassyto AlexiusComne-nus (l42).The two Fulchersof Chartres, the future lord of Saruj and thehistorian,were originallyin the Champagnecontingent whichwasleft leader-less by the desertionof Stephenof Blois(143).In these instancesthe removalof their immediatelord or recognisedleaderappearsto havebrought abouta closerbondto Godfreyand Baldwin.

If the arrival at Constantinoplemarked the beginningof a secondstagein the developmentof Godfrey'sexercitus,the third stage was signalledbythe entry into Palestinein the spring of 1099.The subsequentestablishmentof a Frankishstatewith Godfreyas its ruler allowedhim to providepatronagein the form of fiefs and financialsupport.Althoughthe actualterritory underhis controlwassmall,he couldalso disposeof substantialamountsof tributepaid by the Muslimcities of the coast.Thus the revenuesof the port of Arsufwere assignedto the knight Robert of Anzi; it is probablyalso significantthat he wasa Normanfrom southernItalywho had originallycomeon crusadewith Bohemund(144).The original Lotharingianelement in Godfrey'sarmyhad been depletedby death in battle, captureand disease; amongthe known

(140)AApp.395-396.(141)AApp.427-428,440-441.(142)Murray,The Origins',285.(143)AApp. 347,442,446; Fulcher of Chartres, 206-207.(144)A App. 514-515; Murray,'TheOrigins',289.


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casualtiesfrom this groupwere Gozelo of Montaigu,Henryof Esch,Folbertof Bouillon,Baldwinof Hainaut,Louis of Toul and Adalbero of Metz (145).

Others werewith Baldwin,now count of Edessa. Lastly, after the liberationof the HolyCity, largenumbersof crusaders regardedtheir vowsof pilgrimageas havingbeenfulfilledand returned to Europe in the courseof the followingyear. They includedseveralimportant Lotharingians: Peter of Dampierre,Rainaldof Toul, Dudo of Cons,Cuno and Lambertof Montaigu andLouisof Mousson (146).Apart from the short-livedWarner of Grez, none of theoriginalcore group of Godfrey'sallies and kinsmenactually remainedwithhim in Palestine.At the same time other knights whoseown lords werereturning to Europenowentered Godfrey'sservice,andwerejoined by othersfrom Edessa whenBaldwin succeededhis brother in July 1100, so that after

1100 the Lotharingianand Germanelementsin the Jerusalemnobilitywereoutnumberedby Flemings,Artesians,Picards,Normans,and Francians(147).This examinationof Godfrey'sexercitusgivesa clearpicture of how this

situationarose.Whenit set off inAugust1096the army wasalmostentirelyLotharingianin composition,a characterwhich was greatly influencedbythe alliancesand animositieswhichhad arisen in the two duchiesduring theyearsof the InvestitureContestand its accompanyingfeuds.Yet in the courseof the three years it took to reachits ultimategoal, the army wasconstantlychangingin compositionand structure. By the end of Godfrey'sshort reignas ruler of Palestinemost of the Lotharingianshad been killedor returned

to Europe, to be replacedby men from the other original contingents.Itwouldtherefore seem that, ultimately, the characterof the early Jerusalemnobilitywasdeterminedfar lessby feudaland kinshipties datingfrom before1096 thanby eventsand conditionsprevailingduring the courseof the FirstCrusadeitself.

(145)Gozelo: AAp. 359; Henry: AAp. 435; Folbert: AAp. 436; Baldwin: AApp.434-435; Louis: A Ap.375 ; Adalbero: A App. 370-371.

(146)Peter : Barthélémy,pp.401-406; Rainald: Choux,Recherches, Reg. nos.81,84, 86,89 ; Dudo: Kurth, I, n° 63 ; Cunoand Lambert: Murray, 'The Origins',297 η.25 ; Louis: M. Grosdidierde Matons,Cataloguedesactesdes comtes deBar 1022-1239(Paris,1922),n° 35.(147)Murray,'TheOrigins', 293-294.