Muscher_Validation QUENCH ASTEC v2.0p2

KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

Institute for Applied MaterialsMaterials Process Technology, Programme NUKLEAR

www.kit.edu

Modeling of QUENCH bundle tests using ASTEC v2.0p2

H. Muscher, P. Kaleychev, J. Stuckert

5th International ASTEC User Club meeting, Aix, 29. Jan. - 1st Feb. 2013

KIT – IAM2 29.01.2013

TestQuenchmedium /

Injection rate

Temp. at onset

of flooding

Max. ZrO2 before transient

Max. ZrO2 before flooding

Max. ZrO2 after test

H2 production before / during

cool downRemarks, objectives

QUENCH-00Oct. 9 - 16, 97 Water 80 g/s ≈ 1800 K completely

oxidized commissioning test

QUENCH-01February 26, 98 Water 52 g/s ≈ 1830 K 312 µm 500 µm

at 913 mm 36 / 3 pre-oxidized cladding

QUENCH-02July 7, 98 Water 47 g/s ≈ 2400 K completely

oxidized 20 / 140 COBE: no additional pre-oxidation

QUENCH-03January 20, 99 Water 40 g/s ≈ 2350 K completely

oxidized 18 / 120 no additional pre-oxidation

QUENCH-04June 30, 99 Steam 50 g/s ≈ 2160 K 82 µm 280 µm 10 / 2 slightly pre-oxidized cladding

QUENCH-05March 29, 2000 Steam 48 g/s ≈ 2020 K 160 µm 420 µm 25 / 2 pre-oxidized cladding

QUENCH-06Dec. 13 2000 Water 42 g/s ≈ 2060 K 207 µm 300 µm 670 µm 32 / 4 OECD-ISP 45

QUENCH-07July 25, 2001 Steam 15 g/s ≈ 2100 K 230 µm completely

oxidized 66 / 120 COLOSS: B4C

QUENCH-09July 3, 2002 Steam 49 g/s ≈ 2100 K completely

oxidized 60 / 400 COLOSS: B4C, steam starvation, very high T

QUENCH-08July 24, 2003 Steam 15 g/s ≈ 2090 K 274 µm completely

oxidized 46 / 38 reference to QUENCH-07 (without B4C)

QUENCH-10July 21, 2004 Water 50 g/s ≈ 2200 K 514 µm 613 µm

(at 850 mm)completely

oxidized 48 / 5 LACOMERA: air ingress

QUENCH-11Dec 08, 2005 Water 18 g/s ≈ 2040 K 170 µm completely

oxidized 9 / 132 LACOMERA: boil-off

QUENCH-12Sept 27, 2006 Water 48 g/s ≈ 2100 K 160 µm,

breakaway300 µm,

breakawaycompletely

oxidized 34 / 24 ISTC: VVER

QUENCH-13Nov. 7, 2007 Water 52 g/s ≈ 1820 K 400 µm 750 µm 42 / 1 SARNET: Ag/In/Cd (aerosol)

QUENCH-14July 2, 2008 Water 41 g/s ≈ 2100 K 170 µm 470 µm 840 µm 34 / 6 M5® cladding

QUENCH-15May 27, 2009 Water 48 g/s ≈ 2100 K 145 µm 320 µm 630 µm 41 / 7 ZIRLO™ cladding

Introduction: the QUENCH test matrix

5th Int. ASTEC Users` Club Meeting Heinrich Muscher

KIT – IAM3 29.01.2013 5th Int. ASTEC Users` Club Meeting Heinrich Muscher

Introduction/ Motivation/ Outline

ASTEC 2.0 rev.1 modelling / CORA-13 + simulations of the quench exp. (level controlled by auxiliary feed water injection, afw )

�Validation against Q-experiments : -code to data -�ASTEC-ICARE-part:

phenomena occurring during degradation: clad ox., rods heat up melting��today (29.1.13!) a new Q-experiment is conducted at IAM/KIT (Q-debris )

…..QUENCH (Q-) experiments ) still provide new data for development of models:Useful appl. of ASTEC on Q-problems such as comparing Zry-4, M5®, E110…

BCs, nominal s-s, (input) degradation parameters: given by PSI TG/BE+ KIT• �objectives/ scope of sim-s clearly outlined: radial& axial bundle profiles

according to specifications (geometry of the Q-facility etc..) Chronology of main exp . events- given in quick look tables (KIT-reports)

KIT – IAM4 29.01.2013

1st steps in Q- modelling using ASTEC v.2.1/ some progre ss achieved

contract on ASTEC usage signed 28.10.2010 (GRS)"Overview of the integral code ASTEC v2.0“- ref.

"Evolution of ASTEC v2.0-r1 with respect to the v2.0” (update)

ASTEC principles and general modeling features, IRSN 2011

focus on the ICARE part within “ASTEC Training Course material“detailed ICARE user's manual; guidelines; MARCUS (web)

Understanding of "quench05.dat “ ID: courtesy Patrick Chatelard, IRSN -

Q-facility real design (position of TCs…, etc.)Towards a best-estimate ASTEC-ICARE ID for Q tests: Q-10,Q-13, Q-16 (SARNET-BE) : work is underway : Q-10/-13/-16 to be further simulated


Participation at GRS-IRSN and OECD TG-meetings KIT ASTEC1.3 work done already 2006 by others (ID s: nodalization schemes, data fields…)

KIT/IAM experience with calc. on the Zry-4 cladding /steam interactions using SVECHA code: QWS 16/H2 uptake in the KIT-LORA furnace

Important activities followed: our KIT internal report published on Q-14; papers…

Q-05 /-06 /-11 / exp. were simulated with ASTEC V2.0 rev.1, too (post- test analysis)

KIT – IAM5 29.01.2013

� Q-debris pre- test calc.-s done by others (using different code tools, other experience..)� Appl. of ASTEC to Q-exp.-s, ASTEC code validation:

� Water quench : Q-06 (ISP-45) Q-11 (Q-L2); Q-14 - done ; air ingress Q-10/ Q-16 follow� Assessment of core degradation/ delayed core reflood

The aim is to present here results of modeling Q- 5, -6, -11, -14, using ASTEC(Q-10,-16,-13 will follow later); testing the applicability of ASTEC for simulation of Q- exp.-s both the H2-source term ( uncovered core..) and the HT-transient behavior of structure mat

�� Preparation of Preparation of QQ--10/ Q10/ Q--16 16 IDs /SARNET BE: KIT being the only one ASTEC participantIDs /SARNET BE: KIT being the only one ASTEC participant

�� Preliminary work done so farPreliminary work done so far� KIT ASTEC 1.3 IDs rewritten , updated, for the purposes of ASTEC 2.0 rev2p2 (done for� Q-06/Q-11/Q-14): New “ID-work” is in progress for Q-10; Q-16

ASTEC activities concerning simulation of Q-tests a t KIT


• Revision according to BE specifications

� MESHING: 6 radial fuel rings; 20 axial meshes

� /Inconel grids added

-> Q-13 v2.0. ID will be created based

on an optimized Q-11 ID.

KIT – IAM6 29.01.2013

The QUENCH-14 experiment (as an example)


Q-test section/ ASTEC modeling

•axial meshes, representative simulated fuel rods

• standard and improved Ar/O2 ox kinetics

Superheated H2O(g) from the SG and super heater together with Ar enter test bundle at the bottom. Ar, steam and H2 produced flow upwards inside the bundle and from the outlet at the top through a water-cooled off-gas pipe to the condenser, where the remaining steam is separated from the non-condensable gases Ar and H2. Facility:

• 21-rod type bundle, spacer grids• rods el. heated with W bars (heated length: ca 1m) • one central rod not heated/used for instrumentation• cladding: Zry, with annular pellets placed between

W rods and the cladding itself

• air injection at the bottom part of the bundle

Test description (differs):• PO phase at >900°C by injection of Ar+25 % O 2 gas

mix aiming at creating a ca 50 µm oxide layer

• air ingress phase init. at 900°C max temp. with injection of room temp. air and power kept const.

• termination of the test foreseen at ca. 2100°C max cladding temp by rapid cooling in a high flow of Ar at room temp. with power switched off

KIT – IAM7 29.01.2013

Test bundle made of 21 FRS & of 4 corner rods (CR) , held in their positions by 5 grid spacers, 4 of Zry-4, one of Inconel 718 in the lower bundle zone. Q-14: rod cladding is M5® (AREVA) total heating power: 70 kW; ca. 40% released into the inner,60 % in the outer rod circuit (8 vs.12 FRS, accordingly). Test bundle surrounded by a 3.25 mm thick Zry-4 SH (80mm ID) made of with a 37 mm thick ZrO2 fiber insulation and an annular CJ of Inconel 600 (inner) and SS (outer tube).Q-14: M5® cladding effect on bundle ox. & core reflood, in comparison with Q-06, where Zry-4 effects were examined. The same protocol to compare the M5® /Zry-4 effects easily

A fuel rod simulator (FRS)

The Q-14 experiment (cont´d)

Parameter KIT_ASTEC

Zry-4/M5® ox kinetics

Cathcart-Pawel(low temp. range)

Prater-Courtright(high temp. range)

Cladding failure criteria(T = clad temp)(ε = ZrO2 layer thickness)

T > 2300 K and ε < 0.3 mm;T > 2500 K and ε > 0.3 mm

KIT – IAM8 29.01.2013

�an existing old Q-06 ID, developed by S. Melis (IRSN ) used as a templateTYPE 'SOURCE' was changed to 'BREAK', the option 'CONT 0' for imposed contact of the SH was

suppressed –recommendations of S. Bertusi (MARCUS-cards)The stru for modeling convection, was subdivided to 2 substru s, each of them containing only one fluid channel: CAN1 /WCAN1 Doing so, Q-14 IDs for ASTECv2.0R2p2 was ready for runs

Q-14 ID adaptation (work done at KIT by P. Kaleychev)

[The Q-14 test phases:Heatup to 873 K. Facility check . Ph I Stabilization at ~873K. Ph II heat-up ~0.3-0.6 K/s to ~1500 KPhase III Pre-ox (PO) of the test bundle in a flow of 3 g/s of superheated steam and 3 g/s Ar for ca.

3000s at relatively const. peak temp. of ~1500K. Withdrawal of corner rod B at the end.Phase IV Transient heat-up with 0.3…2.0 K/s from ~1500K to ~2050K in a flow of 3 g/s of superheated steam and 3 g/s Ar. Withdrawal of corner rod D ~30 s before Q- initiation.Phase V Quenching (Q-) of the bundle by a flow of ~41 g/s of water].

�For (1073–1673)K, the M5® ox. kinetics (KIT-SET results) was taken; for (1674-2050K) existing data for Zry-4 were used instead of -missing- M5® values

•Power of two circuits of FRS were adopted according to the exp. •The exp. data for temp-s were changed as they were presented in ASTEC for exp. data for 3 types of rods – one central , one from the internal & one from the outer group, respectively•The exp. data points for H2 prod. were incorporated

•Visu - graphs added into the new Q-14 ID : H2 prod. rate [kg/s]; cladding layer thickness– vs. τ & vs. elevation; sim.-s exhibited lower ox. rates of M5® for T<1650K & lower H2 gen . in phases before q-ing compared to Zry-4 .


Q-05as an album-runs at KIT-

ID(old): S.Melis, IRSN

KIT – IAM10 29.01.2013 5th Int. ASTEC User Club Meeting Heinrich Muscher

Q-06with ASTECv2.0r1

-runs at KIT-

ID v.1.3: W. Hering

KIT – IAM11 29.01.2013 5th Int. ASTEC User Club Meeting Heinrich Muscher

Q-11ID: LEE

ASTECv2r1C1/2: rods

degradationclear visible!-runs at KIT-

ID: courtesy P. Kruse , LEE


Q-14 with ASTECv2r1

-runs at KIT-ID: P. Kaleychev,S. Bertusi et.al.

--P. Kaleychev; J.StuckertP. Kaleychev; J.Stuckert--

KIT – IAM13 29.01.2013

Q-14 some results using ASTECv2.0R2p2

Temp. field before quenching , 3000 s Temp. field, 7600 s – (the end)

1) CR (U); heated rods: inner, outer rings H1/H2; CRs (C1/C2); SH; insulation . In the end of the calc. (7600s) the highest temp. are over the insulation and the CJ – the height ca. 750 mm

2) At the the height of the max. calc. ox. thickness which was at 950mm , τ evolution of clad layer thickness was obtained. At 7600s the fraction of [ZrO] becomes the largest one. On the 2nd

place the fraction of ZrO2 and at the 3rd-the Zr contribution. In the case of inner ring rod (IRR/”H1”) ox. the visu showed, that the according thicknesses ([ZrO] & ZrO2) are larger than in the cases of the CR (U)-rod & outer ring rod (ORR/“H2”): see: yellow fig.-s, transparency No.12 --ASTEC viewgraph+discussion: P. KaleychevASTEC viewgraph+discussion: P. Kaleychev--

KIT – IAM14 29.01.2013

Q-14: exp. data vs. ASTECv2.0R2p2 results ( cont`d)

1) Calc. extrema: (peak) clad temp.-s Tpct (Fig. A) are close to the exp. data at “hottest” elevation -950mm but the max. calc. value just before q-ing was ca. 2000K in comparison to 2150K in the exp. The difference to be explained with the ox. correlation for Zry-4 / not M5 ® used for the HT-region.

Max. Tpct– experiment vs. ASTEC

2) The calculated integral H2 prod. by ASTECv2.0R2p2 is about 32g (40g in the exp). The ASTEC results are close to exp. ones in the phases before quench . At (1674-2050)K existed data for Zry-4 were used� the obtained results for H2 prod at quench are underestimated.

H2 prod [g]– experiment vs. ASTEC

KIT – IAM15 29.01.2013

Q-14 exp. data vs. ASTECv2.0R2p2 , cont`d

unheated central fuel rod (TCRC13), one heated rod from the inner ring of 8 rods (TFS4/9)

one heated rod from the outer ring of 12 rods (TSH5/0).

the maximum of ca. 1900K ( at TCRC13), was found just before quench . Corresponding temp. of TFS4/9 being ca. 1500K and of rod TSH5/0 - 900K. An acceptable difference vs. exp. data of about 100K for all of the rods. At the beginning of Q-phase temp.-s of the rods start to decrease due to rapid changes in the water level . .

Fig.A Rod temp. – heat-up phase Fig.B Rod temp. – transient and quench phase

--Q14 transients: P. KaleychevQ14 transients: P. Kaleychev--

KIT – IAM16 29.01.2013 --P. KaleychevP. Kaleychev--

Axial Zr-profiles exhibiting a pronounced thinning of the metallic phase (2nd raw)

Axial temp. profiles from the beginning of the calc. to the Q-phase similar for all rods& the SH- being higher in comparison to the temp. of the CJ. The highest T-values at ca. 950 mm

KIT – IAM17 29.01.2013

� Max. oxide layer of ~ 200µm after pre-ox (7000 s) for rods at 850 / 950 mm � Max. oxide layer of 670 µm at end of simulation at 750 mm � Max. ZrN layer of 200 µm at end of simulation (15000 s) at 650 / 750 mm

� calc. with leak simulation was consistent with the measured liq. levels (Q-fronts)� CODEX-AIT bundle was cooled down to Tmin within 670s after start of Q-fronts (11350 –12020s)

� The τ- dependence of the O2 consumption: calc. in agreement with exp. data using Steinbrück correlation with a shift; O2 starvation reaches lower bundle elevations (→ 350 mm), too;

� AIT (Core Degradation Exp. / Air Ingress Test) - cas e study :� The τ- dependence of the N2 consumption can be calc. in agreement with exp. data with the

correlation derived from SETs, T. Ziegler, KIT; the rate “without PO” was used

• Zr Nitride formation: correlation of Hollands/ (~MATPRO) often used• different reaction rates paths with/ without pre-ox. (PO) possible �• cases “without PO ” or “with PO ” both can lead to wrong behavior

(too high rates for lower temp-s; too low rates for higher temp-)• Limitation of the calc. reaction rates to max. 2.0·10-4 (T>1800 K)• Eact of ZrN formation : up till now modeled only for cases, where

pO2/p < 1.0·10-2; full rate could be calc. if only pO2/p < 1.0·10-3

-lit. taken from: OPSA & Olivia Coindreau-

Zr ox. by steam/ a lit. overview (ZrN… )/ CODEX-AIT- simulations done at IRSN

KIT – IAM18 29.01.2013

• Oxide phases: ZrO2, ZrOx

• Nitride phases: ZrN, Zr3N4

• Oxonitride phases

(stoichiometry between ZrO2 and ZrN4/3 i.e. ZrO2-2xN4x/3)

β’:Zr7O11N2: 21% mol ZrN4/3 i.e. x= 3/14

β :Zr7O8N4: 43% mol ZrN4/3 i.e. x= 3/7

γ: Zr2ON2: 75% mol ZrN4/3 i.e. x=3/4

Phase

ZrO2 -675 [THERMODATA]

ZrN -151 [THERMODATA]

ZrON 1071 [Gutzov]

∆∆∆∆rrrrG [kJ/mol] at 2300K

Gilles

In case of simultaneous ox. & nitriding of Zr [Powers] :• ZrO2 being most stable; if nitriding takes place, the product will react with O2• Nitride will be detected only if the ox. rate becomes very slow compared to the nitride rate …But lack of data above kinetics of O2 reaction with Zr- nitride products�Me creep ⇒ ↑ area exposed to air/ further propagation to the whole sample�spatial non uniformity of the ox process ⇒ local init. of the breakaway transition ;

Zr-oxo-nitriding: process that enhances oxide degra dation

-Lit: Olivia Coindreau-

-M. Steinbrück, Tina Ziegler

KIT – IAM19 29.01.2013

23/42222 3

2xONZrON

xZrO xx +↔+ −

ZrO2 can be nitrided directly at T > 1400°C in N2 [M. Lerch et al.]

KO=128 m/sThe kinetics follows a lin-law , with

Nitridation of ZrO 2 (SET at KIT)

Contrary to this “ZrON”-case above, detailed Zry-ox kinetic data are available �Zr alloys ox mechanisms are well understood/incorporated in ASTEC

air ox model in ASTEC Ttr/ t-m = 1150°C � towards validation of the Q air ingress exp.-s N 2/O2

-M. Steinbrück, Tina Ziegler-

ZryZry--ox. : cox. : correlations such as Cox,1976, Schanz/Leistikow1981:

either based on the assumption that the transition is linked

with transformation of t- to m- ZrO2 or Arrhenius-kinetics:

KIT – IAM20 29.01.2013

Conclusions/1

•ASTEC have the potential to simulate Q- exp.-s (via aft-injection) giving good •results for Q-5,Q-6,Q-11,Q-14. …Reference IDs being adopted.. •��sim. evidence was given for ex. in our reports to Zry-4/ E110/ M5 ® mat. comparison/ Q-14 (!!)

•Q-5/ Q-6/ Q-11 and especially Q-14 ASTEC outputs (such as Tpct, H2 prod., FRS τ-behavior of CR(U), IRR(H1,H2); ORR(C1,C2); SH; CJ; insulation, axial oxide thicknesses are satisfactory –•results (transients, distributions) are dependent on the imposed BC/IC in the right manner:

ASTEC: description of our facility (nodes) & Q-tests conduct as specified scenarios –done (IDs),

Captured Q-10,-16 trends/profiles must also have been consistent with the (intuitive) expectation,as it was the case of all Q-14 τ- dependences visualized.

•ASTEC should have the same potential to simulate special Q- air ingress exp.-s, as well, butHT thermodyn. data like ∆Hf (T) of ZrN etc.– still not known; nitradation as such- a kin. problem !•� the incorporation of N2-modeling will (would) be a special ASTEC v2.x strength

•ASTEC in SARNET2 (WP5): nitradation: ASTEC modeling is not at the current State of •the Art compared to the Zr-ox. modeling status

•�Developing new skills / further insight into the philosophy behind ASTEC + its source code

•Q-10/Q-16 exp.-s addressed air ingress into an overheated core following earlier PO in steam:•Q-10 performed with extensive PO, moderate-high air flow rate and high temp-s at onset of flooding (max Tpct•= 2200K), while Q-16 was performed with limited PO, low air flow rate and relative low temp-s at flooding init. (max. Tpct = 1870K). The expected ASTEC results in near future should exhibit these differences


KIT – IAM21 29.01.2013

Conclusions/2 Conclusions/2 ––lessons learned from the SETs/ Qlessons learned from the SETs/ Q -- AIT exp. and simulationsAIT exp. and simulations

�Breakaway transition: correlation: critical weight gain = f(T). Hyperbolic law. Assumption: linkage with a t- to m- ZrO2transformation. Post-breakaway: to be modeled by an accelerated law, scaling rate increasing linearly�difficulties linked to the pre-ox phase/ limits of the models reached

�Clad Zry-4 [600-1000°C] ox kinetics can not be described only by parabolic law, as in in pre-breakaway regime- because of breakaway-transition to fast kinetics

�Above 800°C, this transition is associated with nitriding . The ZrN formation begins because of a high xN2 following O2starvation�Once nitriding has begun, a porous ZrO2 grows under the influence of a self-sustained

ZrN + O2 → ZrO2 + 1/2N2 … sequence (N2 trapped in the cladding) leading to fast degradation

•in Olivia`s C. AIT simulations, modeling of the pre-breakaway by a sub-parabolic law •error in clad temp prediction ⇒ Kp coeff. is strongly temp dependent• at low temp: modeling of the post-breakaway by an accelerated law whereas a lin kinetics observed at 850°C •Underestimation of the Ka coeff. (Arrhenius). Sim´ed scaling rate too high: 900-950°C total ox in 150-80min •kinetic transition too early: determination of tbreak difficult, due to the non-uniformity=

=inhomogeneneities of the ox process (under starvation)• oxide layer thicker close to air inlet, where breakaway occurs at first•Nitradation:– preliminary lit. study done, also for ZrON- O. Coindreau`s remark: “ temp rises too quickly during the air ingress in the simulations:- Protective oxide layer not thick enough ,- T correlations used up till now (especially those used for non PO cladding) overestimate the mass gain (and so the ∆Hrof the chemical reaction)Not enough N 2 taken from the gas phase:Criterion to switch from ox. to nitridation based on an inappropriate “critical starvation coeff.”

Not enough H 2 generated during reflood:-Specific models for reflood and shattering should be used incl. ox. after nitridation ( = the re-ox.)�Lacks in ICARE modeling identified, consulted with P. Chatelard (currently underway: ASTEC source code changes concerning nitradation to be finished 2014 as a part of ASTEC v2.1 – info IRSN): suitable criterion to switch from ox to nitradation needed (probable influence of the th-hydraulics …)• model for reox of ZrN for scale thicknesses at the end of the PO phase, where reox . is quite low ”

KIT – IAM22 29.01.2013

Discussion/ Outlook/ next stage (after ERMSAR 2013), cont`d� At first- work at an ERMSAR paper to be prepared in cooperation with PSI et al. ( Q-10/-16 � EXCEL data still to be delivered). Mandatory further work: developing of Q-10/-16 IDs exact fulfilling the

SURNET–BE recommendations…and running new cases … ), but: ZrN sim. results not sufficient enough, especially in case of the early phase modeling (HT, mechanical behavior, chemistry, movement of material) instantaneous H2 prod . (rate [kg/s]) during the q-ing phase…

•Continuing work with ASTEC v2.0r1p2 foreseen : (Q-reflood maps, sensitivity..) This Q-10/-16 work is ongoing at KIT / not completed yet, nevertheless: the BE outcome should be an ERMSAR 2013 paper including ASTEC modeling

� Q-10/-16: modelling air ingress sequences to explore the capabilities both of ASTEC code for such SA cases as well as the “proficiency” of the code users, their “fluency in working” with it.

� the key parameters having impact on air ingress, bundle coolability and H2 prod related to thermal response, H2 generation, oxide layer time development, O2 (and N2) consumption, reflood behavior etc. have to be compared globally and/or at selected locations with the outputs of other codes. This - for different BCs. Focusing on the key phenomena. Concerning the capability of physical modelling within ASTEC ICARE: code limitations (nitradation!) R&D work to support model improvements needed/ required (within the ASTEC source code..). Also need for further modeling of such phenomena as:

1) H2 abs. and release by clads 2) Ox. of the metallic melt formed between clad and pellets (melt ox.) ASTECv1.3 produced in former times

somehow conflicting results because of an extrapolation of solid state (ss)- models to the processes in the liquid. The modeling of Zr-O melt ox, non equal to the ss- processes, needs more consideration

3) formation of quite thick ox-layer at the inner clad surface in the region of melt oxidation� kinetics of Zry ox: “ classical” sensitivity (i.e. parameter ) studies are possible (ASTEC) as well as � adopting the SUNSET / ASTEC coupling for the “propagation of uncertainties”- study: similar to the GRS/

SUSA- approach of 1992 for “code to code” data set comparison (up till now done for ATHLET CD only)

Acknowledgement: Acknowledgement: thank you thank you P. Chatelard, S. Bertusi, P. Kruse, W. Hering, thank you all.P. Chatelard, S. Bertusi, P. Kruse, W. Hering, thank you all.


Perspectives (future prospects) further validation of the nitridation models on Q-10/ Q-16

-Olivia Coindreau-

Documents

Muscher_Validation QUENCH ASTEC v2.0p2