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Muscles, Flight, and Temperature Regulation in InsectsJohn
Cornell
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Oxygen Consumption in some Animals(Prosser, 1973)
Sheet1
Animalml O2/g/hrAnimalml O2/g/hr
budgerigarCalypte
resting4.5 - 3.3rest10
flying21.9hovering42.4
pidgeonSelaphorus
resting0.9rest14
flying11.9hovering85
shrew7 - 11Lepidoptera
rest0.4 - 0.7
Homo sapiensflight40 - 100
V02 max5
Schistocerca
bats2rest0.6
flying10 - 30
Drosophila
rest1.7
flight21
Sheet2
Sheet3
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http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_musclenerve_path/student_musclenerve/normal2.htmlHomo
sapiens
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Neurogenic(Synchronous) Muscles
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Pringle (1957)
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Okanagana vanduzeei an endothermic cicada
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Josephson & Young (1985)
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Pringle (1957)
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Josephson & Young (1985) Okanaganavanduzeei
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Tymbal muscle ofOkanagana vanduzeeiJosephson & Young
(1985)
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Josephson & Young (1985)
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Josephson, Young (1987)
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Josephson, Young (1987)
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Myogenic(Asynchronous) Muscles
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Pringle (1957)
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(Josephson, Malamud, Stokes (2000)
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Josephson, Malamud, Stokes (2000)
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Josephson, Malamud, Stokes (2000)
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FlightDouglas (1981)
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Pringle (1957)Indirect wing musclesInsect wing movements from
Wikipedia
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Chapman (1971)
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Chapman (1971)Vibrating halteres act like gyroscopes in
dipterans
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Chapman (1971)Dragonfly direct wing muscles
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Wing beat frequencies in asynchronous flyers are determined in
part by the resonant frequency of the wings.
Forcipomyia sp. normal wing beat frequency 1046 HzForcipomyia
sp. with clipped wings 2200 Hz Sotavalta (1953)
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Pringle (1957)
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Temperature Regulation
Definedby source of heatEndothermExothermEndotherm/ExothermType
of temperature
regulationHomeothermicPoikilothermicHeterothermicMethod of
regulationPhysiologicalBehavioralPhysiological/behavioralDormant
stateHibernationTorpor
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Heinrich (1974)
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Bombus vosnesenkii
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Kammer & Heinrich (1974)Bombusvosnesenskii
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(Heinrich & Kammer (1973) Bombus vosnesenskii
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Heinrich & Kammer (1973) Bombus vosnesenskii
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Heinrich (1974)
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Heinrich (1996)
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Kammer & Heinrich (1974) .
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Neoconocephalus triopshttp://www.texasento.net/triops.htm
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Heath & Josephson (1970) Neoconocephalus robustus
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Manduca sexta
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Kammer (1980)Manduca sexta
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What can you do with heat?
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Heinrich (1974)
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Heinrich (1996)
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Heinrich (1996)
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Literature CitedChapman, R.F. (1971) The insects: structure and
function. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., New
York.Douglas, M.M. (1981) Thermoregulatory significance of thoracic
lobes in the evolution of insect wings. Science 211, 84-86.Heath J.
E. & Josephson, R/K. (1970) Body temperature and singing in the
katydid, Neoconocephalus robustus (Orthoptera, Tettigonidae). Biol.
Bull, 272-285.Heinrich, B. (1974) Thermoregulation in endothermic
insects. Science 185, 747-756.Heinrich, B. (1996) The thermal
warriors: strategies of insect survival. Harvard University Press,
Cambridge MassHeinrich, b. & Kammer, A.E. (1973) Activation of
the fibrillar muscles in the bumblebee during warm-up,
stabilization of thoracic temperature and flight. J. exp. Biol.,
58, 677-688.Kammer, A.E. (1981) Physiological mechanisms of
thermoregulation in Insect thermoregulation, Bernd Heinrich,
Editor. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Kammer, A. E. &
Heinrich, B. (1974) Metabolic rates related to the muscle activity
in bumblebees. J. exp. Biol., 61, 219-227.Josephson, R.K. (1987)
Fiber Ultrastructure and contraction kinetics in insect fast
muscles. (1987) Amer. Zool. 27, 991-1000.Josephson, R.K., Malmud,
J.G. & Stokes, D.R. (2000) Asynchronous muscle: a primer. J.
exp. Biol. 203, 2713-2722.Josephson, R.K. & Young, D. (1985) J.
exp. Biol., 118, 185-208.Pringle, J.W.S. (1957) Insect flight.
Cambridge University PressProsser, C.L. (1973) Chapter 5, Oxygen:
Respiration and metabolism. in Comparative Animal Physiology, third
edition. C.L Prosser, Editor. W.B. Saunders Company,
PhiladelphiaSotavalta, O. (1953) Recordings of high wing-stroke and
thoracic vibration frequency in some midges. Biol. Bull. 104,
439-444.
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The End
