Muscles & Movement Movement Studies 2011-2012 Movement
Studies 2011/12 Adapted from 2010 slides produced by LS &
SN
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Class conduct - practical labs University of Hertfordshire MS
2011/12
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Learning Outcomes Describe the different types of muscle
attachment Explain how muscles can contribute to movement and
stability Perform movement analyses in terms of: the functional
relationship of relevant muscles the type of muscle contraction the
range a muscle is working in/through Movement Studies 2011/12
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Muscles What are the functions of muscle within the body?
Movement Studies 2011/12
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Skeletal Muscle Are all skeletal muscles the same shape?
Parallel fascicles parallel to long axis (cylindrical/spindle or
flat bands/straps) Convergent fibres are spread out & converge
at common attachment Unipennate (feather) fascicles form a common
angle with tendon (less tendon mvt, stronger) Bipennate - fasicles
on both sides of tendon Multipennate- tendon branches in muscle
belly Circular - or sphincter, (diameter opens/closes) Movement
Studies 2011/12
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Muscle Palpation Palpate the following muscles on yourselves
and try and determine what they feel like Are they the same
shape/thickness? Movement Studies 2011/12
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a c bd e
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Muscular Attachments Going back to our muscle examples what do
you think they attach to? Movement Studies 2011/12
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Muscular Attachments 1. Tendons E.g. Achilles tendon E.g.
Biceps tendon Movement Studies 2011/12
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Muscular Attachments II. Aponeuroses Sheets of collagen-
connective tissue providing muscular attachment E.g. External
Oblique Movement Studies 2011/12
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Muscular Attachments III. Deep Fascia Compact collagen fibres
More uniform direction E.g Tensor fascia latae Movement Studies
2011/12
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Muscle Action For each of the joints: name the key muscle
groups which perform the movements at that joint identify their
approximate location (try to give an example) e.g. the hip flexors
are located on the anterior surface of the hip joint and thigh and
include iliopsoas Hip Knee Ankle Shoulder Elbow & Forearm Wrist
Movement Studies 2011/12
Muscle Activity What happens to a muscle when it is activated?
Does it.. Shorten? Lengthen? Stay the same? Movement Studies
2011/12
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Inner range Outer range
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Concentric Muscle tension exceeds resistance and it shortens
the muscle Speed of muscle fibre shortening, depends on resistance
Movement Studies 2011/12
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Eccentric Muscle tension is less than the resistance causing
the muscle to lengthen whilst working Tension developed is less
than the resistance Movement Studies 2011/12
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Isometric Muscle does not change in length Tension produced
never exceeds resistance Which muscle group is working hardest in
this example? Movement Studies 2011/12
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Muscle Contraction Why are there different types of muscle
contraction? Straighten your leg while sitting: Which muscles are
working? What sort of muscle work is occurring in the quadriceps
and hamstrings? Where might isometric muscle contraction be
happening? Movement Studies 2011/12
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Analysis of Movement Movement Studies 2011/12 Look at each
other taking a slow step forwards - Analyse the movement in terms
of: Identifying the main muscles working at the hip and knee during
the step Identifying the type of contraction in each muscle group
i.e. concentric, eccentric, or isometric
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Group Action of Muscles Muscles work in groups not singly A
number of muscles are active during any movement It is this group
action which results in co- ordinated movement Muscles can be
divided by function into prime movers/agonists, antagonists or
fixators Movement Studies 2011/12
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Functional muscle groups Prime mover/agonist A muscle or muscle
group which contracts to bring about movement Antagonists A muscle
or muscle group which opposes the prime mover and relaxes and
lengthens progressively to control movement Fixators / Stabilisers
Muscle works to steady a bone as a steady base /origin from which
the of the agonist /prime mover acts Synergists muscle acts
simultaneously with one or more muscles to produce a movement act
together true or helper synergists Movement Studies 2011/12
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Muscle Range Movement Studies 2011/12 Musculoskeletal
Assessment Clarkson
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Ranges of biceps muscle work Start with your hand on your
shoulder? Where in range is your biceps muscle? Take your arm back
out to 90 now where in range are your biceps? Now straighten fully
where in range are your biceps Movement Studies 2011/12
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Ranges of iliopsoas* muscle work Iliacus and psoas major work
together functionally iliopsoas Sit on a plinthwhere in range is
your iliopsoas? Lean forwardswhere in range is your iliopsoas?
Stand up and straighten fullywhere in range is your iliopsoas?
Movement Studies 2011/12
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IMPORTANCE OF MUSCLE RANGE Why is it important to know where in
range a muscle is working? Inner range often weak Middle range
often used for muscle testing Movement Studies 2011/12
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Tasks There are four tasks for you to work through Divide into
5 groups Use the texts available Movement Studies 2011/12
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Task 1 Standing to sitting: Which lower limb muscle group is
predominant in producing this movement? How would you describe the
type of muscle contraction in this muscle group? What is the
function of this muscle group? In which range is the muscle group
contracting at the start of the movement? Movement Studies
2011/12
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Task 2 Stand on your left leg and flex your right knee Which
muscle group produces knee flexion? Which muscle group is working
as an antagonist? What type of muscle contraction describes the
right iliopsoas activity? How would you classify the iliopsoas
function in this case? Movement Studies 2011/12
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Task 3 In standing raise your right foot on to a small step. In
which range are the quadriceps working the knee? In which range are
the hamstrings working at the knee? Where in range do the
quadriceps exert the greatest force? Which muscles are working as
stabilisers? Movement Studies 2011/12
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Task 4 During a normal gait cycle look at dorsiflexion of the
ankle Where in range do the dorsiflexors contract concentrically?
Classify the type/s of contraction and function of the dorsiflexors
that occur during the cycle? Movement Studies 2011/12
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Muscle Assessment Physios assess muscles for strength, length
and control these skills will be taught in NMS1 One means of
grading muscle power is the Oxford or MRC grading scale Movement
Studies 2011/12
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Oxford/MRC grading scale GradeMuscle Activity 0No contraction
1Flicker / trace contraction 2Active movement with gravity
eliminated through full range 3Active movement against gravity
through full range 4Active movement against gravity and resistance
through full range 5Normal power through full range Movement
Studies 2011/12
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Conclusion Make sure you are happy that the learning outcomes
have been met Familiarise yourself with the main muscles of the hip
and knee and how their attachments vary relate this to their
function Use your bones to determine where the muscles attach
Movement Studies 2011/12
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Resources See Learning Support Pack pp 4-5 Movement Studies
2011/12