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The Cold War (Vietnam War)The Cold War (Vietnam War)

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Curator’s Office

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Blake Tessitore

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Artifact 21

"Cold War." Modern World History Online. Facts On File,

Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=CRC02273&SingleRecord=

True (accessed April 23, 2014

Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its Southern allies known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the U.S. the divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973 and the unification of Vietnam under communist control two years later more than 3 million people, including 58,000 Americans were killed in the conflict.

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Vietnam War

LinkePhillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Vietnam War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File,

Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1673&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).d citation goes here

There had been fighting in Vietnam for decades before the Vietnam War began. The Vietnamese had suffered under French colonial rule for nearly six decades when Japan invaded portions of Vietnam in 1940. it was in 1941, when Vietnam had two foreign powers occupying them, that communist Vietnamese's revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh arrived back in Vietnam after spending thirsty years traveling the world.

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Ho Chi Minh

L"major themes in world history, 1950–present." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds.

Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present, vol. 6. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On

File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI001&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).inked citation goes here

As fighting between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese continued, the U.S. continued to send additional advisers to South Vietnam. When the North Vietnamese fried directly upon two U.S. ships in international waters on Aug. 2 and 4 in 1964. Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . The resolution gave the president the authority to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam. President Lyndon Johnson used that authority to order the first U.S. ground troops to Vietnam in Mar. 1965

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First U.S. Troops

LinKte'pi, Bill. "cold war." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur,

and Mark F. Whitters, eds. Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present,

vol. 6. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI076&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).ked citation goes here

President Johnsons goal for U.S. involvement in Vietnam was not for the U.S. to win the war, but for U.S. troops to bolster South Vietnam defenses until South Vietnam could take over.From 1965 to 1969, the U.S. was involved in a limited war in Vietnam. President Johnson wanted the fighting to be limited to South Vietnam. By limiting the fighting parameters, the U.S. forces would not conduct a serious ground assault into the North to attack the communist directly nor would there be any strong effort to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

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Johnsons plan

"major themes in world history, 1950–present." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds.



ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI001&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).

On January 30,1968, the North Vietnamese surprised both the U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese by orchestrating a coordinated assault with Viet Cong to attack about a hundred South Vietnamese cities and town. This attack proved to Americans that the enemy was stronger and better organized than they had been led to believe.

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Surprise Attack

LinkQuinn, Edward. "Tet Offensive in literature." History in Literature: A Reader's Guide to 20th Century History and the Literature it Inspired. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File,


ItemID=WE53&iPin=HIL161&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).ed citation goes here

In 1969m Richard Nixon became the new U.S. president and he had his own plan to end U.S involvement in Vietnam. President Nixon outlined plan called Vietnamization, which was a process to remove U.S. troops from Vietnam while handling back the fighting to the South Vietnamese.

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Richard Nixon

LinkeKte'pi, Bill. "cold war." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur,



ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI076&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).d citation goes here

On Jan. 27, 1973 the peace talks in Paris finally succeeded in producing a cease fire agreement. Last U.S. troops left Vietnam March 29, 1973.

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Paris peace accords

Linke"major themes in world history, 1950–present." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds.



ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI001&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).d citation goes here

The battle of Khe Sanh began on January 21, 1968 forces from the peoples army of North Vietnam carried out a massive artillery bombardment on the U.S. marine garrison at Khe Sanh. For 77 days the U.S. marines and their South Vietnamese allies fought off an intense battle. It was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam war.

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Battle of Khe Sanh

Linked c"Vietnam War." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc.

http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=AMHC0011&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).itation goes here

The Battle of Ap Bac was the first major battle in the Vietnam war. January 2, 1962. the battle resulted in heavy casualties on a much more superior South Vietnamese troops with American assistance in weapons and planning.

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Battle of Ap Bac

LinkedKte'pi, Bill. "cold war." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur,



ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI076&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014). citation goes here

From October 26 to November 27 1965 the battle lasted. This was the first major battle between regular U.S. and peoples army of Vietnam troops. La Drang Valley battle was considered essential as it set the blueprint for tactics. Americans relied on air mobility.

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Battle of la Drang Valley

"major themes in world history, 1950–present." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds.



ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI001&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).Linked citation goes here

January 30 until march 28 1968. The series of aggressive and coordinated surprises attacks on over 100 major towns and cities throughout South Vietnam on January 30. Tet offense was a massive military defeat for North communist.

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The Tet Offensive

Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Vietnamese Civil War, 1955–1965." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History

Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1669&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).Linked citation goes here

Battle started on April 9 and ended on the 20th in 1975. this was the last major battle in the Vietnam war. This battle was the last effort of the last military unit of the ARVN to stop PAVN’s progress and save South Vietnam after devastating defeats .

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Battle of Xuan Loc

Lu, Soo Chun. "North Vietnam." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds. Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present, vol. 6. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008.

Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI337&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).

After the victory in Xuan Loc opened they way for PAVN to encircle Saigon. South Vietnam and Saigon were quickly sealed preceded by the final evacuations from the U.S. and its allies. The Vietnam war was finally ended.

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The Fall of Saigon

"Vietnam War." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=AMHC0011&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).

On April 3, 1965 the U.S. military conducted the first hundreds of bombing raids. Thousands of bombs were dropped and eleven aircrafts were shot down until the iron bridge finally fell in 1972.

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The dragon’s Jaw

Linked ciPhillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Vietnam War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On


ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1673&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).tation goes here

Around 1500 Vietcong Guerrillas, armed attacked the camp early in the morning of June 10, 1965. The Americans and South Vietnamese aircraft attacked the Vietcong with napalm and phosphorus bombs.

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Battle of Dong Xoai

Lin"Vietnam War." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=AMHC0011&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).ked citation goes here

The first battalion of the 7th cavalry barely survived its famous 1965 battle in the la Drang valley. A bloody battle that claimed the lives of 155 Americans and 124 wounded.

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Battle for LZ Albany

Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Vietnam War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File,


ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1673&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).

The Vietnamese of the Red River delta defeated their Chinese rulers & set up native dynasty, based in the northern city of Hanoi. In the end Le Loi got rid of the last Chinese worlords.

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Vietnamese of the Red River

Linked Quinn, Edward. "Tet Offensive in literature." History in Literature: A Reader's Guide to 20th Century History and the Literature it Inspired. New York: Facts

On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=HIL161&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).citation goes here

In 1966 President Johnson lied about actions in Vietnam and because of this he lost favor with the American public. Therefore he did not get reelected in 1968. upon American soldiers returning from Vietnam the soldiers received a cold welcome. The Vietnam was has changed the course of American history in the areas of foreign affairs, domestic politics, and cultural and social history.

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President Johnson

Linked citat"Vietnam War." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc.

http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=AMHC0011&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).ion goes here

In 1954 a force of 40,000 armed Vietminh sieged to the French garrison at Dienbienphu. Using Chinese artillery to sell the airstrip. It was clear that the French had met their match. It was a French defeat!

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Battle of Dienbienphu begins

Linke"Vietnam War." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=AMHC0011&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).d citation goes here

On August 2, 1964 three North Vietnamese PT boats allegedly fired torpedo's at the USS Maddox, the attack came six months after the concert US and South Vietnamese naval operation.

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Gulf of Tonkin incident

LinPhillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Vietnam War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File,


ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1673&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).ked citation goes here

In 1967 a major ground war effect dubbed operation Cedar Falls, about 16,000 U.S. and 14,000 South Vietnamese troops set out to destroy Vietcong operation and supply sites near Saigon. Massive tunnels were found and were named the iron triangle.

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Operation Cedar falls begins

LinkPhillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Vietnamese Civil War, 1955–1965." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World

History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?

ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1669&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).ed citation goes here

February 1968, The battle for Hue wages for 26 days as U.S. and South Vietnamese forces try to recapture the site seized by the communist during the Tet Offense. Hue was nearly leveled in a battle that left nearly all of its population homeless

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Battle of Hue

LinkedPhillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Sino-Vietnamese War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History


ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1455&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014). citation goes here

1971, a legacy of deposition concerning U.S. policy in Vietnam on the part of the military and the executive branch is revealed as the New York times publishes the Pentagon Papers. The court decides in favor the times and allows continued publication.

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Pentagon Papers Published

LiPhillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Vietnamese Civil War, 1955–1965." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History


ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR1669&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 23, 2014).nked citation goes here

1975, South Vietnamese president Duong Van Minh delivers an unconditional surrender to the communist in the early hours of April 30th North Vietnamese colonel Bui Tin accepts the surrender. The last two U.S. servicemen to die in Vietnam are killed when their helicopters crashes.

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Saigon falls to communist

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