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INTERVALS

TheRuleofNine

Whenanintervalisin(flippedupside-down),thesu

ascendinganddecendinginte

mustadduptoNINE.

OnINVERSIONS

• IftheintervalwasMAJOR,it

MINORwheninverted.

• IftheintervalwasMINOR,it

becomesMAJORwheninverte

• IftheintervalwasPERFECT,remainsPERFECT wheninver

TYPEDISTANCE

HalfSteps WholeSteps

    M   a     j   o   r

MajorSecond 2 1

MajorThird 4 2

MajorSixth 9 4½

MajorSeventh 11 5½

    M     i   n   o

   rMinorSecond 1 ½

MinorThird 3 1½MinorSixth 8 4

MinorSeventh 10 5

    P   e   r     f   e   c    t Unison N/A N/A

PerfectFourth 5 2½

PerfectFifth 7 3½

PerfectOctave 12 6

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SCALETONES

SCALEDEGREE NAME First Tonic

Second Supertonic

Third Mediant

Fourth Dominant

Fifth SubdominantSixth SubmediantorSuperdominant

Seventh LeadingTone

Eighth(theOctave) Tonic

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MAJORANDMINORSCALES [ExamplesonCMajorandCMin

MajorScale MelodicMinorScaleWWHWWWH MinorScalewiththeSixth&SeventhNotesraised

MinorScale ClassicalMelodicMinor WWHWWWH MelodicMinorScaleisusedascending

NaturalMinorScaleisuseddescending

HarmonicMinorScale MinorScalewithSeventhNoteraisedahalfstep

W–WholeStepinterval–

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MUSICALKEYSANDKEYSIGNATURE

CIRCLEOFFIFTHS(KEYS)

-  Sharpkeysmovein fifthsaroun

circle,andthesharpsare fifthsapart-  Flatkeysmovein fourthsaroun

circle,andtheflatsare fourthsapart

SHARPKeyTrick1.  Namethelastsharp(right-mos

2.  Goonenotehigherthanthelastandthat’sthekeyname.

FLATKeyTrick1.  Findthesecond-to-the-lastflat

theright).

2.  Thenameoftheflatnoteyoufi

keyname.

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MUSICALKEYSANDKEYSIGNATURE

RelativeMinorKeys

ThesixthnoteonaMajorkey,namestheRelativeMinoroftheKeySignature.

KeyChange-  Whenmusicchangeskeys,itchangesto

acloselyrelatedkey.

-  Theclosestrelatedkeyistherelativeminor.

-  Theotherclosekeysthatyoucan

modulatetoarenexttotheoriginalkey

onthekeycircle.-  Theothermodulationyoucanmakeis

fromamajortoaparallelminor;for

example,CmajortoCminor.

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MODALSCALES W–WholeStepInterval

DISPLACEDMAJORSCALES H–HalfStepInterval

MODES,SCALES,ANDINTERVALFORMULAS

ODE SCALE INTERVAL DESCRIPTION ode1 Ionian WWHWWWH IonianistheMajorScale

ode2 Dorian WHWWWHWDorianisaMinorscalewitharaisedsixthnote[Flavor

Scale]

ode3 Phrygian HWWWHWWPhrygianisaMinorScalewithaloweredsecondnote

sounding]

ode4 Lydian WWWHWWHLydianisaMajorScalewitharaisedfourthnote[Strik

beautiful,anbright]

ode5 Mixolydian WWHWWHWMixolydianisaMajorScalewithaloweredseventhno

darkersoundingMajorscale.MainstayofJazz,Rocka

ode6 Aeolian WHWWHWW AeolianistheMinorScale

ode8 Locrian HWWHWWW LocrianisaMinorScalewithloweredsecondandfifth

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TRIADS(CHORDS)

TABLEOFTRIADFORMULAS

TRIAD FORMULA DERIVATIVE

Major MajorThird-MinorThird 1-3-5

Minor MinorThird-MajorThird 1-♭3-5

Diminished MinorThird-MinorThird 1-♭3-♭5Augmented MajorThird-MajorThird 1-3-♯5

*DiminishedandAugmentedTriadsareSymmetricalTriads

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DIATONICCHORDS *Diatonicmeans“ fromthekey”

[ExamplesonCMajoranditsRelativeAMinorkey]

MajorScaleHarmony

  I ii iii IV V vi vii° I

Ex. Cmaj Dmin Emin Fmaj Gmaj Amin B° Cmaj

MinorScaleHarmony

  i ii° III iv v VI V

Ex. Amin B° Cmaj Dmin Emin Fmaj Gm

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SEVENTHCHORDS

FORMULASDERIVEDFROMAMAJORSCALE(CMAJOR)

NAME SYMBOL INTERVALS

MajorSeventh Cmaj7 1-3-5-7

DominantSeventh C7 1-3-5-♭7

MinorSeventh Cmin7 1-♭3-5-♭

Minor/MajorSeventh Cmin(maj7) 1-♭3-5-7

HalfDiminishedSeventh CØ7 1-♭3-♭5-

FullyDiminishedSeventh C°7 1-♭3-♭5-♭

AugmentedMajorSeventh C+(maj7) 1-3-♯5-7

+ - - -

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